International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer最新文献

{"title":"Investigation of heat transfer, critical heat flux and dry spots dynamics during boiling of dielectric fluids HFE-7100 and Novec 649","authors":"Anton Surtaev ,&nbsp;Ivan Malakhov ,&nbsp;Pavel Perminov ,&nbsp;Matvey Polovnikov ,&nbsp;Aleksandr Pavlenko","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dielectric liquids possess unique physical and chemical properties, making them promising candidates for application in electronic cooling systems. However, available heat transfer and critical heat flux (CHF) data in the literature exhibit significant variability, complicating the design of such systems. This study presents experimental results on dry spot dynamics, heat transfer and crisis phenomena during boiling of dielectric liquids HFE-7100 and Novec 649, obtained using IR thermography and high-speed video recording with multiple illumination configurations, including LED reflection from the bottom side of a transparent sapphire heated substrate. Analysis of the boiling curves revealed that the maximum heat transfer coefficients and CHF for HFE-7100 are higher by factors of 1.47 and 1.56, respectively, compared to those for Novec 649. High-speed visualization with reflected LED light and a CNN-based model enabled quantitative analysis of the dependence of dry spot density, contact line length per unit area, void fraction, and dry spot sizes on the heat flux up to the onset of boiling crisis. In particular, it was shown that at CHF the structure of the two-phase flows near the heated wall changes drastically, which leads to a change in the dynamic picture of dry spots evolution and a bimodal distribution of their areas, prior to the appearance of irreversible dry region. The growth rate of the irreversible dry spot for both liquids was measured and compared against existing predictive models, demonstrating good agreement with the analytical traveling thermal wave model. The experimental findings support the concept of the boiling crisis as a conjugate problem, where the interplay between the two-phase flow dynamics near the heated wall and the thermal stability of dry spots must be considered comprehensively. The obtained results are important not only for verification of theoretical model and numerical simulations, but also for the development of effective prototypes of two-phase cooling systems using the HFE-7100 and Novec 649 as a coolants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 127855"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimized immersion boiling-based thermal management of heterogeneous three-dimensional integrated circuits","authors":"Bingcheng Li,&nbsp;Xingbao An,&nbsp;Zekai Liu,&nbsp;Min Zeng,&nbsp;Qiuwang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127891","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127891","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the thermal management challenges of high heat flux in 3D integrated circuits (3DICs), this study introduces an immersion boiling-based cooling strategy using HFE-7100 as the working fluid. A thermal-fluid coupled numerical model incorporating a phase-change mechanism based on the critical bubble radius and bubble growth factor is developed to simulate bubble nucleation, growth, and departure. Surface tension and contact angle effects are also included to enhance microscale physical fidelity. A resistance-network-based structural simplification method is introduced to reduce mesh complexity while preserving thermal accuracy, enabling an 81.4 % improvement in computational efficiency. The TSV structure is reasonably simplified by equivalently modeling thin layers such as the resin layer, dielectric isolation layer, and Nitrided layer, which, despite their small thicknesses, have non-negligible effects on heat transfer. The model is validated through dedicated experiments. Five representative heat source distribution scenarios and varying Micro bump heights are investigated to analyze their impact on two-phase flow patterns, junction temperature, and heat transfer performance. Results indicate that a Micro bump height of 90 µm achieves more uniform nucleation and keeps junction temperatures below 61.4 °C, with an average heat transfer coefficient of around 2327 W/(m²·K). The variation in heat transfer across dies is kept below 10.3 %. The present study offers a physics-informed, computationally efficient, and experimentally validated framework for immersion boiling cooling in heterogeneous 3DICs, providing theoretical guidance and a scalable solution for the energy-efficient design of high-power electronic systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 127891"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transient system-wide surrogate model for spacecraft thermal analysis using recurrent neural networks with POD data reduction","authors":"Daichi Yamashita ,&nbsp;Hiroto Tanaka ,&nbsp;Tsubasa Ikami ,&nbsp;Hiroki Nagai","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127854","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127854","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spacecraft operations are highly uncertain and exposed to extremely harsh thermal environments. Therefore, it is essential to design