International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer最新文献

{"title":"Multiscale simulation of coupled fluid flow, thermal and heterogeneous chemical reactions in fibrous porous media during ablation","authors":"Jinyue Zhang ,&nbsp;Jin Zhao ,&nbsp;Guice Yao ,&nbsp;Jiahui Zhao ,&nbsp;Dongsheng Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-accuracy prediction of the thermal response for ablative material is significant for the reliability of thermal protection system (TPS). Multiscale approach development is still required to simultaneously consider the coupled fluid flow, thermal diffusion, heterogeneous chemical reactions and the pore-scale structure evolution during the thermal ablation process. In this work, the ablation process of carbon fibrous porous media is investigated under the atomic oxygen (AO) flow considering the high-temperature gas non-equilibrium effect. To deepen our understanding of both heterogeneous chemical reactions of fibrous porous media at the atomic scale and its effect on the heat and mass transfer at the pore scale, Reactive Molecular Dynamics (RMD) method is used to explore the chemical reaction kinetics at the gas-solid interface, which is employed to Darcy–Brinkman–Stokes (DBS) model to reveal the development of porous flow, thermal, and chemical reactions simultaneously. The effect of volumetric temperature, incoming AO flow concentration, <em>Péclet</em> (<em>Pe</em>) number, and the initial pore structure on the thermal ablation process are further explored. The results show that during heterogeneous reactions at the gas-solid interface between AO and carbon surface, the oxidation reaction is found to be dominant with an activation energy of 106.402 ± 5.75 kJ/mol. Considering the exothermic oxidation reaction in the porous medium, higher incoming AO flow concentrations accelerates the ablation of carbon fibrous porous media. Under identical porosity conditions, the ablation recession rate remains relatively consistent regardless of the homogeneous distribution of carbon fibers within the porous medium. However, at elevated <em>Péclet</em> numbers, the influence of initial porous structural variations on ablation morphology becomes pronounced, with dual-porosity structures developing a higher surface roughness significantly. This proposed multiscale simulation work can potentially provide valuable pore-scale structure evolution insights during the ablation of porous medium, enhancing the prediction accuracy of the material thermal response for TPS applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 127411"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Image-based multiphysics modelling of thermosensitive liposome-mediated drug delivery to liver tumour under high-intensity focused ultrasound heating","authors":"Miles Duncan,&nbsp;Wenbo Zhan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127419","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127419","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermosensitive liposomes combined with high-intensity focused ultrasound provide a promising approach for actively controlled, localised drug delivery. While various cytotoxic drugs have been successfully encapsulated in thermosensitive liposomes, their transport mechanisms and overall performance remain poorly understood, limiting the clinical advancement of this combination therapy. This study applies multiphysics modelling to a 3-D liver tumour model reconstructed from patient magnetic resonance images to evaluate the performance of four commonly used cytotoxic drugs, including fluorouracil, cisplatin, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel, under identical delivery conditions. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of this combination therapy in enhancing drug accumulation within the tumour while minimising drug exposure to surrounding tissues, thereby reducing the risk of side effects. Quantitative analysis reveals that tumour drug accumulation is primarily governed by a balance between local drug release from thermosensitive liposomes, drug exchange between tissue plasma and tissue extracellular space, and drug elimination. In contrast, lymphatic drainage replaces drug release as one of the key factors, alongside the other two mechanisms, in determining drug concentrations in surrounding tissues. Cross-comparisons highlight the significant impact of drug-specific properties on transport behaviour. Paclitaxel shows the poorest delivery efficacy due to low vascular permeability. Cisplatin results in the highest drug exposure in both tumour and non-tumour tissues. Doxorubicin leads to a comparable risk of side effects with a lower tumour accumulation. Conversely, fluorouracil, despite its rapid concentration changes, achieves effective tumour delivery while reducing drug exposure in surrounding tissue. These findings provide valuable insights for drug selection and development of this combination therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 127419"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-driven optimization of rough surfaces for convective heat transfer enhancement","authors":"Rafael Diez Sanhueza,&nbsp;Jurriaan W.R. Peeters","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dimpled surface designs are known to be effective at enhancing convective heat transfer. However, optimizing these surfaces can be challenging due to the large parameter space created by the different combinations between geometrical features. In this paper, we combine a machine learning framework with a GPU-accelerated DNS solver to quickly assess the performance of a very large number of surface configurations, and to identify optimal designs. Our neural network can be trained to predict 2-D images with the local Nusselt numbers of rough surfaces within a few hours (in a single GPU), based on their original height maps. During