International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer最新文献

{"title":"High-performance ultra-thin thermal ground plane based on parallel liquid-vapor paths using hierarchical wicking structures","authors":"Jiaxuan Liu,&nbsp;Sha Li,&nbsp;Yuxuan Chen,&nbsp;Xinlei Zhang,&nbsp;Xiuliang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127905","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127905","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultra-thin thermal ground plane (UTTGP), based on liquid-vapor phase-change heat transfer, is potential to meet the increasing thermal management demands of portable electronic devices. Conventional UTTGPs below 0.4 mm based on stacked liquid-vapor paths suffer from highly increased liquid-vapor flow resistance due to the decreased thickness, leading to both low maximum heat transfer powers less than 4 W, and high thermal resistances exceeding 2 K/W. Here, we invent a high-performance UTTGP with thickness of only 0.25 mm based on parallel liquid-vapor paths with out-of-plane hierarchical wicking structures. In this proposed UTTGP, vapor channels are placed between regular intervals of liquid wicking paths to maximize the thickness space for vapor flowing with low resistance. Liquid wicking paths are composed of hierarchical structures with micro-pillar array and spiral mesh etched with nanoscale grasses, leading to both high permeability and high capillary pressure to strengthen liquid transport. Thus, this new-type UTTGP simultaneously achieves a maximum heat transfer power of 6.5 W, a low thermal resistance of 0.98 K/W, a high effective thermal conductivity of 9259 W/(m·K) and good cyclic stability. This efficient UTTGP stands out in the comparison of heat transfer performance with the literature and offers a reliable and efficient solution for thermal management in space-constrained high-power portable electronics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 127905"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of ultra-low concentration methane combustion in gradient D-type TPMS structural porous medium by experimental and pore-resolved simulations","authors":"Qingzhao Li ,&nbsp;Xiong Ding ,&nbsp;Baotong Li ,&nbsp;Jianyun Zhu ,&nbsp;Xinyuan Li ,&nbsp;Jingxuan Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127916","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127916","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically investigates flame stabilization mechanisms and heat transfer characteristics in gradient Diamond-type triply periodic minimal surface (D-TPMS) porous media burners under ultra-low concentration methane conditions, using a combined experimental and pore-scale simulation approach. A comparative analysis of linear gradient (LGD-TPMS) and step gradient (SGD-TPMS) structures reveals distinct combustion performance differences. A pore-resolved numerical model was developed to capture the complex radiation-convection coupled heat transfer mechanism within the TPMS structure and elucidate the distribution patterns of surface radiation and localized gas-solid heat flux in periodic pore channels. Results indicate that SGD-TPMS is prone to flame surface rupture due to abrupt interfacial changes, whereas LGD-TPMS facilitates stable finger-like anchored flames with significantly broadened combustion stability limits. Combustion-induced flow acceleration outweighs pure structural effects: at an equivalence ratio of 0.5, a 0.2 m/s increase in inlet velocity resulted in a 1.2 m/s rise in peak velocity within the reaction zone. In the preheating zone, the solid skeleton efficiently preheats via radiation absorption from downstream high-temperature regions; in the reaction zone, intense convective heat exchange dominates between gas and solid phases, while radiation heat flux exhibits a distinct spatial pattern with mid-zone emission and upstream/downstream absorption, significantly enhancing lateral heat uniformity and flame stability. This demonstrates that localized thermal management can be achieved by adjusting the structural parameters of the LGD-TPMS. This study provides theoretical reference for the structural design of highly efficient porous media burners and the utilization of low-concentration methane.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 127916"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Piezoelectric tuning of thermal conductivity in nano-architected gallium nitride metamaterials","authors":"Jun Cai ,&nbsp;Alireza Seyedkanani ,&nbsp;Benyamin Shahryari ,&nbsp;Hsiu-Chin Lin ,&nbsp;Abdolhamid Akbarzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127911","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127911","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gallium nitride (GaN) is widely recognized for its high thermal conductivity and piezoelectric properties, making it a key material in high-power electronics and nanoelectronic devices. Efficient thermal management is essential for the reliability and longevity of such devices, yet existing methods to tune thermal conductivity often present challenges, including permanent alteration of material properties and the complexity of applying mechanical strain at the nanoscale. In this study, we propose a dynamic and reversible approach to tune the thermal conductivity of GaN using the piezoelectric effect where an applied electric field induces mechanical strain and alters the material’s atomic structure and thermal properties. