International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer最新文献

{"title":"Experimental and numerical analysis of frost formation in household refrigerators: Evaluating the effects of fin removal in front of the return duct","authors":"Mohammad Nazemi Babadi ,&nbsp;Yongbum Cho ,&nbsp;Sunghee Kang ,&nbsp;Eunseop Yeom","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127293","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127293","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Frost formation on evaporators in household refrigerators remains a critical challenge that affects energy efficiency and temperature stability. The accumulation of frost on the evaporator fins obstructs airflow, reduces heat transfer efficiency, and leads to increased energy consumption and inconsistent compartment temperatures. While previous studies have explored general strategies for frost mitigation, the specific effect of fin removal in front of the return duct has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, both experimental and numerical methods are employed to analyze frost formation and thermal performance under two configurations: Case 1 with fins and Case 2 without fins in front of the return duct. Most of the airflow passing through the return duct primarily undergoes heat exchange at the bottom section of the evaporator before flowing upward along the wall, making the lower fin crucial for heat exchange. The experimental results showed that removing the fins reduced frost thickness by approximately 2 mm (13 %) near the return duct after 18 h, while maintaining airflow for a longer duration. However, this modification led to a rise of up to 2 °C in fridge compartment temperatures due to reduced heat transfer efficiency. Numerical simulations using an Eulerian multiphase flow model and a custom User-Defined Function (UDF) validated the experimental findings, showing a reduction in frost volume fraction in critical areas. This study provides novel insights into the trade-offs between frost reduction and thermal performance, demonstrating for the first time how fin removal affects airflow dynamics and frost formation mechanisms. The findings offer a pathway for optimizing evaporator designs to develop energy-efficient and frost-resistant refrigeration systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 127293"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing proton exchange membrane electrolyzers: Enhanced heat and mass transport through innovative submerged jet array design using multi-physics simulation","authors":"Riyang Shu ,&nbsp;Donglin Cai ,&nbsp;Shaofeng Zhong ,&nbsp;Zhi Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the limitations of conventional straight hollow flow channels (SHFC) in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWE), specifically insufficient water supply and nonuniform reactant/thermal distribution, this study proposes an innovative submerged jet flow channel (SJFC) design. A comprehensive non-isothermal two-phase flow numerical model was employed to analyze its performance. The SJFC enhances pressure-driven liquid permeation, elevating the average liquid saturation (<em>s_l</em>) in the anode catalyst layer (ACL) by 6.82 % while improving the distribution uniformity of liquid, temperature, and current density by 16.50 %, 51.37 %, and 5.81 %, respectively. Notably, the SJFC reduces the ACL average temperature by 8.47 K compared to SHFC. Parametric studies reveal that increasing jet inlet velocity (<em>V_jet</em>) from 0 to 0.3 m/s enhances liquid and temperature uniformity by 15.17 % and 22.99 %, respectively. At low current densities, the temperature uniformity is dominated by the temperature difference between jet (<em>T_jet</em>) and mainstream inlets (<em>T_m,inlet</em>). At high current densities (<em>I_flux</em> = 2.8 A/cm²), reducing <em>T_jet</em> from 353.15 K to 313.15 K results in a 62.62 % decrease in temperature uniformity index (<em>U_T</em>) for the counter-flow mode and a 35.18 % decrease for the co-flow mode. <em>T_jet</em> 〈 <em>T_m,inlet</em> enables uniform cooling along the flow channel and exhibits the best temperature uniformity, while <em>T_jet</em> 〉 <em>T_m,inlet</em> exacerbates localized hot spot formation, degrading temperature uniformity. Flow pattern comparisons demonstrate co-flow jets outperform counter-flow in cooling performance at low <em>T_jet</em> and current densities, whereas at high current densities, counter-flow mode is more superior as the largest jet mass is assigned to cool the high-temperature zone near the exit. Compared to SHFC, increasing jet column count enhances liquid and temperature uniformity by up to 7.24 % and 41.85 % due to its disturbance effect. The synergistic effect of column disturbance and jet flow enhances both liquid and temperature uniformity. These findings offer valuable insights for designing novel PEMWE architectures with optimized mass and thermal management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 127289"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling study on anisotropic heat conduction of PEMFC GDLs facilitated by Micro-CT","authors":"Hang Liu ,&nbsp;Xuecheng Lv ,&nbsp;Heng Huang ,&nbsp;Yang Li ,&nbsp;Deqi Li ,&nbsp;Zhifu Zhou ,&nbsp;Wei-Tao Wu ,&nbsp;Lei Wei ,&nbsp;Yubai Li ,&nbsp;Yongchen Song","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The gas diffusion layer (GDL) serves as a pivotal component governing heat transfer in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Excessive heat accumulation within the catalyst layer may lead to irreversible degradation of electrochemical activity due to accelerated catalyst sintering and carbon support corrosion. Building upon multi-modal characterization integrating micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of GDLs, this investigation systematically deciphers the interdependent relationships between fiber architecture, sphere network topology, and compression-mediated morphological evolution through advanced computational analytics and finite element modeling. The quantified synergy elucidates microstructure-property linkages governing anisotropic thermal and gas transport phenomena. The computational findings reveal pronounced anisotropic thermal conduction characteristics within GDLs, demonstrating significantly inferior thermal transport capabilities in the through-plane (TP) direction compared to the in-plane (IP) direction. Reduced fiber length diminishes multi-directional heat dissipation, whereas GDL thickening enhances multi-directional thermal transport efficiency. Quantitative analysis demonstrates a 23-fold higher susceptibility of effective thermal conductivity (ETC) to compression ratio compared to thickness variation, conclusively establishing microstructural heterogeneity as the primary determinant of anisotropic thermal transport. Spatially resolved thermal flux mapping reveals strong geometric coupling with porosity gradients. These multiscale findings provide new design paradigms for optimizing GDL architectures through targeted manipulation of fiber-sphere coupling mechanics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 127302"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-group drift-flux model for dispersed gas-liquid flows in medium-to-large pipes","authors":"Kelei Song,&nbsp;Takashi Hibiki","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The two-fluid model is crucial in many industrial applications for optimizing system performance and ensuring safety. Interfacial area concentration, when multiplied by the corresponding driving potentials, represents the typical equation that expresses the transfers between mass, momentum, and energy. As a result, interfacial area concentration modeling is necessary to complete the two-fluid model. The two-group interfacial area transport equation is suitable for interfacial area concentration modeling; the equation classifies bubbles into two groups based on their drag coefficients. The two-group drift-flux model simplifies the procedure without adding more transport equations. This study introduces a new two-group drift-flux model developed for dispersed two-phase flow in medium-diameter pipes in upward flow. The asymptotic distribution parameter was determined to be 1.00 for group-one bubbles and 1.25 for group-two bubbles based on the collected data. Additionally, previously developed drift velocity correlations were applied, and reasonable agreement was demonstrated with the experimental data. The group-one and group-two void fractions were predicted by the developed model with mean relative absolute errors of 37.2 % and 30.6 %, respectively. The two-group drift-flux model is applicable to a wide range of flow conditions, including varying hydraulic diameters and gas-liquid systems, such as air-water and steam-water systems. Due to limited data availability, the asymptotic distribution parameters for group-two bubbles were determined on a preliminary basis for medium-to-large pipes using a linear interpolation method; the parameters ranged from 1.25 to 1.40, for the non-dimensional hydraulic diameters between 18.6 and 40.0. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the model in predicting two-phase flow parameters in medium-diameter pipes and contributes to expanding the applicability of two-group drift-flux model for engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 127274"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncovering the roughness effect on inelastic phonon scattering and thermal conductance at interface via spectral energy exchange","authors":"Jinyuan Xu,&nbsp;Yangyu Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the mechanism of interfacial thermal transport is crucial for thermal management of electronics. Recent experiments have shown the strong impact of interfacial roughness on inelastic phonon scattering and interfacial thermal conductance (ITC), while the theoretical modeling and underlying physics remain missing. Through non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations with quantum correction, we predict ITC of both sharp and rough Si/Al interfaces in a good agreement with experimental results in a broad range of temperatures. We further introduce a novel spectral energy exchange analysis, which reveals more annihilation of high-frequency phonons and generation of moderate-frequency phonons around the sharp interface compared to its rough counterpart. However, the low-frequency phonons at rough interface shows unexpected stronger inelastic scattering and larger contribution to ITC due to unique emerging