International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer最新文献

{"title":"Interfacial thermal transport of AlxGa(1-x)N-GaN heterostructures under strain via machine learning potential","authors":"Wenzhu Luo ,&nbsp;Ershuai Yin ,&nbsp;Lei Wang,&nbsp;Enjian Sun,&nbsp;Qiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128415","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Al_xGa_(1-x)N-GaN heterostructure two-dimensional electron gas channel (2DEG) serves as the core for both conduction and heat generation in GaN HEMTs. Meanwhile, due to the regulation of device performance by strain engineering and the differences in material properties between heterostructure materials, external loads, inverse piezoelectric stress, thermal stresses, and residual stresses all exert a significant influence on the heat transfer process within heterostructures. However, the effect of strain on heat transfer and local phonon transport properties at the Al_xGa_(1-x)N-GaN interface remains unclear. This study employs machine learning-based Neuroevolution Potential (NEP) molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the thermal transport mechanisms in Al_xGa_(1-x)N-GaN and Al_xGa_(1-x)N-AlN-GaN heterostructures under both compressive and tensile strains. Research indicates that the rate of increase in interfacial thermal conductance (ITC) accelerates as compressive strain intensity rises, and at 8% compressive strain, the ITC of Al_0.2 Ga_0.8N-GaN and Al_0.2Ga_0.8N-AlN-GaN increases by 19.1% and 236%, respectively, compared to the unstrained condition. Compressional strain increases the overlap region of the low-frequency phonon density of states (PDOS), enhances scattering between interfacial phonons, and distributes more energy into low-frequency phonon modes, which are more conducive to interfacial heat transfer, thereby enhancing heat transport at the heterostructure. Tensile strain weakens high-frequency phonon transport processes but additionally excites mid-frequency localized phonon transport channels, so its effect on the ITC is not significant. This study provides a crucial theoretical foundation for stress control in the manufacturing process of GaN-based electronic devices and for enhancing interfacial heat transport through stress regulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 128415"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combustion model of effective-potential fire loads based on data fusion: Quantitative methods for predicting solid fuel fires in tunnel","authors":"Yunping Yang ,&nbsp;Xiaosong Li ,&nbsp;Hongjin Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuchun Zhang ,&nbsp;Tao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tunnel fires frequently induce severe secondary disasters, and a major challenge in their prevention and control lies in the quantitative characterization of dynamic fire behavior. In this study, small-scale tunnel fire experiments were carried out to obtain non-steady combustion data of wood crib fuels under various ventilation conditions. By employing data fusion techniques, key physical features reflecting fire dynamics, such as flame width, were extracted from flame image sequences and combined with other monitoring data to form a unified time-series feature vector. Based on this, the combustion zone was systematically divided into latent-heat, active, and smoldering zones, revealing the synchronous evolution of heat release rate and effective combustion width under different fire loads and longitudinal wind speeds. Further results demonstrate that the primary heat release originates from the effective combustion zone. For example, at a wood crib length of 300 mm, the heat release rate reached 15.6 kW and increased to 39 kW with a higher fuel mass per unit length. Building on these findings, this study innovatively developed a full-process transient heat release rate prediction model grounded in the effective combustion zone framework, together with a model for predicting the maximum temperature rise beneath the tunnel ceiling, achieving an accuracy within 10%. The proposed methodology effectively quantifies the complete dynamic characteristics of solid fuel fires and provides a new theoretical tool and practical reference for risk assessment and prevention design in tunnel fire safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 128424"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of internal flow structures during evaporation of sessile ethanol–water binary droplets","authors":"Hongxin Ye ,&nbsp;Jialing Yu ,&nbsp;Jiazheng Liu ,&nbsp;Xuemei Chen ,&nbsp;Haoxiang Huang ,&nbsp;Zhenhai Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128440","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128440","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A three-dimensional transient numerical model incorporating coupled mass, momentum, heat, and species transport was developed to investigate the evaporation dynamics of binary sessile droplets. The evaporation behavior and the temporal evolution of the internal flow structures were systematically examined, revealing four distinct stages based on internal flow pattern: (i) the initial stage of coexistence of solutal and thermal Marangoni