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we explore the thermal conductivity of pristine GaN and nano-architected GaN metamaterials across three topological families: cubic, octahedron, and triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS). Our results demonstrate that nano-architected GaN metamaterials exhibit significantly reduced thermal conductivity compared to pristine GaN, with variations depending on the underlying architecture. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, due to the topology-dependent enhancement of piezoelectric property, nano-architected GaN metamaterials exhibit a broader range of thermal conductivity tunability by an electric field compared to the pristine GaN. This study highlights the potential of tailoring the topological featuring and resorting to the piezoelectricity effect in tuning the thermal conductivity of GaN, providing insights for developing programmable nanoelectronic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 127911"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From design to operation: Integrated optimization of intermediate cycle heat exchange systems for aero engines","authors":"Weitong Liu ,&nbsp;Guoqiang Xu ,&nbsp;Yiang Liu ,&nbsp;Xiuting Gu ,&nbsp;Jiayang Wang ,&nbsp;Jingzhi Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanchen Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127904","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127904","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Advanced aero-engine thermal management systems increasingly rely on intermediate cycle heat exchange (ICHE) systems to enable safe and efficient heat transfer between fuel and high-temperature air. While the ICHE configuration offers significant safety and anti-coking advantages over direct-contact cooling, current research lacks a unified optimization framework that jointly addresses system weight and thermal performance in design, as well as thermal adaptability in operation. To fill this gap, this study develops an integrated optimization framework for ICHE systems in aero engines, encompassing both design-stage trade-offs and operational regulation. For system design, a coordinated multi-objective optimization model is constructed using total heat transfer area and system-equivalent thermal conductance as objectives, and solved via a hybrid algorithm combining genetic algorithms with gradient-based methods. The resulting Pareto front reveals the nonlinear coupling between weight and heat transfer performance, offering flexible design choices. For operational optimization, a transfer matrix-based model is developed for multi-branch ICHE configurations and experimentally validated using a platform with aviation kerosene, high-pressure water, and air. By adjusting the intermediate working fluid mass flow rate and its distribution, the system heat transfer rate is maximized, with results indicating the dominant role of mean temperature difference over thermal conductance. Operational optimization yields a 7.98% increase in heat transfer rate, demonstrating the framework's effectiveness. This work provides a comprehensive method for optimizing ICHE systems across the full engine lifecycle, offering valuable insights into high-efficiency, lightweight thermal management design and operation for next-generation aero engines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 127904"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effects of engineered microstructures, manifold size and spatial orientation on flow boiling mechanics in minichannels","authors":"Hanyang Ye ,&nbsp;Huanyu Zhao ,&nbsp;Xuwen Wang ,&nbsp;Leymus Yong Xiang Lum ,&nbsp;Jin Yao Ho","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127884","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flow boiling in minichannels is a highly effective thermal management approach. Open minichannels, characterized by an extra manifold above the flow channels, exhibit reduced pressure drop and two-phase flow instability. However, manifold designs are often selected without systematic evaluation, and their impact on flow boiling performance under different spatial orientations remain unclear. This study investigates the synergistic influences of surface morphology, manifold size, and spatial orientation on flow boiling in open minichannels. Experiments were conducted at the refrigerant mass flow rates (<span><math><mover><mi>m</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></math></span>) of 0.005 kg/s and 0.009 kg/s (corresponding to mass fluxes <em>G</em> of 27 to 187 kg/m²·s), and effective heat fluxes (<em>q_eff</em>) of 2.9 kW/m² to 170 kW/m², by supplying 7 °C subcooled liquid to the minichannels inlet in three spatial orientations (horizontal, vertical upward, and vertical downward flow). Compared to conventional closed plain minichannels, our results show that increasing manifold size and the integration of surface microstructures not only significantly improves thermohydraulic performance, with enhancement factor (Φ) up to 25 in horizontal flow, but it also delays the occurrence of dryout in vertical upward flow to an outlet vapor quality (<em>x_outlet</em>) of 0.98. These enhancements are attributed to the suppression of flow instabilities even at a lower mass flux (<em>G</em> = 27 