International Journal of Thermal Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Enhanced heat transfer study of solid lithium target for BNCT based on Gyroid structure function regulation","authors":"Kaiwen Qin ,&nbsp;Nailiang Zhuang ,&nbsp;Chong Shao ,&nbsp;Hangbin Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiaobin Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110000","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110000","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accelerator-driven neutron target stations generate a considerable amount of deposited heat that requiring timely and efficient removal to maintain safe operation. In this study, a Gyroid structure substrate was proposed to improve the heat removal capability of the BNCT neutron target stations, and the “through-hole” factor (<em>α</em>) was introduced to optimize the standard Gyroid structure, aiming to enhance its convective heat transfer performance. The flow and heat transfer characteristics of the improved Gyroid structure was analyzed using numerical simulations and experimental measurements. The results show that as the value of <em>α</em> increases, Gyroid structure peak temperature (<em>T</em>_max) decreases by 4.9–7.4 K, the convective heat transfer coefficient (<em>h</em>) increases by 4.3 %–8.2 %, and the Nusselt number (<em>Nu</em>) increases by 0.7 %–3.5 %. Taking the comprehensive performance evaluation criterion (<em>PEC</em>) as the evaluation index, it is recommended to select <em>α</em> = 2.0 to achieve optimal results. This study provides the theoretical support and technical guidance for the design and development of new neutron target stations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 110000"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144070926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overall cooling effectiveness of blade leading edge with double swirl chamber: effect of turbulence intensity and wall thickness","authors":"Zhi Tao,&nbsp;Boyang Yu,&nbsp;Xuebin Liu,&nbsp;Liming Song,&nbsp;Jun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper experimentally studied the film cooling characteristics of the leading edge with a double swirl chamber under different crossflow conditions. The experiment matching the Biot number (<em>BI</em>) of actual blades, and the effects of aerodynamic and structural parameters, such as turbulence intensity and leading edge wall thickness, on the overall cooling performance were comprehensively considered. An infrared thermal imager photographed the observed wall temperature, and the leading edge surface's overall cooling effectiveness distribution law was obtained. The results show that the blowing ratio redistribution due to the crossflow in the double swirl chamber dramatically improves the cooling protection under small blowing ratio conditions and avoids the risk of the mainstream backflow at the stagnation line. The Biot number significantly affects the overall cooling performance, and the effect of material thermal conductivity leads to a significant enhancement in the area-averaged overall cooling effectiveness at all conditions. The coolant with a small blowing ratio under crossflow conditions significantly improves the overall cooling performance near the stagnation line under the effect of material thermal conductivity, especially at the large crossflow intensities and low blowing ratio condition, where thermal conductivity cases are elevated by 88.78 % and 191.5 %, respectively, compared with adiabatic case. Under each condition, area-averaged overall cooling effectiveness gradually decreases with the wall thickness increase. The heat transfer of the thick wall in the tangential direction within the solid domain is insufficient, and a clear low overall cooling effectiveness region appears in the contours.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 110008"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144070928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the thermal performance of three-dimensional oscillating heat pipe with super-hydrophobic/super-hydrophilic surface for thermal management application","authors":"Kaibao Liu,&nbsp;Haolin Gan,&nbsp;Zeyu Xu,&nbsp;Wenhua He,&nbsp;Yikai Wen,&nbsp;Changhui Liu,&nbsp;Jiateng Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current trend of miniaturization and integration of power chips poses significant challenges to existing thermal management systems, and traditional cooling methods are not capable of meeting their heat dissipation needs. To enhance the heat dissipation efficiency of chip thermal management systems, a novel three-dimensional oscillating heat pipe (3D-OHP) with a flat structure at the bottom of the evaporation section was designed, which facilitates better contact with the heat source. Additionally, to further enhance the operational performance of the 3D-OHP, this work use chemical etching and self-assembly methods to alter the wettability of the internal surface of the 3D-OHP, examining its start-up and heat transfer performance under both vertical and horizontal installation conditions. The results indicate that regardless of vertical or horizontal installation, the 3D-OHP with super-hydrophilic/super-hydrophobic combination surfaces exhibit the best start-up and heat transfer performance. The start-up temperatures of the 3D-OHP are reduced by 22.29 % and 13.50 %, and the thermal conductivities are improved by 15.33 % and 62.45 % compared to the untreated 3D-OHP. Additionally, under the same heating power and wettability conditions, its performance in vertical installation is