International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer最新文献

{"title":"Effects of multidimensional transport and buoyancy on the cool flame dynamics in a counterflow burner","authors":"Sudipta Saha,&nbsp;Tanvir Farouk","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127954","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127954","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The one-dimensional simulation of counterflow cool flames with the plug flow assumption ignores the effects of gravity, buoyancy, and the radial velocity gradient, leading to a flow field that deviates from measurements. A two-dimensional (2D) axisymmetric multi-physics model is developed within the OpenFOAM framework, considering buoyancy and multidimensional transport to simulate the opposed flow diffusion flame of dimethyl ether operating in the cool flame regime (i.e., low-temperature combustion). Flame structures and extinction limits of diffusion-cool flames are simulated and compared with measurements and 1D simulations. While the classical 1D model (i.e., without any buoyancy effect) predicts the stagnation plane forming at the mid-plane, the 2D model with buoyancy effect predicts the formation towards the upper fuel side nozzle, deviating by ∼ 23% compared to the buoyancy-free case. The extinction limit of the cool flame has been studied at atmospheric pressures of 1, 3, and 5 atm. The 2D model allows the velocity to be perturbed at the nozzle exit without imposing any radial velocity gradient, which enables the flame to sustain higher strain rates than the 1D prediction. For 1 atm cases, predictions from the 1D and 2D models deviate from the measurements at higher fuel loading conditions (i.e., &gt; 0.48); however, the 2D model performs significantly better. For a fuel loading of = 0.525, the difference between the measurements and the 1D model is ∼40 s⁻¹ (∼30%), while the 2D model prediction is within 14% (∼19 s⁻¹) of the measured extinction strain rates. The models predict that an increase in pressure shifts the cool flame to higher strain rates, resulting in higher cool flame extinction strain rates. At elevated pressure, the deviation between the models decreases as buoyancy effects become less pronounced. The Richardson number is identified as a critical parameter for characterizing the counterflow cool flame configuration, where the competition between buoyancy and flow inertia determines the flame location, especially when the system deviates from the classical one-dimensional assumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 127954"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conservative models and numerical methods for pyrolysis-thermal coupling of heat shield degradation and deformations","authors":"Alexis Cas ,&nbsp;Céline Baranger ,&nbsp;Héloïse Beaugendre ,&nbsp;Simon Peluchon","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127962","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127962","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During atmospheric hypersonic re-entry, the heat distribution within the thermal protection system (TPS) is dampened by the in-depth chemical degradation of materials – called pyrolysis –, and by a surface physico-chemical degradation — called ablation. The aim of this work is to preserve the mass and energy conservation and to investigate the numerical tools used during the pyrolysis-thermal coupling of heat shield under deformations. First, an overview of macroscopic modeling of pyrolysis is done. Arrhenius laws are employed for the modeling of density variation. Thermal expansion, swelling and shrinkage are taken into account as a consequence of material degradation. This analysis explores a pyrolysis-thermal model that preserves physical properties and a number of numerical methods, focusing on numerical conservation and method efficiency. Finally, ablation and swelling test cases are studied, in order to validate and compare the numerical methods. The simulation results are in reasonable agreement with reference data and experimental data. Some numerical methods result in a trade-off between mass or energy conservation and a faster computational time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 127962"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of pool boiling on tube bundles at 3 to 5 kPa","authors":"Dominika Kaczmarek-Piastka,&nbsp;Tomasz Halon,&nbsp;Bartosz Zajaczkowski","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127878","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127878","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents an experimental investigation of pool boiling of water on isolated copper tubes and vertically aligned tandem tube bundles under subatmospheric conditions, with saturation pressures of 3 and 5 kPa. The experimental setup represents compact, staggered tube arrangements used in low-temperature evaporators. All tests were performed on 25.4 mm diameter tubes with a pitch-to-diameter ratio of 1.0 and at two liquid levels (0 cm and 20 cm), to explore the effects of the hydrostatic head and subcooling on boiling heat transfer. For these thermohydraulic and geometrical configurations, boiling curves were obtained under systematically controlled conditions.