kg/m²·s) enabled by larger manifolds combining with increased nucleation site density on the cooling surface. In vertical downward flow, however, increasing manifold sizes exacerbates flow maldistribution and increases the possibility of liquid film rupture, resulting in about 50 % reduction in critical heat flux (CHF) as compared to the closed minichannels, where severe dryout was observed at <em>q_eff</em> = 149 kW/m² and <em>x_outlet</em> = 0.86. In contrast, closed minichannels exhibits relatively consistent boiling characteristics across different spatial orientations, due to the dominant bubble explosive growth effect. In all, this work not only successfully identifies the synergistic effect of surface morphology, manifold size, and spatial orientation on flow boiling characteristics of minichannels, but it also provides comprehensive guidelines for optimizing minichannel thermohydraulic performance in different orientations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 127884"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaporative refrigeration effect in evaporation and condensation between two parallel plates","authors":"Peiyi Chen ,&nbsp;Qin Li ,&nbsp;Gang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127900","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127900","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is well-known that evaporation can lead to cooling. However, little is known that evaporation can actually create a refrigeration effect, i.e., the vapor phase temperature can drop below the temperature of the cooling wall. This possibility was recently pointed out via modeling based on an approximate quasi-continuum approach. This work examines this effect rigorously by studying evaporation and condensation between two parallel plates by coupling the solution of the Boltzmann transport equation in the vapor phase with the continuum treatments in both liquid films. Numerical results show that the vapor phase temperature at the evaporating side can be much lower than the coldest wall temperature at the condensing surface, reaffirming the evaporative refrigeration effect. The present work further reveals that this effect is caused by two mechanisms. While the dominant mechanism is the asymmetry in the molecular distribution between the outgoing and the incoming molecules at the interface, additional cooling occurs within the Knudsen layer due to the sudden expansion, similar to the Joule–Thomson effect, although with subtle differences in that the interfacial expansion is not an isenthalpic process. The impacts of key parameters, including liquid thickness, Knudsen number, and accommodation coefficient, are investigated. The numerical simulation shows that with a thicker vapor, a thinner liquid film, and a larger accommodation coefficient, leads to stronger evaporative refrigeration effect. This work will motivate future experiments to further confirm this prediction and explore its potential applications in air-conditioning, refrigeration, and membrane distillation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 127900"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physics-informed neural network based topology optimization for thin-film evaporation in hierarchical structures","authors":"Amirmohammad Jahanbakhsh ,&nbsp;Rojan Firuznia ,&nbsp;Saber Badkoobeh Hezaveh ,&nbsp;Mohammadreza Borzooei ,&nbsp;Hadi Ghasemi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127902","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127902","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thin film evaporation through hierarchical structures is a promising approach for thermal management in electronics and photonics. However, identifying the optimal hierarchical structure for efficient thermal management remains an ongoing challenge. This study presents a coupled framework that integrates classical SIMP-based thermal topology optimization with a pretrained physics-informed neural network (PINN) for data-driven verification to final optimal hierarchical structures. The objective is to minimize thermal compliance in evaporative structures while ensuring physical fidelity. The findings suggest that topologically optimal structures are mostly in the form of branched structures with solid density of <span><math><mo>≈</mo></math></span> 0.5. These structures could achieve high critical heat flux (CHF) at much lower superheats compared to traditionally studied structures. In addition, even for optimal structures, higher density of solid–liquid contact line directly correlates to higher CHF values. This hybrid approach not only enhances computational efficiency but also bridges the gap between simulation and real-world physical behavior, paving the way for validated thermal design in advanced cooling systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 127902"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-Phase Flow Boiling for Ultra-High Heat Flux SiC Chip Cooling","authors":"Shasha Huo ,&nbsp;Xinqiang Wang ,&nbsp;Bo Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127885","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127885","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While Moore's Law has approached its physical limits lately, the high integration and miniaturization of electronics have also brought another thermal failure obstacle. Previous studies on single-phase