superior to that in horizontal installation, indicating that this heat pipe is more suitable for vertical installation. The above research provides valuable insights for scholars seeking to enhance the operational performance of 3D-OHPs by altering the wettability of the inner surface, thereby improving the heat dissipation efficiency of power chip thermal management systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 110007"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144070007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of vibration on the thermal performance of a hybrid thermal management system with liquid cooling and phase change material","authors":"Zhibo Xu ,&nbsp;Jilin Lei ,&nbsp;Yu Bie ,&nbsp;Linxin Yu ,&nbsp;Guiyong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109995","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109995","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the widespread presence of vibrations in real-world applications, their influence on phase change material (PCM)-integrated liquid cooling battery thermal management systems (BTMS) remains inadequately explored. Through a validated numerical model, it is revealed that vibrations—specifically at 10 Hz with a 10 mm amplitude—play a pivotal role in regulating both thermal safety and PCM utilization. In the absence of vibration, the baseline system breaches the critical 45 °C safety threshold within just 5 min under a 4C discharge rate. However, when subjected to Z-axis vibration, peak temperatures are reduced to 35–36 °C, while maximum temperature gradients are constrained to approximately 5 °C, showcasing the profound impact of mechanical excitation. The direction of vibration emerges as a decisive factor in determining PCM activation efficiency. Y-axis vibration demonstrates superior performance, achieving 60 % PCM utilization through periodic fluctuations in liquid fraction (0.17–0.6) with oscillation periods of 88∼107 s under segmented heating conditions. This markedly outperforms X-axis vibration, which achieves only 13 % utilization, and Z-axis vibration, which lags further behind at 4.5 %. Interestingly, while Y-axis vibration generates the highest flow velocity (0.61 m/s), Z-axis vibration enhances heat dissipation by fostering uniform flow fields interspersed with densely distributed small vortices, despite its comparatively lower PCM usage. This intricate interplay between vibration direction, vortex dynamics, and segmented heating unveils distinct operational advantages: Z-axis vibration optimizes temperature uniformity, whereas Y-axis vibration maximizes PCM efficiency. These findings underscore the critical importance of vibration characteristics as a design parameter for hybrid BTMS, particularly in off-road vehicle applications where robust thermal management is imperative under extreme mechanical disturbances.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 109995"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143946531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal and hydraulic performance of serpentine mini-channel heat sink: influence of integrated obstacles in curved channels","authors":"Ayad Fouad Hameed ,&nbsp;Nuri Yücel ,&nbsp;Hayder Mohammad Jaffal","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Numerical analysis and experimental verification were performed to improve heat and fluid flow in a serpentine mini-channel heat sink. The effects of employing arced channels instead of straight ones as well as obstacles, on heat transfer and fluid flow in the laminar flow were simulated numerically via the Ansys 3D software. The proposed arced channel was constructed by shifting the straight channels at its midpoint in the vertical y-direction. The resulted channel is a simple arc channel. Three shifting distances were considered in y-direction (1, 2 and 3 mm). The effects of flow obstacles (cavity, cavity-rib combinations and cavity-fin combinations) were considered, and they are all oval in shape. In addition, experiments were conducted to validate the introduced numerical study. Results show that the proposed configurations can enhanced the heat transfer and fluid flow distribution in the heat sink. The enhancements in Nusselt number were 2.3 %, 5.5 % and 9.2 % for shifting distances 1, 2 and 3 mm, respectively. In the case of using obstacles in the arced channels, the enhancements in Nusselt number were 11 %, 29 % and 50 % for cavity, cavity-rib combinations and cavity-fin combinations, respectively. Among all proposed configurations, the cavity-rib combinations with 3 mm-arced channels showed the best performance evaluation criteria equal to 1.18.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 110006"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144070006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study of 5AT with Al and the addition effect of 5AT on Al@CuO reaction: combustion and pyrolysis reaction mechanism","authors":"Jiu Chen ,&nbsp;Zhan-Jun Yang ,&nbsp;Guang-Ling Chen ,&nbsp;Guang-Cheng Yang ,&nbsp;Lin Jiang ,&nbsp;Li-Feng Xie ,&nbsp;Mi Li ,&nbsp;Dan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109998","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109998","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>5-Amino-1H-tetrazole (5AT) is a newly emerging energetic material with promising application due to its high nitrogen content as a tetrazole organic compound. In order to investigate the properties and potential applications of 5AT in energetic materials, it is firstly evaluated as a fuel or reducing agent in comparison with aluminum (Al). Both 5AT and