International Journal of Thermal Sciences最新文献

{"title":"CFD-ANN-based model for parametric analysis of segmented plate-fin heat sinks: Exploring heat transfer and pressure drop trade-offs","authors":"Abdelmounaim Dadda ,&nbsp;Mohamed Boujoudar ,&nbsp;Nouriddine Houran ,&nbsp;Hanane Messaoudi ,&nbsp;Mohamed Asbik ,&nbsp;Ahmed Haddou ,&nbsp;Adeel Arshad","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective air cooling remained critical for high-power electronics as heat fluxes increased. This study integrated experimental measurements, three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations (CFD), and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) surrogate model to assess air-cooled plate-fin heat sinks under forced convection. Five different modified designs with segmented and staggered fins achieved up to 46.8% reduction in junction-to-ambient thermal resistance relative to the baseline, but the most aggressive layout (HS6) raised the pressure drop to approximately 1000 Pa, about 20x higher. The trained neural network model reproduced CFD temperatures and pressure drops with R² &gt; 0.99, enabling rapid exploration of the design space. From these data, two closed-form correlations for maximum junction temperature and pressure drop were derived, offering instant estimates during preliminary design without further CFD runs. Overall, staggered-segmented fins delivered substantial thermal gains, yet the associated rise in pumping power must be weighed during early design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110109"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing thermal insulation in footwear: A numerical simulation approach with CAD modeling","authors":"Eleonora Bianca,&nbsp;Antonio Buffo,&nbsp;Marco Vanni,&nbsp;Ada Ferri","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study addresses the challenge of evaluating the thermal insulation of technical footwear designed for cold environments. The aim is to develop a calculation tool to predict the thermal resistance (R<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>T</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, in m<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>K/W) of new footwear models before prototypes are manufactured. The model assumes stationary heat transfer and solves the relevant energy balance equations using a finite volume approach that takes into account the heterogeneous thermal properties of footwear components. Two simulation campaigns were carried out. In the first, tests with human subjects were simulated, where the boundary conditions included a prescribed internal heat flux (60 W/m<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>), a fixed ground contact temperature (-17 °C), and convective heat transfer to the outer surface. The second set of simulations mimicked manikin tests (UNI EN ISO 15831:2004), using fixed temperatures at the foot–shoe interface and on the floor (10 °C) and external convection. Validation with experimental data showed good agreement, underpinning the model’s ability to assess insulation performance under controlled conditions. Further simulations investigated the effects of different environmental parameters (temperature, wind speed, and ground contact) on heat loss. Statistical analysis revealed that ambient temperature had the greatest influence, explaining 37% of the total variance in heat flux, followed by ground type (22%) and wind speed (13%). This tool not only enables early assessment of thermal insulation in unbuilt prototypes, reducing reliance on time-consuming laboratory testing, but also supports detailed thermal diagnostics. It facilitates zone-specific optimization by changing the material composition and boot construction, promoting targeted design improvements under realistic operating conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110110"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical analysis of heat sink configurations and their impact on conjugate heat transfer in manifold systems","authors":"Yuan Ma ,&nbsp;Rasul Mohebbi ,&nbsp;Zhigang Yang ,&nbsp;Mikhail A. Sheremet","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110145","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110145","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study numerically analyzes the impact of heat sink designs, inlet fluid velocity, and heat flux on fluid flow and conjugate heat transport parameters. Four thermal sink configurations are examined: Type A, a conventional rectangular design serving as the baseline; Type B, featuring rectangular cavities on the walls; Type C, incorporating asymmetric triangular and trapezoidal cavities; and Type D, consisting of interconnected pin-like structures. The findings reveal that Type A creates large circulation zones, which limit heat transfer performance. In contrast, the modified designs (Types B, C, and D) significantly enhance conjugate heat transfer efficiency. At constant inlet velocity, increasing heat flux (<em>Q</em>) amplifies the performance differences among the heat sink types. Conversely, at constant heat flux, increasing inlet velocity diminishes