convection, (ii) solutal Marangoni-dominated stage with complex multi-vortex structures, (iii) solutal Marangoni-dominated stage with imbalanced macroscopic vortex flow, and (iv) stable low-velocity convection stage. The flow characteristics at each stage were delineated, and the underlying physical mechanisms driving the transitions were elucidated. Particular attention was given to the interplay between thermal and solutal effects and their influence on the evolving flow field, temperature and concentration distributions, and local evaporation rates. These results provide new insight into the coupled fluid dynamics governing the evaporation of multi-component droplets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 128440"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147385711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arbitrarily-shaped convective thermal cloaks based on multiphysical coordinate transformation theories","authors":"Hao Wang ,&nbsp;Neng-Zhi Yao ,&nbsp;Chen-Long Wu ,&nbsp;Yanfei Wu ,&nbsp;Bin Wang ,&nbsp;Xuesheng Wang ,&nbsp;Chong Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Convective thermal cloaks, capable of simultaneously manipulating fluid flow and heat transfer, represent a cutting-edge direction in multi-physics metamaterial research. However, existing studies have been predominantly confined to regular geometric configurations, limiting their applicability in complex engineering environments. To address this, we propose multiphysical coordinate transformation theories for convective thermal cloaks adaptable to arbitrarily-shaped obstacles, facilitating the free manipulation of coupled thermo-hydrodynamic fields. First, based on transformation heat-transfer theory, we derive the analytical transformed dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity by coupling the parametric equations of the obstacle and cloak geometries. Second, to resolve the physical constraint of negative viscosity components inherent to complex geometric transformations, we introduce an equivalent design scheme based on transformed volumetric forces. This approach effectively converts anisotropic viscosity effects into spatially distributed volumetric forces, thereby circumventing the realizability issues caused by negative viscosity. Numerical simulations demonstrate that our arbitrarily-shaped cloaks effectively manipulate mass, momentum, and energy transport in both uniform and non-uniform thermal convection systems. The designs maintain undisturbed velocity, pressure, and temperature fields external to the cloak, achieving simultaneous hydrodynamic and thermal cloaking. Comparative analysis reveals that the transformed volumetric force approach yields robust cloaking performance comparable to the transformed viscosity approach while offering superior material realizability. This work overcomes the geometric and physical limitations of conventional transformation methods, establishing a foundation for fabricating multi-physics metamaterials with complex geometries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 128498"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147385706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of film extraction on unsteady flow dynamics and heat transfer of novel impingement drainage cooling by large eddy simulation","authors":"Huihui Wang ,&nbsp;Yiyi Chen ,&nbsp;Qinghua Deng ,&nbsp;Xiying Niu ,&nbsp;Zhenping Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128457","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128457","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The unsteady flow and heat transfer mechanisms of a novel impingement drainage cooling (IDC) structure were investigated under the influence of film extraction using large eddy simulation (LES). The IDC structure, designed with independent cooling chambers and drainage channels, effectively suppresses crossflow interference and enhances jet impingement performance. Several film-hole configurations with varying positions and diameters are examined under a jet Reynolds number of 20,000, focusing on their effects on coolant flow patterns, discharge characteristics, and unsteady heat transfer on the leading-edge wall. The results show that coolant flow within the IDC chamber forms transverse counter-rotating circulations driven by the jet, while proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis reveals that large-scale coherent structures originate from shear interactions between jet outer layers and flow circulations. Film-hole location dominates discharge behavior: vertical holes induce strong separation due to sharp turning, whereas horizontal holes achieve smoother outflow. Increasing film-hole diameter enhances bleed momentum and mass flowrate but has limited influence on total pressure loss. Film extraction only locally redistributes cooling effectiveness without altering the fundamental impingement-driven heat transfer pattern; the “butterfly-shaped” high-Nusselt region at the leading edge remains unaffected. However, drainage channel heat transfer deteriorates with increased coolant bleed. Overall, the findings provide physical insights into the coupled dynamics of film extraction and IDC, offering design guidelines