International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer最新文献

{"title":"Inertia-viscoelastic meandering motion in a backward-facing step flow","authors":"Shumpei Hara ,&nbsp;Ryusuke Ii ,&nbsp;Shohei Onishi ,&nbsp;Takahiro Tsukahara ,&nbsp;Yasuo Kawaguchi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Our particle–image-velocimetry experiment on the turbulent flow of a viscoelastic fluid through a backward-facing step reveals three different flows in low-, middle-, and high-diffusivity states, which depend on the balance between Weissenberg and Reynolds numbers. Although the middle-diffusivity state is characterized by a high-speed flow with eddy diffusivity similar to the Newtonian counterpart, the low-diffusivity state exhibits a straight flow in the high-speed region without eddy diffusivity. The Reynolds shear stress observed in the high-diffusivity state was higher than that of the Newtonian fluid, indicating active momentum transport. This is caused by the temporal–spatial meandering motion of the streamwise wave number corresponding to one-third of the channel half-height only in the wall-normal direction. The three states are determined by the disequilibrium state of the production and dissipation rates in the turbulent kinetic energy. The meandering motion became prominent when the turbulent production rate surpassed the dissipation rate. Besides, heat transfer enhancement was observed in the high-diffusivity state.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 126793"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An inverse methodology to estimate the orthotropic thermal conductivities of AMP20M1HD-A pouch-type Li-ion battery","authors":"Jithu J. ,&nbsp;Kasavajhula Naga Vasista ,&nbsp;Suraj Kumar ,&nbsp;Balaji Srinivasan ,&nbsp;C. Balaji","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126804","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126804","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising solution for addressing some of the crucial sustainable development goals like affordable and clean energy. However, they are susceptible to battery thermal runaway raising serious safety concerns. To mitigate these concerns, it is imperative to design an effective battery thermal management system (BTMS). A knowledge of the thermophysical properties of the battery is a prerequisite for designing an effective BTMS. It is challenging to measure these properties as the batteries exhibit anisotropic behavior. The current work employs the powerful Metropolis Hastings–Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MH-MCMC) coupled Bayesian-inference-based inverse methodology driven by an artificial neural network (ANN) to estimate the orthotropic thermal conductivities (k_xx, k_yy, and k_zz) of an actual AMP20M1HD-A pouch-type Li-ion battery using experimentally measured surface temperatures at suitable locations for five different heat inputs. The obtained average mean estimates (k_xx = (20.14 ± 1.44) W/mK, k_yy = (2.90 ± 0.2) W/mK, and k_zz = (21.47 ± 1.39) W/mK) were found to be in close agreement with the values reported in the literature. The impact of temperature on k_xx, k_yy, and k_zz was studied, and the results show that the properties are temperature-independent. Based on the sensitivity analysis conducted, the most and the least sensitive thermocouples in the estimation of k_xx, k_yy, and k_zz were identified. The outcomes of the current work show the superiority of the proposed inverse methodology in the thermal characterization of live batteries using minimal temperature measurements and temperature measuring devices having varied levels of uncertainty.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 126804"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of fluid-solid conjugation on flow and heat transfer of supercritical water: Perspective from direct numerical simulation","authors":"Yifan Bai ,&nbsp;Han Wang ,&nbsp;Jinghui Wu ,&nbsp;Minyun Liu ,&nbsp;Haicai Lyu ,&nbsp;Yanping Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126868","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126868","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An in-depth investigation into the flow and heat transfer characteristics of supercritical water (SCW) is essential for designing and operating Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactor (SCWR) systems. Currently, the great majority of existing direct numerical simulations (DNS) utilize boundary conditions without solid domain in studying the thermal-hydraulic performance of supercritical fluids. However, in practical applications, the fluid-solid conjugation may significantly affect the flow and heat transfer, especially in the near-wall region. The present study utilized a DNS solver implemented in OpenFOAM to examine the effect of fluid-solid conjugation on SCW in vertical and horizontal circular pipes. The wall temperature, mean velocity, instantaneous fluctuations, and turbulence statistics were compared and analyzed under both non-conjugate and conjugate conditions. It was found that in vertical upward flow with conjugate heat transfer, the wall temperature was slightly higher than that of non-conjugate heat transfer, leading to a more pronounced heat transfer deterioration. Temperature fluctuations at the wall were significantly suppressed by the solid domain, weakening the turbulence and heat transfer. In horizontal