these differences. At low inlet velocities, the average temperature (<em>T</em>_<em>avg</em>) of Types B, C, and D is similar, with Type D achieving the lowest temperature non-uniformity (δ<em>T</em>). At higher inlet velocities, Type B exhibits the best conjugate heat transfer performance, followed by Types C, D, and A. These results underscore the importance of optimized heat sink geometries and flow conditions for improved thermal performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110145"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence mechanism of ultrasonic vibration and pulsed laser on the surface formation of SiCp/Al in cutting","authors":"Bin Fu ,&nbsp;Yan Gu ,&nbsp;Jieqiong Lin ,&nbsp;Licheng Fu ,&nbsp;Tianyu Gao ,&nbsp;Hang Yu ,&nbsp;Tuo Wang ,&nbsp;Yongliang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The challenge of precisely controlling both macroscopic and microscopic damages to the Al matrix and two-phase interface significantly impedes the large-scale utilization of SiCp/Al composites in aerospace and other domains. Pulsed laser ultrasonic vibration assisted cutting (PLUVAC) emerges as a highly promising approach. In comparison to conventional turning processes, PLUVAC reduces the surface roughness to 0.305 μm. Moreover, the depth of subsurface damage is decreased by 49.2 %. However, the heat transfer process of pulsed laser and the microscopic action mechanism of the pulsed laser and ultrasonic to the workpiece surface and subsurface is unclear. Therefore, this paper uses micro and nano scale simulation methods. The temperature field and grain deformation process of PLUVAC were studied. It was found that PLUVAC inhibits work hardening and interface damage by promoting dynamic recovery. The formed subgrains are finer and more prone to recrystallization. Therefore, the crystal structure of PLUVAC tends to be more complete. This study provides a unique perspective for revealing the deep mechanism of PLUVAC improving the surface quality of ceramic particle reinforced metal matrix composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110143"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid thermal management system of lithium-ion batteries combing phase change material with liquid cooling under high-rate operation","authors":"Gang Wu ,&nbsp;Hao Wu ,&nbsp;Bo Huang ,&nbsp;Wenhao Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The high-rate operation of lithium-ion batteries induces rapid heat accumulation, posing critical challenges for thermal safety and longevity. This study presents a hybrid thermal management system integrating phase change material (PCM) with liquid cooling under high-rate operation. Key parameters including coolant flow rate, temperature, channel geometry, and PCM configuration are systematically optimized at a 5C discharge rate. An S-shaped channel with a 2mm × 4 mm cross-section is optimized, achieving a peak temperature of 47.5 °C (below the 50 °C safety threshold) and a PCM liquid fraction of 0.4, while maintaining a maximum temperature difference of 5.5 °C. Enhanced convective cooling at 0.06 m/s flow velocity can balance the cooling efficiency and energy consumption. The length of cross-sectional optimization (4 mm cross-section, triple-bend structure) can minimise thermal gradients. Multi-cell PCM encapsulation strategies improve temperature performance ensuring thermal safety. These results demonstrate that the novel hybrid thermal management system can effectively enhance temperature uniformity. It offers a scalable solution for high-power battery systems in electric vehicles and energy storage applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110117"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144570150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A temperature prediction method for electric vehicle charging connectors using a CFD-based deep learning model","authors":"Yinghuai Liang ,&nbsp;Panlong Liu ,&nbsp;Shuhong Li ,&nbsp;Yanjun Li ,&nbsp;Jiandong Wang ,&nbsp;Yuefeng Pang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110139","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110139","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aiming to rapidly predict the temperature of electric vehicle (EV) charging connectors in dynamic environments and clarify the mechanisms by which various parameters affect temperature characteristics during the charging process. The reliability of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was first validated through experiments. Subsequently, a systematic CFD analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of contact resistance, ambient temperature, and charging current on the internal temperature distribution of the charger. Additionally, a novel data-driven approach was proposed, utilizing an improved sparrow search algorithm (ISSA) to optimize a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network for real-time temperature prediction. This approach enhances predictive performance through hyperparameter optimization. The results show that the CFD model has high accuracy, with a maximum error of 7.53 %. CFD analysis