a spacecraft for contingencies using comprehensive thermal analysis. However, the conventional thermal mathematical model (TMM) is difficult to implement in many cases because of its high computational costs. As such, various surrogate models have been proposed to reduce computational costs. However, none of these models can predict the spatiotemporal temperature distribution of an entire spacecraft for various analysis cases, resulting in difficulties in completely replacing the TMM-based thermal analysis with low computational costs. This study proposes a surrogate model that can quickly estimate the transient temperature distribution of an entire system for various analysis cases. The proposed surrogate model, POD-RNN, can efficiently learn spatiotemporal features using a combination of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and recurrent neural network (RNN). Numerical experiments to evaluate the performance of the proposed method show that it achieves a high prediction accuracy with an average error of 1.53 K. The proposed method also successfully predicted the temperature distribution with a very low computational cost of 0.23% compared with the TMM thermal analysis. The proposed POD-RNN can quickly estimate the same amount of information as TMM-based thermal analysis, providing a more flexible application for thermal analysis than conventional surrogate models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 127854"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel approach to precessing jet stabilization: Design and heat transfer analysis","authors":"Cristina D’Angelo,&nbsp;Gerardo Paolillo,&nbsp;Carlo Salvatore Greco,&nbsp;Gennaro Cardone,&nbsp;Tommaso Astarita","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127861","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127861","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Originally developed to improve mixing efficiency in industrial burners, precessing jets have gained significant interest due to their wide range of applications, despite the challenges introduced by their inherent instability. To enhance control over the jet precessing motion, the present study introduces a novel precessing jet nozzle inspired by the feedback-channel mechanism characteristic of sweeping jets. The heat transfer performance of this device is examined using infrared thermography and the heated thin-foil heat flux sensor; the results are compared with those of a conventional precessing jet (CPJ). To characterize the heat transfer behaviour of the investigated precessing jets impinging on a foil, the Nusselt number distribution over the impingement surface is analysed at ten nozzle-to-foil distances, corresponding to normalized spacings <span><math><mrow><mi>z</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></math></span> ranging between <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>6</mn></mrow></math></span> and 3, being <span><math><mi>z</mi></math></span> the axial distance between the nozzle exit section and the foil and <span><math><mi>d</mi></math></span> the nozzle exit diameter. The Reynolds number is set to <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>55</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> for all the tests performed. Time-averaged analyses are performed for both jets, while phase-averaged analyses can be performed only for the stabilized precessing jet (SPJ). Indeed, its regular periodic motion allows phase identification, whereas the strong instability of the CPJ limits the investigation to time-averaged analysis. The findings reveal that the SPJ effectively stabilizes the precessing motion, generating a broader and more uniform Nusselt number distribution over the foil. In contrast, the CPJ generates higher Nusselt number values at all <span><math><mrow><mi>z</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></math></span>, with higher heat transfer rates centred around the stagnation point, resulting in a less uniform Nusselt number distribution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 127861"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-field coupling analysis of thermochemical energy storage reactor with prepared Mg(OH)2/expanded graphite composites","authors":"Xueming Yang ,&nbsp;Weichen Liang ,&nbsp;Haiqi Xu ,&nbsp;Jianing Chen ,&nbsp;Jianfei Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127873","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127873","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mg(OH)₂/MgO thermochemical energy storage(TCES) system becomes more attractive in the field of solar thermal utilization, but the coupling mechanism between the reaction kinetics and heat and mass transfer has not been fully explored. In this paper, Mg(OH)₂/expanded graphite (EG) thermochemical energy storage composites were first prepared using the wet ball milling method, focusing on the reaction kinetics of the dehydration process. It was found that the rehydration rate remained above 80 % after multiple cycles. Next, numerical simulations of the dehydration and hydration processes in the reactor filled with the Mg(OH)₂/EG composites were carried out to reveal the mechanism of the multi-physical field coupling of the chemical reactions. The results show that the