flow demanded significant pump power to achieve higher Critical Heat Flux (CHF), which risked exceeding the chip's mechanical limits and complicating packaging. The elevated junction temperature (above 175°C) of third-generation semiconductors makes them ideal for two-phase water cooling, which utilizes the huge latent heat during boiling of water to minimize the flow rate and maximize the Coefficient of Performance (COP). In this work, we designed an embedded hierarchical microchannel heat sink for heat transfer by deionized water two-phase cooling. The combination of the distribution manifold and the hierarchical microchannel copper wick achieves a balance between a large number of nucleation sites and excellent permeability. We observed an CHF of 1682 W/cm² with COP up to ∼19000 at flow rate of 3.0 ml/s, which means Only 89 mW of power is needed to take away the heat flux of 1682 W/cm² on a chip, corresponding to a 3-fold increase compared to single-phase microchannels with the same flow rate. This technology is anticipated to overcome the bottleneck in electronic thermal management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 127885"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nature-inspired lotus-shaped fins combined with hybrid nanoparticles and metal foam for high-performance latent heat thermal energy storage","authors":"Prashant Saini ,&nbsp;Julian D. Osorio ,&nbsp;Munjal P. Shah ,&nbsp;Umang N. Patel ,&nbsp;Akhil Nelapudi ,&nbsp;Luis A. Porto-Hernandez","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) systems play a critical role in renewable energy integration by providing high energy density and nearly isothermal operation during phase transitions. However, their performance is often limited by slow melting/charging rates, which motivates the search for enhanced heat transfer designs. This study investigates the melting behavior of RT-82 phase change material (PCM) using novel lotus-shaped fins combined with copper metal foam and conductive graphene nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. A two-dimensional enthalpy–porosity model in ANSYS Fluent was developed to simulate the charging/melting process, capturing non-thermal equilibrium between the foam and PCM/nano-PCM. In this study, effects of fin geometry, nanoparticle concentration, and foam porosity on melting dynamics and cost-performance trade-offs were investigated. Results showed that natural convection accelerated melting by ∼12% compared to conduction-only scenarios. Optimized lotus-shaped fins with higher fin density (T3F4 and T3F10) achieved up to 63% faster melting relative to sparse configurations. Graphene nanoparticles improved thermal conductivity, with a 6% volume fraction, by reducing melting time by ∼6.9%, while their combination with 75% porosity foam achieved a maximum reduction in the melting time of ∼51% compared to pure PCM. Cost-performance analysis identified T3F4 as the most balanced design, offering rapid thermal response without excessive material costs, while moderate-density designs like T3S6 provided economical alternatives with acceptable performance. These results highlight the performance enhancement that can be achieved by integrating bio-inspired fins, nanoparticles, and foams, into compact and efficient LHTES for solar heating, building thermal management, and industrial waste-heat recovery applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 127897"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation of medium-temperature cesium heat pipes using the pressure-modified Capillary Wick model","authors":"Yinghua Ma ,&nbsp;Guoqing Huang ,&nbsp;Hongxia Chen ,&nbsp;Li Jia ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127892","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127892","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately simulating the flow of the working fluid within capillary wicks and the corresponding circulation dynamics in heat pipes presents a significant challenge. In this study, a pressure-modified Capillary Wick model is proposed based on molecular dynamics simulations. By customizing the momentum source term to generate a high-pressure region adjacent to the wall, the capillary pumping effect is precisely simulated. Concurrently, more physically consistent distributions of pressure and saturation temperature are achieved, with the nucleation site migrating from the inner wall of capillary wick structure to its outer surface. These improvements suppress velocity fluctuations of the condensate film and eliminate the unphysical entrainment limit phenomenon at low heating powers, along with the associated overheating of the evaporator. In comparison with the Wall Adhesion model, the vapor dryness fraction of the condenser increases from 0.436 to 0.609. Furthermore, the maximum temperature deviation of the evaporator decreases from 121.46 K to 20.38 K with a 83.22 % reduction, while the average temperature deviation of the evaporator decreases from 40.07 K to 9.08 K, with the relative error decreasing from 5.78 % to 1.31 %. Correspondingly, the overall thermal resistance of the heat pipe is reduced from 3.818 K·kW^-1 to 1.941 K·kW^-1, representing a 49.14 % reduction and thereby bringing the simulation results into closer agreement with experimental data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 127892"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}