for advanced turbine blade cooling systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 128457"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147385882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal evolution of the heterogeneous oxide layer and ablation performance of C/C-HfC composites: A combined experimental and numerical study","authors":"Weiqi Li ,&nbsp;Xujiang Chao ,&nbsp;Jian Zhang ,&nbsp;Ruicong Chen ,&nbsp;Jian Ge ,&nbsp;Yulei Zhang ,&nbsp;Lehua Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128479","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The protective efficacy of hafnium carbide (HfC) coatings on Carbon/Carbon (C/C) composites is closely linked to the dynamic evolution of their oxide layer during ablation. While the dense hafnium oxycarbide (HfC_1-xO_x) acts as an effective barrier, its further oxidation into the loose HfO₂ leads to the degradation of the protective performance of the coatings. This study extends a composition-evolution ablation model by explicitly resolving surface topography to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of the heterogeneous oxide layer and the protective performance during ablation. The proposed ablation model is validated against experimental measurements of elemental (C, O, and Hf) distributions after ablation. The results reveal a two-stage ablation mechanism: an initial protective stage maintained by the growth of dense HfC_1-xO_x, followed by an accelerated degradation stage triggered by the accumulation of porous HfO₂. This study also demonstrates that the geometric effect leads to a concentrated oxygen flux in the valley regions, resulting in a more rapid consumption of HfC compared to the peak regions. Furthermore, an elevated oxygen mole fraction (from 20% to 60%) accelerates the degradation of the oxygen barrier properties, causing an approximately 11% reduction in its optimal performance. These insights provide a basis for the reliability analysis and lifetime prediction of HfC-based ablation-resistant coatings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 128479"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147385885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel transformation-driven SBFEM framework for time-domain coupled heat conduction and stress analysis in 3D layered half-spaces","authors":"Chuhao Huang ,&nbsp;Jun Liu ,&nbsp;Lei Gan ,&nbsp;Tugen Feng ,&nbsp;Haibo Wang ,&nbsp;Jie Ren ,&nbsp;Wenbin Ye ,&nbsp;Peiqing Wang ,&nbsp;Zhen Zhang ,&nbsp;Xi Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study develops a novel transformation-driven scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM) framework for the sequentially coupled, time-domain analysis of heat conduction and thermal stress in 3D semi-infinite media. The framework employs a domain partitioning strategy where the unbounded far-field is modeled using scaling surface-based SBFEM. A new coordinate transformation based on geometric similarity between a scaling surface (<em>ξ</em>=0) and boundary surface (<em>ξ</em>=1) is introduced. Departing from traditional point-scaling approaches, this framework introduces a methodological innovation by rigorously handling non-separable Jacobian matrices through a variational derivation, enabling accurate capture of spatial non-uniformity and complex topological features. The transient system is solved by formulating the heat conduction matrix via continued-fraction expansion and integrating in the time domain using the modified precise time step integration method (MPTSIM). The method’s accuracy is validated through benchmarks, demonstrating near-perfect agreement with semi-analytical and FEM results. Critically, this high accuracy is achieved with significantly greater computational efficiency, showing a substantial reduction in both DOFs and CPU time compared to the FEM model. The validated framework is applied to layered thermoelastic half-spaces, revealing that the induced stress field is not linearly proportional to the temperature gradient. Instead, the results demonstrate that the mechanical constraint of the surface layer plays a dominant role in shaping the thermal stress distribution. This finding elucidates a fundamental engineering trade-off between minimizing displacement and reducing stress, underscoring the framework’s capability to capture the intrinsic coupling between thermal and mechanical responses in complex layered media.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 128400"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microscale-modulation of morphology and thermal transport in semicrystalline polymers using scalable melt-shearing","authors":"Zhuangli Cai ,&nbsp;Shangchao Lin ,&nbsp;Shaohong Yu ,&nbsp;Shanyu Zheng ,&nbsp;Xiaoshi Qian ,&nbsp;Shengjie Ling","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128484","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128484","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polymers are important engineering materials due to their lightweight, electrical insulating, flexible, and durable features. However, their intrinsically low thermal conductivity hinders their wide application in solar cells, fuel cells, flexible electronics, and electronics