</div><div>High-speed imaging was used to correlate bubble dynamics and vapor structures with heat transfer performance. The results demonstrate the sensitivity of the boiling behavior to system pressure, subcooling, and vertical tube interaction. In particular, on the top tube under base level (<span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>h</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></math></span> cm) conditions, phenomena such as vapor blanketing, rupture, and droplet and film evaporation on partially exposed surfaces were observed. The onset of nucleate boiling occurred at wall superheats of approximately 4.5–5 K. The corresponding heat fluxes ranged from 12.7 to 21.2 kW/m<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>, depending on tube position, liquid level, and system pressure. In tandem tube configurations, vapor interactions from the bottom tube enhance nucleation and reduce wall superheat on the top tube by approximately 1–2 K, confirming the presence of a bundle effect.</div><div>Detailed boiling curve measurements and high-speed visualization for compact staggered tube bundles at saturation pressures as low as 3 kPa are shown in this paper. These findings provide new insights into low-pressure boiling and the performance of compact heat exchangers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 127878"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of inertia- and shear-induced instabilities of liquid films through analysis of wave evolution, energy transfer, and force balance","authors":"Adam Kriz,&nbsp;Saeed Moghaddam","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127937","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127937","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the hydrodynamics of liquid films formed during microchannel flow boiling is essential for developing high-fidelity models that inform the design of high-performance heat sinks. To probe these dynamics, we performed two-phase adiabatic flow experiments spanning multiple channel sizes, fluids, and mass fluxes, enabling isolation of thin-film behavior and interrogation of instability mechanisms from a fluid-mechanics perspective. The experiments revealed two primary wave behaviors: solitary and periodic waves. Solitary waves, characterized by high velocity and amplitude, are driven by shear forces resulting from the velocity difference between the two phases. In contrast, periodic waves are slower, low-amplitude waves associated with inertial forces within the thin liquid film. Both wave types were found to be influenced by surface tension. A new long-wave evolution model, extending a previous wave growth model to incorporate inertia, successfully predicted the onset of periodic waves across various wavelengths. Additionally, an energy transfer model linked the growth of inertial and shear instabilities to the observed wave behaviors. These models demonstrated that unstable films grow due to both inertial and shear instabilities. New predictive metrics were developed based on force balance. For periodic waves, these metrics include the Weber (<em>We</em>) and Bond (<em>Bo</em>) numbers, while the Richardson (<em>Ri</em>) and <em>Bo</em> numbers are used for solitary waves. The study offers valuable insights into the interplay between inertia, shear forces, and surface tension in two-phase microchannel flow, providing improved analytical tools for predicting wave behaviors in liquid films.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 127937"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of local heat transfer characteristics and boiling instability mechanisms in trapezoidal ribbed-wall microchannels","authors":"Yuting Jia ,&nbsp;Dongxue Zhang ,&nbsp;Jingtao Wang ,&nbsp;Guodong Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127957","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127957","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the advancement of microelectronics intensifying heat dissipation challenges in electronic devices, microchannel boiling heat transfer has emerged as a critical solution. This study experimentally investigates the boiling heat transfer characteristics and instability phenomena in trapezoidal ribbed-wall microchannels. The spatial distribution of heat transfer performance across different channels and along the flow path was systematically examined. Results indicate minimal variation in heat transfer characteristics between radial channels, while significant disparities were observed along the channel length. Heat transfer coefficient distribution exhibited strong dependence on flow pattern transitions, with annular flow-dominated convective heat transfer regimes demonstrating superior performance compared to bubble flow-governed nucleate boiling regimes. Downstream regions prone to intensified boiling showed heat transfer deterioration, adversely affecting wall temperature uniformity. Wavelet analysis of time-domain pressure drop signals revealed three coupled instability mechanisms. Among these, the pressure drop-dominated instability exhibited the longest fluctuation period and highest amplitude, demonstrating its predominant role in system instability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 127957"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal properties of graphene/stearic acid composite based on molecular dynamics","authors":"Junhu Hu ,&nbsp;Yifan Guo ,&nbsp;Xuemin Gong ,&nbsp;Lei He ,&nbsp;Xiang Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127951","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127951","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the methods and mechanisms for enhancing the thermophysical properties of SA-based PCM, this study employed molecular dynamics simulation to systematically explore the effects of GE mass fraction (0.5 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 10 wt.