clarified the effects of various parameters on the charger's temperature rise. Furthermore, the proposed optimization strategy significantly improved model performance, with the ISSA-LSTM model achieving a 50 % reduction in mean absolute error compared to the conventional LSTM model. The model also demonstrated strong generalization capability, with the maximum absolute error remaining within 5 °C in test cases beyond the training data range. This method provides an effective and reliable tool for temperature prediction in EV charging systems, with considerable industrial application potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110139"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144570149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal and flow characteristics of an array of cylinders in a converging and confined channel: The case of battery cooling","authors":"Ali Alshehri ,&nbsp;Md Faizan ,&nbsp;Ahmed Saeed ,&nbsp;Obaidallah Munteshari","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As lithium-ion batteries become essential in electric vehicles and energy storage, managing their heat generation is critical. Without effective thermal control, excessive temperatures can degrade performance, trigger thermal runaway, and cause structural failures. Optimizing battery thermal management systems (BTMS) is vital to ensuring safety, efficiency, and long-term reliability. This study presents a numerical investigation into the influence of longitudinal and transverse pitch, channel convergence angle, and confinement ratio on the thermal and fluid flow behavior of an air-cooled BTMS. A finite volume-based two-dimensional model was developed to simulate heat transfer and flow characteristics within a confined, converging channel containing 16 cylindrical batteries arranged in a staggered configuration. Increasing the longitudinal pitch (<em>P</em>_<em>L</em>) expands wake regions and elevates upstream fluid temperatures, reducing convective heat transfer. Conversely, optimizing the transverse pitch (<em>P</em>_<em>T</em>) enhances coolant circulation, improving heat dissipation and thermal uniformity in battery packs. A higher convergence angle (<em>β</em>) enhances shear-driven convective cooling beyond <em>β</em> = π/18, whereas an increased confinement ratio (<span><math><mrow><mi>ψ</mi></mrow></math></span>) thickens the thermal boundary layer, reducing heat dissipation. Furthermore, two empirical correlations for Nusselt number and friction factor were developed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations yielding high predictive accuracy (<em>R</em>^<em>2</em> = 0.9886 for Nusselt number and <em>R</em>^<em>2</em> = 0.8686 for friction factor). These correlations serve as robust predictive tools for optimizing air-cooled BTMS, striking a balance between heat transfer efficiency and flow resistance minimization. The findings offer valuable design insights applicable to LIB thermal management and other convective heat transfer systems, including tube bundle heat exchangers and finned surfaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110113"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144557032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High temperature measurements based on unknown spectral emissivity using a joint two-color and three-color pyrometry method","authors":"Linchao Zhu ,&nbsp;Chun Yin ,&nbsp;Xuegang Huang ,&nbsp;Jiuwen Cao ,&nbsp;Zhiqi Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study addresses high-precision and high-stability measurements at rapid high temperatures in specialized industries such as aerospace engineering, metal welding, and metallurgy. Starting from blackbody furnace calibration under the gray-body assumption, we derive an explicit colorimetric pyrometry formula. To extend its applicability beyond gray-body materials, we introduce a calibration framework that accounts for unknown spectral emissivity through constrained optimization. We propose a dynamic selection methodology based on the sensitivity of the pyrometry formula to temperature fluctuations, which effectively reduces the subjectivity inherent in traditional pyrometry formula selection and significantly enhances the stability of temperature measurements. Furthermore, we have systematically analyzed the interrelationships between spectral emissivity, colorimetric temperature, true temperature, and calibrated radiant temperature. The proposed algorithm transforms these interrelationships into a multi-constraint optimization problem, ensuring a comprehensive and precise calibration process. It utilizes a generalized inverse to derive optimized initial values, which serve as a foundation for subsequent refinements during calibration. The algorithm incorporates a simulated annealing technique to iteratively improve the estimates of the unknown spectral emissivity. This strategy effectively explores the solution space, thereby increasing the accuracy of the final emissivity estimates and enabling accurate temperature estimation for high-temperature materials within the range of 1000–2000 °C. We conducted a large-scale experimental study, acquiring 