improvement of the thermal conductivity of the composites enhances the heat transfer in the reactor and makes the temperature distribution of the composites more uniform, leading to significant reduction of the reaction time and an increase of 68.3 % in the thermal charge power compared to that of pure Mg(OH)₂ used. By introducing a gradient porosity structure to optimize the mass transfer characteristics of the reactor, the dehydration/hydration performance can be significantly improved compared to a fixed porosity. The direct benefits include reduced reaction time by 19.7 % and 39.5 % and reduced average pressure by 7.5 % and 82.2 %. Particularly, the average thermal charging/discharge power is increased by 11.1 W and 1.9 W, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 127873"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation on droplet size in post-dryout region","authors":"Zihan Xia,&nbsp;Nikolai Rensch,&nbsp;Xu Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127880","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127880","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the limited availability of experimental data on droplet size in dispersed flow under post-dryout (PDO) conditions, and its critical role in accurately predicting PDO heat transfer, this study designs and conducts a visualization experiment to investigate droplet behavior in PDO regime. A square flow channel with a centrally positioned electrically heated tube is constructed, installing multiple observation windows on both side walls to provide optical access to the droplets. Experiments are conducted under heat fluxes exceeding the critical heat flux (CHF), ensuring the observation area within the PDO regime. Droplet motion in the vapor flow is recorded by the high-speed camera through transparent windows. The droplet size and their distributions are extracted and analyzed under various operating conditions. The obtained data are combined with literature datasets to evaluate existing droplet size correlations. The results show that current droplet size correlations do not accurately predict the data. Therefore, a new droplet size correlation based on the droplet Weber number is developed, demonstrating good predictive performance over a range of operating conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 127880"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Universal scaling of position-dependent self-diffusion in confined fluids","authors":"Meysam E. Arampour ,&nbsp;Hanhui Jin ,&nbsp;Jianren Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127865","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127865","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Self-diffusion in confined fluids is known to vary significantly near solid boundaries due to molecular layering, energy dissipation, and structural reorganization. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we show that this position-dependent diffusivity can be quantitatively described by a sigmoidal scaling function governed by the molecular mean free path (<span><math><mi>λ</mi></math></span>) and kinetic energy (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>E</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> ). Across a wide range of thermodynamic conditions, the local diffusivity profiles collapse onto a universal master curve when normalized by near-wall suppression and far-field recovery scales. This finding reveals a transferable relation linking microscopic transport modulation to confinement geometry and energy input. These results establish a predictive framework for near-wall transport and provide insights for multiscale modeling in confined fluids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 127865"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on burning rate and radiative heat transfer of two rectangular fires with different aspect ratios in open space","authors":"Gexin Wu ,&nbsp;Bo Li ,&nbsp;Yangjin Shi ,&nbsp;Kaihua Lu ,&nbsp;Yulun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127847","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127847","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Combustible liquid fuels can form unequal multi-pool fires upon leakage or container breach, characterized by intense burning and high heat transfer. Understanding the burning rate and radiative heat transfer mechanisms of such fires and developing predictive models are crucial for enhancing thermal management in the chemical industry. This study used two unequal rectangular pool fires (long-side ratios 1:1 to 1:4) with nearest long-edge spacings of 0–100 cm to mimic related asymmetric scenarios. Results showed that the flame tilt angle exhibited a non-monotonic trend, increasing initially and then decreasing as the pool spacing increased. Compared with the larger scale pool, the smaller scale pool had a weaker air entrainment capacity, leading to more pronounced changes in flame tilt angle under the influence of negative pressure between two fire sources. The burning rate of two pools demonstrated a parabolic trend with respect to the dimensionless spacing (<em>S</em>/<em>D</em>), peaking at <em>S</em>/<em>D</em> = 2. By introducing burning rate ratios under different flame merging states, a burning rate