interfacial modes. Our work thus promotes both the methodology and understanding of interfacial thermal transport at solid/solid interfaces, and may benefit the design and optimization of thermal interface materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 127295"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hybrid temperature distribution monitoring method for Lithium-ion battery module by integrating multi-physics with machine learning","authors":"Wenhao Zhu ,&nbsp;Fei Lei ,&nbsp;Jie Liu ,&nbsp;Fei Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The temperature distribution monitoring of the battery system is essential to prevent thermal runaway and ensure operational safety. In real applications, there is an intricate thermal dynamics inside the battery pack which causes heat transfer and heat dissipation inhomogeneities. It is not easy to describe with the control-based lumped thermal model. The accuracy of temperature monitoring will be affected if the pack-level thermal dynamics are not captured. Motivated by this, a hybrid lumped multi-physics coupled neural network (MPNN) model is proposed. The hybrid MPNN model combines the mechanism-driven multi-physics coupled model and the data-driven machine learning model for thermal non-uniformity compensation. A hybrid MPNN-based close-loop observer is further proposed to achieve a real-time estimation of the internal temperature of each cell in the battery pack. The model parameters of the multi-physics coupling model are identified based on the recursive least square algorithm and genetic optimization algorithm by the experimental data. The computational fluid dynamic is applied to simulate the thermal behavior and validate the multi-physics coupling model at the system level. Results indicate that the proposed hybrid MPNN model can capture the complex thermal distribution non-uniformity in the battery system more accurately compared with the traditional model. The hybrid MPNN model combined with the unscented Kalman filter method can accurately monitor the temperature distribution to prevent thermal runaway.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 127278"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal transport in MoSi2N4 monolayer: A molecular dynamics study based on machine learning","authors":"Xiaoliang Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanjun Xie ,&nbsp;Feng Tao,&nbsp;Chenxi Sun,&nbsp;Dawei Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the continuous miniaturization and integration of nanoelectronic devices, efficient thermal management has become increasingly critical. Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as promising thermal management candidates due to their high thermal conductivity, excellent mechanical properties, and controllable growth characteristics. Among these, monolayer MoSi₂N₄, a novel 2D semiconductor material, has attracted significant attention for its unique structural configuration and exceptional physical properties. In this study, we developed a high-precision machine learning interatomic potential based on the neuroevolution potential (NEP) framework to systematically investigate the intrinsic thermal transport properties and modulation mechanisms of this 2D material. Through homogeneous nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (HNEMD) simulations, we obtained a room-temperature (300 K) thermal conductivity of 317 W·<em>m</em>⁻¹·K⁻¹, with reliability verified by spectral heat current (SHC) decomposition analysis. Our research further elucidates the size-dependent thermal conductivity behavior, providing theoretical insights into nanoscale thermal transport mechanisms. Notably, we discovered that 2 %–4 % biaxial tensile strain induces a significant thermal conductivity reduction of 24–39 %. This phenomenon originates from strain-induced modifications in phonon dynamics, characterized by a leftward shift and peak suppression in the phonon density of states, which collectively enhance phonon scattering and reduce group velocities. These findings demonstrate that strain engineering serves as an effective strategy for thermal conductivity modulation in 2D materials, offering new perspectives for optimizing thermal management in nanoelectronic devices. This work combines machine learning potentials with advanced thermal transport computational methods, laying a theoretical foundation for the thermophysical properties research of monolayer MoSi₂N_4.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 127290"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study on effect of coolant flow rate on steady-state thermal resistance of a 48 V lithium iron phosphate battery pack under dynamic duty cycles","authors":"Xinyou Ke ,&nbsp;Xuejun Qiu ,&nbsp;Youyi Chen ,&nbsp;Guowei Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Feng ,&nbsp;Ke Xu ,&nbsp;Xiao Han ,&nbsp;Fanqun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the growing lithium-ion battery market, an efficient battery simulation plays a crucial role in assessing performance and lifetime of Li-ion battery products. Computationally thermal models are in high demand for the battery simulation. In this work, a 1-D simplified thermal model considering cell heat generation was developed to correlate the steady-state thermal resistance