1168 high temperature radiation images across the specified temperature range. The experimental results indicate that in three out of the four data sets, the absolute error was consistently maintained within 10 °C, with a relative error of 1%. The average absolute error across all four experimental groups remained within 5 °C, with an average relative error of 0.5%, demonstrating a significant enhancement in both accuracy and stability of the measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110084"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144557033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Power level effects on CAP1400 steam generator thermohydraulics with primary-secondary coupled heat transfer","authors":"Lanqing Qiao ,&nbsp;Jianyu Tan ,&nbsp;Qingzhi Lai ,&nbsp;Chunxiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhunfeng Fan ,&nbsp;Guangsheng Wu ,&nbsp;Yujie Bai ,&nbsp;Junming Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermohydraulic characteristics of the steam generator (SG) in a pressurized water reactor (PWR) directly influence the safe operation of the nuclear power plant. However, as a pressurized water reactor in its initial commercial operation phase, the thermohydraulic characteristics of the CAP1400 SG under low-power conditions remain insufficiently explored. To address this gap, a simplified three-dimensional primary-secondary coupled porous media model is developed for both sides of the CAP1400 SG. Following validation with operational PWR data, the model is used to investigate the impact of power levels on flow and heat transfer. Primary-to-secondary side heat transfer is computed by coupling parameters at corresponding positions, while flow resistance in local components, including the tube sheets, tube bundle, support plates, and anti-vibration bars (AVB), is simplified through momentum source terms. Numerical simulations closely match measured data, with relative errors within 2.17 %, confirming the model's accuracy. Notably, the uneven flow distribution caused by the lower head structure on the primary side intensifies the non-uniform heat transfer on both sides. Moreover, an analysis of cross-flow energy associated with flow-induced vibration (FIV) shows that the risk of vibration-induced damage to the outermost tube bundle increases with power. The peak cross-flow energy is concentrated on the hot side, and the angle between the peak cross-flow energy and the horizontal plane increases from 37° at 30 % full power (FP) to 68° at 100 % FP. These findings provide valuable data and practical recommendations for ensuring the safe operation of the CAP1400 across a range of power levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110120"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144549204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance analysis of Gallium-based liquid metal as thermal interface material for chip heat dissipation","authors":"Baihong Liu ,&nbsp;Wenfeng Gao ,&nbsp;Liangfei Duan ,&nbsp;Qiong Li ,&nbsp;Shuai Gong ,&nbsp;Rujian Li ,&nbsp;Jie Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective heat dissipation is crucial for reducing chip operating temperatures and improving energy efficiency in data centers. As chip heat generation continues to rise dramatically, interfacial thermal resistance has emerged as a significant bottleneck for heat dissipation. Therefore, identifying thermal interface materials (TIMs) with high thermal conductivity and low thermal contact resistance is essential. In this study, we propose using a liquid metal alloy composed of 75 % gallium and 25 % indium as a TIM, which boasts a high thermal conductivity of 26.6 W/m·K and a low thermal resistance of 2.8 mm²·K/W. A theoretical mathematical model was developed to characterize interfacial heat transfer. Experiments were conducted to compare the heat dissipation performance of liquid metal with that of thermal grease used as TIMs. Furthermore, numerical simulations were performed to analyze the effects of heating power, TIM thickness, and thermal interface area on the chip heat dissipation performance. The experimental results show that liquid metal significantly outperforms thermal grease as a TIM, with the heat source temperature being 9.8 °C lower for liquid metal at a heating power of 90 W. Numerical simulations reveal a linear increase in heat source temperature with rising heating power. Moreover, both reducing the TIM thickness and increasing the thermal interface area improve heat dissipation performance. Specifically, when the TIM thickness was reduced from 2 mm to 0.2 mm and the thermal interface area was increased from 6.25 cm² to 16 cm², the heat source temperature was decreased by 8 % and 35.9 %, respectively. This study highlights the potential of liquid metal as a TIM for the thermal management of high-power-density chips, such as CPUs, GPUs, and AI accelerators, while providing valuable insights for enhancing the design of chip cooling systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110121"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144549205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}