evaluation, our neural network coupled with our parameterized geometrical formulation can evaluate one million dimpled surface designs in less than 45 min using a 64-core CPU architecture; with a low RAM memory footprint per core. Moreover, the GPU-accelerated DNS solver can calculate the Nusselt number of a rough surface within a few hours as well. The study considers a diverse parameter space including dimples with multiple depth profiles, major radiuses, corner effects, and inclination angles. To predict optimal designs, a basic reinforcement loop is created. In the first stage, only randomly chosen dimpled surface designs are selected as training data. The Nusselt numbers for each design are extracted from Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS), performed by the GPU-accelerated turbulent flow solver. Then, a convolutional neural network is trained, and different surface designs in our parameter space are evaluated. In order to advance the reinforcement learning loop, additional DNS cases are run for the optimal predicted surface, and other closely related geometrical variations. After adding these new DNS cases to the training set, the neural network is re-trained, and the process is repeated. Starting from the first iteration of the reinforcement learning loop, our results shows that machine learning can predict remarkably optimized dimpled surface designs, with high Nusselt numbers verified through DNS. Moreover, we find that machine learning chooses dimple configurations that enhance the interaction between roughness elements, even if other dimples with shorter radius (and equal depth) have more heat transfer area. The optimal surface has elongated dimples with opposite inclination angles, which create a zig-zag pattern for the flow near the walls. Additionally, we have shown that at different Reynolds numbers, the optimal geometry is different as well. We analyze other plausible optimal dimpled surface designs within our parameter space, and we find that machine learning correctly identified the adequate parameters to maximize heat transfer. Therefore, we conclude that machine learning is a highly effective tool to identify optimized designs for convective heat transfer enhancement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 127313"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A visualization study on flow behavior of ethanol-assisted hydrocarbon fuel endothermic reactions under supercritical pressure","authors":"Zhenhua Wang ,&nbsp;Yu Feng ,&nbsp;Qinghang Lv ,&nbsp;Shuai Xu ,&nbsp;Jiang Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The utilization of ethanol-assisted hydrocarbon fuel for the cooling of combustor walls in scramjet engines has recently garnered significant attention from researchers. However, under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, blended fuel undergoes multiple complex processes, including phase transitions, chemical reactions, and supercritical state transformations, which significantly influence the heat absorption capacity. In this study, the catalytic cracking process of ethanol-assisted hydrocarbon fuel was investigated through visualization experiments, and the flow behaviors of blended fuel under different stages were captured by high-speed camera. The results show that the cooling process are categorized into three stages according to different physical states transition of blended fuel. Ethanol phase transition occurs in first stage. Differences in viscosity and surface tension at different pressures result in variations of multiphase flow patterns. The bubbly flow I, bubbly/slug flow I, churn flow I, and annular flow I are defined to describe the flow patterns of blended fuel at standard atmospheric pressure. Similarly, bubbly flow II, bubbly/slug flow II, and annular flow II are defined to describe flow patterns at 2.5 MPa. The second stage is characterized by the chemical reactions of ethanol. Once liquid ethanol has completely vaporized into ethanol vapor, the appearance of refractive points with varying brightness indicates the generation of small molecular gases resulting from the ethanol cracking. The phase interface between n-decane in the supercritical state and gaseous ethanol is fused in the third stage. This study is of significance in revealing the multiphase flow pattern distribution of ethanol -assisted hydrocarbon fuel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 127416"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel hybrid battery thermal management system using a wavy minichannel and a composite phase change material","authors":"Toygun Dagdevir ,&nbsp;Xuefeng Lin ,&nbsp;Umut Caliskan ,&nbsp;Yulong Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127397","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127397","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel hybrid battery thermal management system (BTMS) coupled with a wavy minichannel (WMC) and a composite phase change material (CPCM) is introduced and experimentally investigated for cylindrical Li-ion cells under discharging rates of 3C and 5C. The CPCM includes PA, OBC and h-BN for providing a high energy storage capacity, good temperature stability and thermal management effectiveness. Detailed material characterization and mechanical properties were carried out on the CPCMs. The experimental results validated the effectiveness of the use of CPCM for thermal management. Heat transfer experiments showed that using a low fluid flow rate (1.0 Lmin^-1) under experimental conditions could meet the heat dissipation needs from the batteries to the flowing fluid through the WMC. The effect of using the WMC and/or the CPCM was also experimentally investigated regarding the maximum battery temperature (T_max) and temperature difference (ΔT) across the battery. Although the use of the WMC significantly reduces the T_max, it could not prevent the increase in the ΔT because heat cannot be dissipated from the entire surface of the battery. Using a hybrid solution based on both the WMC and the CPCM could effectively keep the battery temperature during 3C and 5C discharge rates. The best case for the BTMS for the discharge rate of 5C is concluded as Case_3_CPCM_3 with the T_max of 33.45 °C, while the battery pack has exceeded the safe limit of 40 °C, with its capacity being only 50 %. The ΔT could be kept under the safety temperature limits for a 3C discharging rate, while the ΔT could not be reduced to the desired temperature value for 5C discharging, which requires further research for such a fast-discharging scenario.