packaging. In this work, aligning polymer chains using melt-shearing is demonstrated to be effective and scalable for tailoring the supramolecular structures at microscale. Thermal conductivity and elastic modulus of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) are highly enhanced using melt-shearing by 150% and 62%, respectively. The melt-shearing method significantly increases sample-effective thermal conductivity, a measure of polymer processing scalability, compared with other polymer alignment methods, such as microfiber drawing, nanofilm drawing, electrospinning and extrusion. Small-/wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) show that molecular chain alignment, crystal length (long periods), and thermal conductivity exhibit nonlinear trends with increasing the shear duration at low shear rates. At higher shear rates, the above three properties first increase and then approach plateau, due to the saturated impact from shear stress. Furthermore, the isothermal crystallization process after melt shearing only promotes crystal length, but not molecular alignment and thermal conductivity. This is mainly attributed to the chain relaxation after the cessation of melt shearing and the crystallization of kebab crystals. These findings unveil the molecular origin of microscale-modulation of polymers using scalable melt shearing and provide guidelines to large-scale manufacturing of thermally conductive polymeric functional devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 128484"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147385058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism of mitigating collapse defects through trace oxygen modulation in ultra-high-power laser welding of thick steel","authors":"Lingyun Xiao,&nbsp;Shaoning Geng,&nbsp;Ping Jiang,&nbsp;Leshi Shu,&nbsp;Chu Han,&nbsp;Yuantai Li,&nbsp;Yilin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultra-high-power laser welding (UHPLW) offers a transformative solution for efficient deep-penetration welding of thick-walled components, yet faces the critical challenge of controlling collapse defects. We present a trace oxygen modulation strategy to mitigate collapse defects during UHPLW of thick plates, which can achieve over 80 % reduction in collapse depth. We demonstrate that low surface tension of the melt is the fundamental cause of collapse defect formation, while the excessive spatters and melt pool sagging, resulting from low surface tension, are the two direct sources of collapse defect formation. We find that introducing trace oxygen could significantly increase the surface tension, enhance interface resistance and backflow driving force of the melt, reduce spatter volume and sagging height, and thus mitigate collapse defects. Finally, we develop a broad well-formed process window for UHPLW with trace oxygen modulation. This work delivers essential technical support for high-quality UHPLW of thick plates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 128504"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147385067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bonding heterogeneity and unique transport channel leading to anomalous thermal conductivity in BaMN2 (M = Ti, Zr, Hf)","authors":"Pin-Zhen Jia ,&nbsp;Xiao-Gen Deng ,&nbsp;Hong-Yu Chen ,&nbsp;Wu-Xing Zhou ,&nbsp;Xue-Kun Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Investigating quasi-low-dimensional bulk materials, rather than true low-dimensional materials, is of paramount importance from both fundamental and practical standpoints. Layered nitrides BaMN₂ (<em>M</em> = Ti, Zr, Hf) are promising thermoelectric materials because of their unique geometrical and electronic structures. In this context, we utilized first-principles calculations combined with the Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE) to investigate the phonon dynamics and transport in BaMN₂ (<em>M</em> = Ti, Zr, Hf). It is found that the three-phonon limited lattice thermal conductivity (<span><math><msub><mi>κ</mi><mi>l</mi></msub></math></span>) of BaTiN₂ (8.5 W/m K) is the highest at 300 K, followed by BaZrN₂ (5.6 W/m K) and BaHfN₂ (7.6 W/m K) at 300 K, which deviates from the conventional Keyes theory’s prediction that heavier compounds generally exhibit lower <span><math><msub><mi>κ</mi><mi>l</mi></msub></math></span>. Including four-phonon scattering lowers<span><math><msub><mi>κ</mi><mi>l</mi></msub></math></span>, yet the thermal transport tendency remains. Comparative analysis of the phonon mode-resolved properties of BaZrN₂ and BaHfN₂ reveal that the transition metal (HfN₂)²⁻layer could provide additional acoustic phonon transport channel for BaHfN₂, and the higher bonding heterogeneity in BaZrN₂ induces strong phonon scattering rates for low-frequency optical modes, both resulting in the anomalous <span><math><msub><mi>κ</mi><mi>l</mi></msub></math></span> tendency. Our investigation elucidates the complex and multifaceted microscopic mechanisms governing the anomalous mass dependence of <span><math><msub><mi>κ</mi><mi>l</mi></msub></math></span>in the quasi-two-dimensional (Q-2D) BaMN₂ system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 128451"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}