Al were mixed with the oxidizing agent copper (II) oxide (CuO) respectively using a wet ball milling method to create 5AT@CuO and Al@CuO formulations and then it is employed as a high-energy additive in the Al@CuO reaction at varying addition ratios. The ignition experiments and thermal analysis text were conducted to explore the combustion and pyrolysis properties of 5AT as well as its addition effects on Al@CuO formulation. The results indicate that once ignition, the combustion behaviors of 5AT@CuO are inferior to that of Al@CuO formulation. When used as a high-energy additive, the original combustion reaction process of Al@CuO formulation is transformed into a process from deflagration to combustion reaction. As the addition ratio of 5AT gradually increases to 6 %, both the peak pressure and the pressurization rate (dp/dt) persistently improve, the combustion temperature is followed by the trend and the pyrolysis reaction is also promoted. However, the total burn duration shortens because of the accelerated reaction rate. Beyond a 6 % addition ratio, these parameters exhibit an opposite trend. However, the values of peak pressure and dp/dt is started to decrease, and they are even returned to the original level with 0 % addition ratio when the addition ratio is 15 %. These conclusions in this paper can provide some useful information for its properties, development and applications of 5AT in energetic materials and can also give several references in designs and applications for Al@CuO formulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 109998"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143941444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat transfer characteristics of a submerged jet impinging axisymmetrically onto a rotating disk","authors":"C. Klinkhamer ,&nbsp;R. Balachandar ,&nbsp;K.L.V. Iyer","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109961","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109961","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, the heat transfer characteristics of a submerged jet impinging axisymmetrically onto a rotating disk is investigated numerically using a Reynolds stress turbulence model with elliptic blending. The heat transfer is characterized based on the effects of jet Reynolds number, rotational Reynolds number and Prandtl number. Key flow field features and the drag experienced by the rotating disk are also studied. Rigid body rotation of the disk is captured using a moving mesh approach and is compared with a traditional moving reference frame approach. It was found that the moving mesh approach provided a solution that was more uniform about the axis of rotation, however when considering the average heat transfer, there is less than a 1 % difference between moving reference frame and moving mesh predictions. A clear distinction between the jet dominated, transition and rotation dominated flow regimes is made. With increasing jet Reynolds numbers and decreasing rotational Reynolds numbers, the jet dominated flow regime spatially grows about the axis of rotation and the rotation dominated flow regime shifts downstream from the axis of rotation. Jet and rotation dominated heat transfer regimes were identified and the transition point between the two regimes shifts radially outwards from the axis of rotation as the jet Reynolds number increases. The trade-off between heat transfer enhancement and drag on the disk was explored by studying the wall shear stress. A continuous increase in the wall shear stress along the radius of the disk was observed when the rotational Reynolds number was high due to a strong influence of the circumferential component of the wall shear stress. A correlation for the average heat transfer was also proposed based on the jet Reynolds number, rotational Reynolds number and Prandtl number.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 109961"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143936646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermally-driven microfluidic swirler for flow manipulation","authors":"Filippo Azzini ,&nbsp;Gian Luca Morini ,&nbsp;Beatrice Pulvirenti ,&nbsp;Massimiliano Rossi ,&nbsp;Marcos Rojas-Cárdenas","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109944","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109944","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, an original thermally-driven micro-fluidic swirler for flow manipulation applications is proposed. The swirling mechanisms are thermally activated only. Since the device does not require any moving parts, it is robust and needs extremely low maintenance. The swirling effect is triggered by activating a temperature gradient transversely to the stream-wise direction of the flow. The swirling mechanism corresponds to a combined effect of advection and natural convection inside a squared cross-section straight micro-channel. We here offer a complete characterization of the micro-fluidic system both from an experimental and numerical point of view. A first numerical design and optimization of the device was realized in respect to the swirling effect for parameters such as the Reynolds number and hydraulic diameter of the channel. Subsequently, the study explored the impact of the flow swirling on the heat transfer mechanisms along the channel. Results are proposed in terms of the Nusselt number for a wide range of channel dimensions. On these basis, a physical microfluidic swirler prototype was developed and was experimentally characterized. The experiments where performed via micro particle image velocimetry (<span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span> – PIV) and velocity fields results were compared to numerical experiments with excellent agreement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 109944"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143936645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat transfer and fluid dynamics of offset unsubmerged axial and tangential jets impinging on a confined heated rotating disk","authors":"Ashkan Nejati ,&nbsp;Zia Ud Din Taj ,&nbsp;Majed Etemadi ,&nbsp;K. Lakshmi Varaha Iyer ,&nbsp;Ram Balachandar ,&nbsp;Ronald Barron","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109984","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109984","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study numerically investigates offset unsubmerged axial and tangential jets impingement on a confined heated rotating disk for electric motor cooling applications. The motor's rotor and stator are modeled as rotating and stationary solid regions, respectively. The multi-phase flow and heat transfer characteristics are analyzed over a range of rotational Reynolds numbers from 1 × 10⁵ to 3.7 × 10⁶ and jet Reynolds numbers ranging from 4.5 × 10² to 7.3 × 10³ in a confined space. The jet nozzle diameter is 1.5 mm with the jet location fixed at an offset of 70 % of the disk radius. For axial and tangential jets, the ratio of jet impingement distance to nozzle diameter is held constant at 12 and 14.7, respectively. The Volume of Fluid method and a moving mesh rotation model are used to simulate the two-phase flow dynamics. The results show that axial jets achieve effective rotor cooling at a mid-range rotational Reynolds number of 2 × 10⁶ and a jet Reynolds number of 7.3 × 10³ but struggle to cool the stator due to limited oil distribution. Axial jet efficiency improves with higher jet Reynolds numbers; however, performance reduces at extreme rotational speeds, as oil contact with critical areas is reduced. Axial jets are thus most suitable for high rotor heat loads and oil flow rates, as their direct impingement enhances cooling effectiveness. In contrast, tangential jets rely heavily on an optimal velocity ratio between jet exit velocity and rotor speed to achieve efficient cooling. At rotational Reynolds number of 6.1 × 10⁵, tangential jets deliver superior heat transfer and temperature uniformity with a lower jet Reynolds number of 3.7 × 10³ and an ideal velocity ratio of 1, which promotes oil-air mixing and helical impingement. Tangential jets also exhibit up to 23 % lower drag losses at rotational Reynolds number of 6.1 × 10⁵, and maintain lower pressure losses than axial jets, with an 15 % reduction at rotational Reynolds number of 3.7 × 10⁶ due to better alignment with the rotating air. Overall, tangential jets are more efficient for lower flow rates and stator-focused cooling, while a mid-range rotational Reynolds number of 2 × 10⁶ optimally balances oil distribution and cooling efficiency for both jet types.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 109984"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermo-hydraulic performance in modified double-layer microchannel heat sinks designs: Optimization of sinusoidal and rectangular fin configurations for enhanced fluid mixing and heat transfer efficiency","authors":"Anurag Maheswari ,&nbsp;Yogesh K. Prajapati ,&nbsp;Arun Uniyal ,&nbsp;Nitesh Dutt ,&nbsp;Lalit Ranakoti ,&nbsp;Shubham Sharma ,&nbsp;A.I. Ismail","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109967","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109967","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A three-dimensional numerical analysis has been performed to investigate the thermo-hydraulic performance of innovative designs of double-layer microchannel heat sinks (DL-MCHS). The conventional DL-MCHS design has been altered by integrating intermediate fins with rectangular and sinusoidal shapes, the latter featuring varying amplitudes (<em>A</em>) and wave numbers (<em>t</em>). These fins are strategically placed along the flow paths within the channel. A comparative evaluation of heat transfer efficiency and pressure drop characteristics between the traditional and modified DL-MCHS designs has been conducted for Reynolds numbers ranging from 100 to 400, and heat flux levels between 500 and 2000 kW/m². Single-phase liquid water serves as the cooling medium. The results indicate that the modified designs can enhance heat dissipation by 50–70 % compared to the conventional DL-MCHS. But owing to higher obstructions encountered by coolan<em>t</em> in the flow passage, pressure drop penalty also increases in such configurations. Among all the analyzed configurations, the modified DL-MCHS incorporating sinusoidal intermediate fins with an amplitude (<em>A</em>) of 10 μm and a wave number (<em>t</em>) of 5 mm⁻¹ demonstrated consistently better thermal performance, achieving approximately 5–10 % higher thermal performance factor compared to the conventional DL-MCHS. Flow visualization of the coolant indicates that the presence of sinusoidal fins promotes improved fluid mixing, which in turn enhances heat transfer. Furthermore, a time-efficient optimization study on DL-MCHS with sinusoidal intermediate fin discloses that heat sink with <em>A</em> = 10 μm, and <em>t</em> = 15.303 mm⁻¹ achieves average Nusselt number (<span><math><mrow><mover><mrow><mi>N</mi><mi>u</mi></mrow><mo>‾</mo></mover></mrow></math></span>) ≈ 60–70 % higher than the conventional DL-MCHS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 109967"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}