flows, under non-conjugate conditions, severe heat transfer deterioration occurred at the top generatrix due to buoyancy effects, resulting in a highly uneven circumferential distribution in the wall temperature. When the solid domain is taken into consideration, heat conduction within the solid domain redistributed the heat from the top to the sides, leading to a significant reduction in heat flux at the top. The decreased heat flux lowered the wall temperature and alleviated its uneven distribution, notably enhancing the heat transfer in the top region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 126868"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143471510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Next generation flat-plate oscillating heat pipes characterized by topological channel layouts applicable for multi-heat source cooling","authors":"Guoqing Zhou ,&nbsp;Jian Qu ,&nbsp;Ziang Li ,&nbsp;Qin Sun ,&nbsp;Shan Gao ,&nbsp;Zhanxiao Kang ,&nbsp;Peng Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To meet the multi-heat source cooling requirement for electronic devices, novel flat plate oscillating heat pipes (FPOHPs) with topological channel layouts were developed and experimentally tested. The topological channels were fabricated <em>via</em> the chemical etching technique accompanied by micro-grooved structures at heated regions for promoting bubble generation and growth. The startup behaviors and heat transfer performance of topological FPOHPs (TO-FTOHPs) were evaluated and compared with conventional FPOHPs (CO-FPOHPs) under dual and triple heat source heating conditions. Refrigerant R141b was used as the working fluid at volumetric filling ratios ranging from 30 %-60 %. Compared to CO-FPOHPs, TO-FTOHPs could match with multi-heat source cooling featured by lower startup temperatures, smaller temperature fluctuations, and higher temperature uniformities and heat transport capabilities. For the dual heat source cooling condition, the effective thermal conductivity (ETC) of TO-FPOHP is about 1245 W/(m·K) at the combined condition of 70 W power input and 50 % filling ratio, 38 % higher than CO-FPOHP. Furthermore, the average temperature at two heated regions could be reduced by 16.7 °C for the TO-FPOHP as compared with the CO-FPOHP under the dual heat source condition of 30W-30 W power input. For triple heat sources, an ETC of 1655 W/(m•K) was achieved at the filling ratio of 50 % with respect to a maximum heat transport capability of 180 W, and its ETC is about 11.3 times higher than the empty FPOHP. Additionally, the topological channel design greatly reduced the temperature difference between different heated regions, showing the self-regulation ability of temperature control on both uniform and non-uniform heating modes. The average thermal resistance of TO-FPOHP could be reduced by approximately 40 % as compared with that of CO-FPOHP. This study provides a feasible algorithm-based channel design strategy for FPOHPs, and new topological FPOHPs show attractive prospects for the cooling of multiple high-power electronic chips.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 126869"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143471512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing pin fin heat sinks with restarting adjoint optimization approach","authors":"Nam Phuong Nguyen ,&nbsp;Elham Maghsoudi ,&nbsp;Scott N. Roberts ,&nbsp;Beomjin Kwon","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126856","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126856","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employs a restarting adjoint optimization approach for optimizing pin fin shapes, effectively mitigating the risk of converging to suboptimal solutions, a common limitation of gradient-based optimization schemes. In this approach, the design obtained from each optimization step serves as the starting point for the subsequent step. The optimization strategy is applied to design a pin fin array subjected to a uniform heat flux boundary condition of 10 W/cm² at Reynolds numbers (<em>Re</em>) of 1000 and 5000. The adjoint method identifies several key geometric features for pin fins, including leading-edge protrusions, asymmetric elongated bases, leading-edge undercuts, and twists. At <em>Re</em> = 1000, the optimized pin fin array achieves a 44% reduction in thermal resistance with a negligible increase in pressure drop compared to the standard circular pin fin. For <em>Re</em> = 5000, the optimized design demonstrates a 28% reduction in thermal resistance while decreasing the pressure drop penalty by up to 36.2% relative to the standard elliptical pin fin. The optimized geometries enhance flow between pin rows, reduce low-momentum wakes behind the pins, and generate swirling and vertical flow motions. This optimization approach is particularly valuable for designing thermofluidic elements intended for fabrication via additive manufacturing or other methods that allow for high geometric complexity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 126856"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143471509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of the impact of composite membranes and novel spacer designs on membrane humidifier performance","authors":"Michael Kreitmeir ,&nbsp;Ladislaus Schoenfeld ,&nbsp;Michael Frank ,&nbsp;Harald Klein ,&nbsp;Sebastian