%) and layer number (single-layer/double-layer) on the thermophysical properties and microstructure of SA/GE composite PCM within the temperature range of 300 K to 390 K. Through simulations and calculations of the thermal conductivity, radial distribution function, end-to-end distance, interaction energy, and phonon density of states of the composite system, it was found that the addition of GE significantly increased the thermal conductivity of the composite material, with the highest enhancement of 42.3 % compared to the pure SA system, and the enhancement effect of single-layer GE was superior to that of double-layer GE. GE not only provided thermal conduction paths by virtue of its high intrinsic thermal conductivity but also induced the ordered arrangement of SA molecules, increased the end-to-end distance, reduced the molecular diffusion ability, and increased the number of low-frequency phonons, thereby enhancing the thermal transport performance. This study revealed the mechanism of GE enhancing the thermal conductivity of SA at the microscopic level, providing a theoretical basis for the design of high-performance composite PCM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 127951"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asymmetric tuning of Kapitza resistance at the ionic liquid-electrode interface via electric fields and interaction strength","authors":"Xiaoyu Gong ,&nbsp;Yinong Liu ,&nbsp;Wee-Liat Ong ,&nbsp;Zheng Cui ,&nbsp;Yu Liu ,&nbsp;Cheng Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127935","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127935","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The interfacial thermal behavior between graphene electrodes and ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes has gained significant attention, as it plays a crucial role in energy storage efficiency and thermal management in electric double-layer supercapacitors. In this study, we employ molecular dynamics simulations to investigate interfacial thermal transport in [BMIM][PF₆] IL confined between planar graphene electrodes, systematically exploring the interplay between interfacial binding strength and electric fields in regulating interfacial thermal resistance (ITR). Our results reveal an asymmetric modulation of ITR at the cathode and anode under applied electric field and varying interaction strength. Specifically, ITR at the cathode exhibits greater sensitivity to the electric field, while at the anode, ITR is more strongly influenced by the Lennard-Jones (LJ) interaction strength between ILs and the electrodes. A detailed structural analysis shows that the density of [BMIM]⁺ cations in the electrical double layer (EDL) near the electrodes dominates interfacial thermal transport. The flexible, ring-like structure of [BMIM]+ allows it to align parallel to the graphene electrodes, enhancing thermal transport. In contrast, the spherical [PF₆]⁻ anions interact with the electrode through limited point contacts, resulting in inefficient heat conduction. Increasing the applied potential at the cathode or enhancing the LJ interaction strength effectively increases cation density in the EDL, thereby reducing ITR at the interface. These findings provide deeper insights into interfacial heat transfer mechanisms in IL-based supercapacitors and offer valuable guidance for optimizing electrode design and thermal management in energy storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 127935"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on battery thermal management using low temperature solid-solid metal phase change material","authors":"Changda Nie ,&nbsp;Zhibo Chen ,&nbsp;Hongyang Li ,&nbsp;Peizhao Lyu ,&nbsp;Xinjian Liu ,&nbsp;Jiangwei Liu ,&nbsp;Zhonghao Rao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127959","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127959","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The low thermal conductivity and leakage of solid-liquid phase change materials limit their applications in battery thermal management. To address these challenges, a low temperature solid-solid metal phase change material (SS-MPCM) is used in this study. Battery module with three 32 Ah Lithium-ion batteries and SS-MPCM was established. The effects of SS-MPCM thickness, discharge rate and ambient temperature on the battery module volumetric energy density, maximum temperature and temperature uniform index were experimentally investigated. Results show that the SS-MPCM has a high thermal conductivity of 20.5 – 25.6 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ and a latent heat of 154.3 J·cm⁻³ with the phase transition temperature range of 32.4 – 43.1 °C. The battery module with SS-MPCM has a lower maximum temperature and better temperature uniformity compared to the that with natural cooling, especially for thicker SS-MPCM, higher discharge