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 127397"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Saturated pool film boiling heat transfer around vertical spheroids","authors":"Kaoru Toyoda,&nbsp;Shintaro Murakami","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127344","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study analytically and experimentally investigates the saturated pool film boiling heat transfer around vertical spheroids in a gravity field. The analysis employed the integral method to consider surface tension. The analytical solution for the dimensionless vapor film thickness varies with the reciprocal of the Bond number and the eccentricity at the vertical cross-section containing the centroid of the prolate spheroid. Film boiling experiments utilize five test cylinders made of pure aluminum. The test cylinders include two types of prolate spheroids as well as a sphere and two types of oblate spheroids. The coolant is ion-exchange water under atmospheric pressure. The temperature history of the test cylinder is monitored using a thermocouple installed at the center. The average heat flux is calculated under the assumption of a uniform temperature inside the test cylinder. A factor derived from the analytical results is employed to quantify the dimensionless average heat transfer coefficient and to establish a correlation with the experimental results. The key findings are as follows: (1) Surface tension affects the vapor film thickness and the vapor velocity within the vapor film but has little effect on the average heat transfer coefficient. (2) The dimensionless average heat transfer coefficient for the prolate spheroid surpasses that of the oblate spheroid. (3) The analytical outcomes obtained using the integral method enable the alignment of experimental values within a range of <span><math><mo>±</mo></math></span>15%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 127344"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the transition from bubbly to elongated bubbles flow regime: A physics-based framework","authors":"Ashwani Verma,&nbsp;Saeed Moghaddam","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate identification of flow regime transitions is a foundational step toward developing high-fidelity predictive models for two-phase flow in microchannels. This study presents a comprehensive experimental investigation of the transition from bubbly to elongated bubbles flow regimes in machined metal microchannels. Recognizing that regime boundaries are governed by a combination of interfacial dynamics, vapor generation, and inertial transport, the objective of this work is to establish a generalized transition model applicable across various channel dimensions and working fluids. To contextualize the need for such a model, we conducted a critical evaluation of existing regime transition models and identified key gaps in their predictive capability. The influence of operating and geometric parameters – including heat flux, mass flux, channel size, and bubble coalescence dynamics – on flow regime transition was systematically examined. Key nondimensional parameters – Reynolds number (<em>Re</em>), Boiling number (Bo), Weber number (We), and Confinement number (Co) – were identified as governing variables. In addition, we introduce the Bubble Confinement Ratio (BCR <span><math><mrow><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>D</mi><mi>b</mi></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>D</mi><mi>h</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>). This parameter exhibits a threshold beyond which the flow transitions from bubbly to elongated bubbles regime. A new empirical model was developed by correlating these parameters through a unified power-law expression, capable of predicting transition boundaries with accuracy across all tested conditions. These findings provide a foundation for a generalized transition framework that can be further refined through additional experiments and validations across a broader range of conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 127401"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144307628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and validation of a physics-informed neural network-based WSGG model for multi-species gas mixtures","authors":"Wei Chen ,&nbsp;Runze Yang ,&nbsp;Tao Ren ,&nbsp;Changying Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate modeling of radiative heat transfer is critical for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of high-temperature reactive flows, especially in combustion systems involving complex gas mixtures. The Weighted-Sum-of-Gray-Gases (WSGG) model is a widely used radiative spectral model due to its simplicity and efficiency. However, traditional WSGG models suffer from several inherent limitations: (1) the use of polynomial curve fitting to derive weighting factors and absorption coefficients restricts model accuracy, especially in capturing spectral nonlinear behavior; (2) most existing models are tailored to binary gas mixtures, making extension to multi-species systems inherently difficult; and (3) due to the lack of inherent physical consistency