Rehfeldt","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126827","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126827","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper features measurement data of a composite membrane for use in membrane humidifiers in fuel cell systems. The data includes water transfer and pressure drop measurements under varying process conditions and different flow configurations. Besides simple rectangular channels, more complex spacers were investigated: one grid structure and two novel spacers, designed and provided by MANN+HUMMEL GmbH. In the case of the novel designs, two variants were investigated: 3D-printed prototypes and stainless steel variants. The measurement data comprise two different series: One series characterizes a setup over a wide range of relative humidities. The other series is conducted at typical operating conditions of a membrane humidifier in a fuel cell system.</div><div>Based on the characterization over a wide range of relative humidities, it was found that the flow configuration has only a minor influence on the water transfer using the rectangular channels. With 2.5 to 11.5<!--> <!-->kg/(m² <!-->h), the counter-current yielded the highest water transfer compared to cross-current and co-current, ranging from 2 to 9.5<!--> <!-->kg/(m² <!-->h). The use of the 3D-printed spacers increased the water transfer significantly to 4 to 25<!--> <!-->kg/(m² <!-->h). This may be caused by a larger portion of the membrane surface being exposed to the air due to the geometry design. Furthermore, the spacers enhance mixing within the air streams, leading to more efficient water transport to and from the membrane surface. Compared to the rectangular channels, the spacers generate higher pressure drops. While the measured pressure drop in the rectangular channels is below 4000<!--> <!-->Pa, it exceeded the measurement range of 7500<!--> <!-->Pa for a few measurement conditions with the spacers. Spacers manufactured from stainless steel showed lower water transfer and pressure drop compared to the 3D-printed variants.</div><div>The results of the measurement series at operating conditions typical for fuel cell systems differ significantly from the aformentioned results. The water flux using the rectangular channels is in the range from 6 to 11<!--> <!-->kg/(m² <!-->h), using the spacers the water flux is between 8 to 18<!--> <!-->kg/(m² <!-->h). This highlights the importance of conducting tests near operating conditions and with the final spacer variants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 126827"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143471612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling proton transfer dynamics at the triple phase boundary of fuel cells via Ab Initio molecular dynamics","authors":"Lincai Li ,&nbsp;Linhao Fan ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Wang ,&nbsp;Kui Jiao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126841","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126841","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the proton transfer (PT) mechanisms at the triple phase boundary (TPB) within the catalyst layers (CLs) of proton exchange membrane fuel cells using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Despite extensive research into chemical reactions, the complete PT process at the TPB is still unclear, making it difficult to improve CLs by designing structures with higher PT conductivity and better stabilities. Therefore, this work focuses on three critical parameters affecting PT conductivity: the distance between Pt and ionomers (<em>h</em>), the distance between ionomer side chains (<em>d</em>), and the crystal surface. As the <em>h</em> increases, water condensation on the Pt surface intensifies, forming a one-way water channel that hinders proton detachment from SO₃H groups while facilitating PT between <span><math><msubsup><mtext>SO</mtext><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></math></span> groups. The diffusion coefficient of water and hydronium ions decreases with <em>d</em>, indicating that narrow water channels caused by excessive ionomers surrounding the Pt catalysts can reduce proton conductivity. In addition, the Pt(111) facet exhibits the highest PT frequency of 3.2 times per ps, owing to its superior water condensation and complete solvation structures. This is followed by Pt(110) and Pt(100),with PT frequencies of 1.85 and 1.1 times per ps, respectively. This study also proves that the PT at the TPB is primarily via water-mediated surface migration, with the H₃O⁺ migration accounting for most of the contribution, particularly in water-deficient environments, which far exceeds the proton hopping.