under dynamic duty cycles for a 48 V lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery pack with fourteen cells in series. The thermal resistance was correlated based on the proposed thermal model and thermal data collected by thirty-three thermal sensors placed in the thermal experiments under a representative dynamic drive cycle profile used in practical applications. Also, the influence of the coolant flow rate on the steady-state thermal resistance between the cell and the coolant was comprehensively studied. It was found that the cell-averaged steady-state thermal resistance decreases from 1.31 ∼ 1.97 K/W to 0.88 ∼ 1.46 K/W as the coolant flow rate increases from 0.5 L/min to 15 L/min. Furthermore, the ‘Tab’ and ‘Bottom’ region was found to have the largest and smallest averaged steady-state thermal resistance, respectively. This thermal resistance correlation work is expected to benefit a computationally efficient battery thermal and electrical performance, and lifetime prediction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 127273"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pancake bouncing and significant enhancement in Leidenfrost point on the hierarchical mesh structured surface","authors":"Minjie Liu,&nbsp;Zhili Ma,&nbsp;Shuaiquan Zhu,&nbsp;Dazhan Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127282","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127282","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The efficient cooling of hot surfaces is a long-standing challenge in various industrial fields. This is because, once the Leidenfrost phenomenon occurs, this cooling method becomes ineffective due to the presence of a stable vapor layer and significantly reduced heat transfer efficiency. Thus, increasing the critical Leidenfrost point (LFP) is a common way to maintain effective heat transfer within a wide temperature range. However, the fabrication methods in previous studies are complex and expensive. Some topological structures also lack long-term stability and the substrate material is relatively limited. In this work, we propose a superhydrophilic double-layer mesh structured surface with nanoflowers using a cost-effective manufacturing method and explore droplet dynamics at high temperatures. The pancake bouncing phenomenon and rapid detachment of droplets is observed on this superhydrophilic surface, accompanied with an obvious reduction in solid-liquid contact time, which is aroused by sufficient vapor pressure generated in the double-layer mesh structure. Moreover, such unique hierarchical surfaces can increase LFP to 410 °C, which is 78 % higher than that of the smooth surface. We further analyze the underlying mechanism responsible for LFP enhancement. Due to the improved permeability, excellent wettability and so on, the capillary pressure is increased and the vapor pressure is decreased, contributing to the complete rebound of droplets at higher critical temperatures. We speculate that the mesh structured surface coupled with high LFP can find promising applications in thermal-related fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 127282"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Homogeneous nucleation and condensation characteristics of water vapor-hydrogen (H2O-H2) binary systems from molecular dynamics simulation","authors":"Hongbing Ding ,&nbsp;Chao Ji ,&nbsp;Panpan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yan Yang ,&nbsp;Chuang Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The condensation of water in wet hydrogen occurs in various applications such as fuel cells and nuclear power plants. However, the microscopic process of water condensation in wet hydrogen is not well understood. In the present study, the molecular dynamics (MD) was used to investigate the impact of various conditions on the condensation of saturated water vapor from a microscope perspective. It was found that the liquefaction ratio of H₂O molecules increased from 72.33% to 83.10% as the initial pressure increased from 1 MPa to 1.5 MPa when the cooling temperature was fixed at 380 K, while it increased from 72.33% to 87.05% as the cooling temperature decreased from 380 K to 350 K when the initial pressure was fixed at 1 MPa. Furthermore, hydrogen gas was introduced into the system to study the impacts of different initial pressures and temperatures on the condensation of saturated water vapor in the mixed gas. It was observed that the number of H₂O molecules contained in the final cluster increased with increasing initial temperature. As the initial pressure increased, plenty of H₂ molecules were adding to the system, hindering the nucleation of H₂O molecules. Through the comparison of nucleation rates, it was found that the computation of the nucleation rate of water in wet hydrogen flow concurs well with the rate determined by classical nucleation theory (CNT) under this simulation condition. However, the nucleation model proposed by Kantrowitz is closer to the actual condensation process of H₂O in pure steam at high temperatures and pressures and the nucleation rate of CNT is 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that of MD in this situation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 127272"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}