in model construction, parameters are often non-unique and require extensive tuning to achieve acceptable accuracy. To address these limitations, we introduce a novel Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN)-based WSGG modeling framework. The approach employs two compact neural networks to predict weighting factors and absorption coefficients for the “gray gases”, trained using a dual-loss function that minimizes both emissivity and calculated radiative heat loss residuals, thereby ensuring accuracy and physical consistency. Validation against Line-by-Line (LBL) benchmarks for emissivity and 1D Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE) solutions confirmed the model’s accuracy. Applied to CFD simulation and compared against the Full-Spectrum Correlated-<span><math><mrow><mi>k</mi></mrow></math></span> Distribution (FSCK) benchmark, the PINN-WSGG model demonstrated great agreement in simulations of a scaled Sandia D flame. This adaptable approach simplifies the development of WSGG models and easily accommodates multi-species mixtures. Although demonstrated for H₂O-CO₂-CO mixtures at atmospheric pressure, the methodology can be readily extended to other gas mixtures and operating conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 127328"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144307629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modal decomposition for the analysis of solar radiation variability in urban areas","authors":"Guillaume Le Gall ,&nbsp;Martin Thebault ,&nbsp;Cyril Caliot ,&nbsp;Julien Ramousse","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The morphological heterogeneity of three-dimensional structures largely contributes to causing significant variations in the solar radiative flux density received by a specific intra-urban region, resulting in a multi-dimensional signal expanding across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. This paper presents a unique approach for analysing the spatiotemporal variability of the irradiance field in an urban context by means of modal decomposition. A parametric investigation is conducted on a set of mid-high latitude districts, defined as homogeneous arrangements of cuboids with grey opaque Lambertian materials. Changes in the buildings density (total site coverage <span><math><mi>κ</mi></math></span>) and average height (global aspect ratio <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>) are investigated. For each configuration, the annual shortwave radiative flux density on the envelope of the central building is obtained with a backwards Monte Carlo method under clear sky conditions. Simulated fields are preprocessed to account for urban-only effects and decomposed in their eigenbases of variation using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results demonstrate the potential of modal decomposition like PCA for apprehending the separate variability of urban irradiance in both space and time, paving the way for the classification of district regions prone to specific variations of the solar resource. Characteristic temporal frequency bands are represented by successive modes, pointing out annual and daily periods of high variability. Related spatial disruptions to the global irradiance field from urban geometries are portrayed, informing about dominant morphological specificities. Changes in the diffuse radiation component depicted by prevalent modes are further distinguished from the blocking of direct radiation by urban obstacles portrayed by subsequent less-impactful eigencomponents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 127316"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144307631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of skin surface roughness on the passive and active thermographic detection of melanoma: A numerical analysis","authors":"Hou Y. Mok ,&nbsp;Ean H. Ooi ,&nbsp;Yeong S. Chiew ,&nbsp;N. Pamidi ,&nbsp;Ean T. Ooi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infrared thermography, while promising as a non-invasive melanoma detection has not been adopted clinically. This is because the thermal signal induced by early stage melanoma is of the same magnitude as those induced by skin surface roughness. This causes the apparent skin temperature variation that can diminish the tumour signal. To investigate this, computational models of the human skin with four different surface roughness, <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> = 0, 5.0 ± 0.1, 10.3 ± 0.2 and 15.6<span><math><mrow><mo>±</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>3</mn><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span>, were constructed. Heat transfer across the skin was described using bioheat transfer. Simulations were carried out for passive thermography (PT) and dynamic thermal imaging (DT). Numerical results indicated that both PT and DT were capable of detecting the presence of T1 to T4 melanoma if the skin surface roughness within the field-of-view (FOV) of the thermal camera is uniform. However, if differences in surface roughness exist within the FOV, the roughness-induced thermal fluctuations were 2 and 1.33 times larger than those induced by T1 and T2 melanoma, respectively. With DT, the parameters quantifying the difference in the thermal recovery curves (TRCs) between two healthy regions of interest with different surface roughness were significantly greater than those caused by the presence of T1 and T2 melanoma. The results suggest that skin surface roughness can diminish the thermal signal from T1 and T2 melanoma during infrared thermography, leading to false-negative detection. Future studies should explore incorporating surface roughness identification as part of the protocol for thermographic melanoma detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 127345"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}