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 126841"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation in cooling performance and structural optimization for typical fractal units in turbine blades","authors":"Longfei Wang ,&nbsp;Xinzi Liu ,&nbsp;Mingdong Zhao ,&nbsp;Junkui Mao ,&nbsp;Chengliang Lv ,&nbsp;Dewei Zhang ,&nbsp;Yiming Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fractal structures exhibit remarkable integrated performance due to their extremely high surface-to-volume ratio and adaptability. However, the exceedingly high degree of freedom in fractal designs introduces numerous geometric control variables, thereby complicating topological optimization. This study proposes a novel construction method for fractal structures and conducts flow and heat transfer analyses on various topological configurations of fractal units. Furthermore, intelligent algorithms are employed to perform topological optimization on typical fractal units. The results indicate that the performance of fractal units is predominantly influenced by bifurcation parameters and flow channel numbers. The heat transfer efficiency and pressure drop of fractal units increase with higher bifurcation numbers and angles. Meanwhile, the convergence of multiple fluid streams within the channels leads to significant pressure losses. An increase in flow channel numbers can enhance heat transfer while reducing pressure loss. Although increasing the complexity of the fractal topology improves heat transfer performance, this enhancement is insufficient to offset the adverse effects of increased pressure loss. Optimization using genetic algorithms yielded representative optimal structures which, under identical heat transfer performance, exhibited only 58 % of the original pressure drop. This finding indicates that employing intelligent algorithms is effective for achieving efficient topological optimization of fractal structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 126855"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental validation of a novel modelling technique for packed bed thermal storage systems containing non-spherical phase change material capsules","authors":"Benjamin Sponagle ,&nbsp;Simon Maranda ,&nbsp;William Delgado-Diaz ,&nbsp;Remo Waser ,&nbsp;Dominic Groulx ,&nbsp;Jörg Worlitschek","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126794","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126794","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work presents a novel modeling technique for non-spherical capsule-shaped latent heat packed bed storage (PBS) systems aiming for resource efficiency in iterative optimization and design. The current simulation methods for such systems are resource-intensive and not suitable for iterative design. To address this, it is proposed to combine an efficient approach of detailed simulations of a single capsule during the phase change process with a one-dimensional (1D) model. Finite element simulations are used to capture local phenomena and characterize heat transfer rates from the capsules. The resulting heat flux dataset is integrated into a finite volume model to simulate the entire PCM-PBS system effectively. By combining these approaches, the computational resources needed are significantly reduced while maintaining accuracy. Experimental validation was conducted using a PCM-PBS setup with steel cans containing stearic acid and water as the heat transfer fluid. The results were able to reproduce the temperature history measured at four locations within the packed bed as well as the outlet temperature and total energy remove from the system during discharge for six separate experiments. These confirm the effectiveness of this simulation technique and provide validation. It addresses a knowledge gap in both experimental and numerical aspects, offering potential improvements in charge/discharge rate, energy density, and cost-effectiveness of PCM-PBS systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 126794"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bubble nucleation site density, generation frequency and departure diameter in flow boiling of HFE-7100","authors":"Ali H. Al-Zaidi ,&nbsp;Mohamed M. Mahmoud ,&nbsp;Atanas Ivanov ,&nbsp;Tassos G. Karayiannis","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bubble nucleation and dynamics can play a significant role in the nucleate boiling mechanism during flow boiling. Understanding the behaviour of nucleating bubbles at different operating conditions can help identify the control parameters that should be included in proposed heat transfer models and correlations. This paper presents an experimental work on measurements of active nucleation site density, bubble generation frequency and departure diameter during flow boiling of refrigerant HFE-7100 in a microgap heat exchanger. The microgap heat exchanger had a heated flat surface of 20 mm width, 25 mm length and an adiabatic transparent cover located 1 mm above the heated surface. This allowed direct flow visualisation using a high-speed, high-resolution camera of a relatively large observation area. The effect of heat flux, mass flux and system pressure on the active nucleation site density and bubble dynamics (frequency and departure diameter) was examined. All experiments were carried out at inlet sub-cooling of 5 K, inlet pressure of 1 and 2 bar, mass flux of 100−200 kg/m² s and wall heat flux up to 84 kW/m². The experimental results were then compared with existing models and correlations predicting nucleation site density, bubble generation frequency and departure diameter with limited success. The dominant parameters were also identified, and new correlations were proposed based on the experimental results. The results of the current work can help develop accurate prediction heat transfer models and encourage and enable researchers working in numerical modelling to consider nucleation from multiple sites, rather than simulating one single nucleation site.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 126830"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}