increment prediction model was developed. Simultaneously, it was observed that the radiative heat flux presented a rising-then-falling trend along the vertical height. To simplify computational complexity, an optimized multi-point source method was proposed to predict the external radiation. This method modeled the continuous and intermittent flames as a cuboid and a triangular prism, respectively. The total quantity of point sources was determined by discretizing the flame length at intervals of pool width. The point source numbers for continuous and intermittent flames were calculated via volume proportions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 127847"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpolation-supplemented lattice Boltzmann simulation of thermal convection on non-uniform meshes","authors":"Ao Xu ,&nbsp;Zheng Zhao ,&nbsp;Ben-Rui Xu ,&nbsp;Li-Sheng Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127790","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127790","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a systematic evaluation of an interpolation-supplemented lattice Boltzmann method (ISLBM) for simulating buoyancy-driven thermal convection on non-uniform meshes. The ISLBM extends the standard lattice Boltzmann framework by incorporating quadratic interpolation during the streaming step, enabling flexible mesh refinement near solid boundaries while maintaining algorithmic simplicity and parallel scalability. The method is implemented for a two-dimensional side-heated cavity at high Rayleigh numbers <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn></mrow></msup><mo>≤</mo><mi>R</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>8</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, and for a three-dimensional side-heated cavity at <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup><mo>≤</mo><mi>R</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>7</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, with the Prandtl number fixed at <span><math><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>r</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>71</mn></mrow></math></span>. Benchmark results show that the ISLBM accurately captures thermal and velocity boundary layers, yielding Nusselt and Reynolds numbers in close agreement with high-fidelity reference data. Grid-convergence studies demonstrate nearly third-order accuracy for global quantities and about second-order for local fields. We further assess the computational performance of the in-house LBM solver against two open-source solvers: Nek5000 based on the spectral element method, and OpenFOAM based on the finite volume method. Performance metrics, including million lattice updates per second (MLUPS) and wall-clock time per dimensionless time unit (WCTpDT), indicate that the ISLBM offers one to three orders of magnitude higher efficiency in large-scale simulations. On GPU architectures, the ISLBM retains high computational performance: throughput on non-uniform meshes reaches 60%–70% of that on uniform meshes in terms of MLUPS, while the cost in WCTpDT is about three times higher. These results highlight the potential of interpolation-based LBM approaches for high-fidelity simulations of thermal convection on non-uniform meshes, providing a robust foundation for future extensions to turbulent flows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 127790"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transition of evaporation mechanisms in nanoscale liquid films: Effects of curvature and film thickness from molecular dynamics","authors":"Mingjun Liao,&nbsp;Qianyi Liu,&nbsp;Wenpeng Hong,&nbsp;Fangfang Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127867","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127867","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the first molecular dynamics investigation that systematically reveals the evaporation behavior of nanoscale liquid films on both planar and curved metallic substrates, addressing a critical gap in the understanding of phase change phenomena at non-planar interfaces. By constructing geometrically consistent systems with either flat or spherical gold substrates, and examining argon liquid films of varying thicknesses (2–9 nm), we comprehensively analyze the effects of surface curvature on interfacial heat transfer, evaporation front dynamics, and energy conversion efficiency. Simulation results demonstrate that the curved surface significantly enhances evaporation efficiency by reducing interfacial thermal resistance and intensifying molecular excitation, particularly under thinner film conditions. A semi-quantitative theoretical model is further proposed, establishing an inverse dependence of evaporation efficiency on both film thickness and substrate curvature radius, effectively capturing the efficiency trends observed in the simulations. This work not only deepens the fundamental understanding of evaporation dynamics on curved interfaces but also provides a new theoretical and methodological basis for thermal management design in micro/nanoscale systems, offering substantial scientific and engineering value.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 127867"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}