rate and ambient temperature. The maximum temperature and average temperature uniform index of battery module with 4 mm thick SS-MPCM are decreased by 7.13°C and 18.99% respectively at 25 °C and 3 C conditions. In addition, the volumetric energy density of this battery module decreases by 14.75% compared to that without spacing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 127959"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145326215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat and mass transfer enhancement of thin film evaporative cooling by nanoelectrospray-induced gas jets","authors":"Joel D. Chapman,&nbsp;Peter A. Kottke,&nbsp;Andrei G. Fedorov","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127948","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127948","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Evaporation cooling is enhanced by forming a thin liquid film with low resistance for heat conduction and using an impinging gas jet for effective removal of the vapor from the interface. Our previous experiments show that when nanoelectrospray (nES) is directed onto a nearby surface, ultra-thin liquid films can be formed with thicknesses less than 260 nm. Our previous experiments and simulations also show that the stream of high-velocity liquid droplets emanating from the nES capillary entrain the surrounding ambient air, forming a narrow gas jet with speeds of tens of meters per second resulting in a means for vapor advection from the evaporating interface.</div><div>With promising results from the previous work, the current work considers the problem of hotspot thermal management using the nES-generated evaporating films of methanol and water as coolants. A comprehensive model, which considers the charged droplet transport, liquid/gas momentum exchange, fluid film evaporation, vapor transport, and heat transfer by evaporation, convection, and conductive spreading is used to evaluate the theoretical performance of nES evaporative cooling. The key demonstrated result is that hotspots on the order of tens of µm in diameter with heat fluxes of over 1000 W/cm² (or larger hotspots of a few hundred µm in diameter with heat fluxes of a few hundred W/cm²) can be effectively cooled while keeping the surface temperatures below the boiling point of the working fluid at atmospheric pressure. The effects of the key nES parameters (emitter positioning, applied potential, droplet size, liquid mass flowrate) and thermophysical properties of the coolants (mass density, maximum stable electric charge density, saturated vapor density, latent heat of vaporization, thermal conductivity) are analyzed, resulting in fundamental guidelines for heat and mass transfer enhancement in thin film evaporative cooling with application to microelectronics thermal management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 127948"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145326217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on the heat transfer and flow characteristics of phase change slurry in topology optimization cold plate","authors":"Peilin Hou ,&nbsp;Fei Ma ,&nbsp;Qiuxiao Huang ,&nbsp;Haotian Cui ,&nbsp;Jing Wang ,&nbsp;Shuman Wang ,&nbsp;Jun Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127955","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127955","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liquid cooling with cold plates offers an efficient solution for battery thermal management. However, the geometric limitations of traditional cold plate designs and the limitations of conventional single-phase fluids relying on the sensible heat for heat storage hinder its practical application. This study addresses these challenges by combining the topology optimization cold plate (TCP) with phase change slurry (PCS), and experimentally investigates its adaptability at both design and off-design conditions. An experimental platform is established to comprehensively investigate the thermal energy storage characteristic of PCS and the effects of cold plate configuration, inlet temperature, volume flow rate and mass concentration on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of PCS in TCP. The results demonstrate that the PCS demonstrates superior thermal energy storage performance compared to water, primarily attributed to its enhanced latent heat absorption capacity. TCP achieves an 8.6 °C reduction for the maximum temperature compared to the rectangular channel cold plate (RCP). The PEC number for TCP is 1.3 times that of RCP at 20 wt% PCS, highlighting its overall better performance in heat transfer enhancement and flow resistance reduction at both design and off-design conditions. At 24 °C, 20 wt% PCS achieves the lower <em>T</em>_ave and <em>T</em>_δ due to effective heat absorption during phase change process even at the off-design condition. As the <em>Q</em>_v increases, the influence of mass concentration on the average temperature diminishes. At both design and off-design conditions, all the flow resistance factors of PCS are larger than that of pure water, attributing to the increase of PCS viscosity. This study can provide experimental support and technical reference for further research and practical application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 127955"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}