International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer最新文献

{"title":"Modeling study on anisotropic heat conduction of PEMFC GDLs facilitated by Micro-CT","authors":"Hang Liu ,&nbsp;Xuecheng Lv ,&nbsp;Heng Huang ,&nbsp;Yang Li ,&nbsp;Deqi Li ,&nbsp;Zhifu Zhou ,&nbsp;Wei-Tao Wu ,&nbsp;Lei Wei ,&nbsp;Yubai Li ,&nbsp;Yongchen Song","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The gas diffusion layer (GDL) serves as a pivotal component governing heat transfer in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Excessive heat accumulation within the catalyst layer may lead to irreversible degradation of electrochemical activity due to accelerated catalyst sintering and carbon support corrosion. Building upon multi-modal characterization integrating micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of GDLs, this investigation systematically deciphers the interdependent relationships between fiber architecture, sphere network topology, and compression-mediated morphological evolution through advanced computational analytics and finite element modeling. The quantified synergy elucidates microstructure-property linkages governing anisotropic thermal and gas transport phenomena. The computational findings reveal pronounced anisotropic thermal conduction characteristics within GDLs, demonstrating significantly inferior thermal transport capabilities in the through-plane (TP) direction compared to the in-plane (IP) direction. Reduced fiber length diminishes multi-directional heat dissipation, whereas GDL thickening enhances multi-directional thermal transport efficiency. Quantitative analysis demonstrates a 23-fold higher susceptibility of effective thermal conductivity (ETC) to compression ratio compared to thickness variation, conclusively establishing microstructural heterogeneity as the primary determinant of anisotropic thermal transport. Spatially resolved thermal flux mapping reveals strong geometric coupling with porosity gradients. These multiscale findings provide new design paradigms for optimizing GDL architectures through targeted manipulation of fiber-sphere coupling mechanics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 127302"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-group drift-flux model for dispersed gas-liquid flows in medium-to-large pipes","authors":"Kelei Song,&nbsp;Takashi Hibiki","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The two-fluid model is crucial in many industrial applications for optimizing system performance and ensuring safety. Interfacial area concentration, when multiplied by the corresponding driving potentials, represents the typical equation that expresses the transfers between mass, momentum, and energy. As a result, interfacial area concentration modeling is necessary to complete the two-fluid model. The two-group interfacial area transport equation is suitable for interfacial area concentration modeling; the equation classifies bubbles into two groups based on their drag coefficients. The two-group drift-flux model simplifies the procedure without adding more transport equations. This study introduces a new two-group drift-flux model developed for dispersed two-phase flow in medium-diameter pipes in upward flow. The asymptotic distribution parameter was determined to be 1.00 for group-one bubbles and 1.25 for group-two bubbles based on the collected data. Additionally, previously developed drift velocity correlations were applied, and reasonable agreement was demonstrated with the experimental data. The group-one and group-two void fractions were predicted by the developed model with mean relative absolute errors of 37.2 % and 30.6 %, respectively. The two-group drift-flux model is applicable to a wide range of flow conditions, including varying hydraulic diameters and gas-liquid systems, such as air-water and steam-water systems. Due to limited data availability, the asymptotic distribution parameters for group-two bubbles were determined on a preliminary basis for medium-to-large pipes using a linear interpolation method; the parameters ranged from 1.25 to 1.40, for the non-dimensional hydraulic diameters between 18.6 and 40.0. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the model in predicting two-phase flow parameters in medium-diameter pipes and contributes to expanding the applicability of two-group drift-flux model for engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 127274"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncovering the roughness effect on inelastic phonon scattering and thermal conductance at interface via spectral energy exchange","authors":"Jinyuan Xu,&nbsp;Yangyu Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the mechanism of interfacial thermal transport is crucial for thermal management of electronics. Recent experiments have shown the strong impact of interfacial roughness on inelastic phonon scattering and interfacial thermal conductance (ITC), while the theoretical modeling and underlying physics remain missing. Through non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations with quantum correction, we predict ITC of both sharp and rough Si/Al interfaces in a good agreement with experimental results in a broad range of temperatures. We further introduce a novel spectral energy exchange analysis, which reveals more annihilation of high-frequency phonons and generation of moderate-frequency phonons around the sharp interface compared to its rough counterpart. However, the low-frequency phonons at rough interface shows unexpected stronger inelastic scattering and larger contribution to ITC due to unique emerging interfacial modes. Our work thus promotes both the methodology and understanding of interfacial thermal transport at solid/solid interfaces, and may benefit the design and optimization of thermal interface materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 127295"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hybrid temperature distribution monitoring method for Lithium-ion battery module by integrating multi-physics with machine learning","authors":"Wenhao Zhu ,&nbsp;Fei Lei ,&nbsp;Jie Liu ,&nbsp;Fei Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The temperature distribution monitoring of the battery system is essential to prevent thermal runaway and ensure operational safety. In real applications, there is an intricate thermal dynamics inside the battery pack which causes heat transfer and heat dissipation inhomogeneities. It is not easy to describe with the control-based lumped thermal model. The accuracy of temperature monitoring will be affected if the pack-level thermal dynamics are not captured. Motivated by this, a hybrid lumped multi-physics coupled neural network (MPNN) model is proposed. The hybrid MPNN model combines the mechanism-driven multi-physics coupled model and the data-driven machine learning model for thermal non-uniformity compensation. A hybrid MPNN-based close-loop observer is further proposed to achieve a real-time estimation of the internal temperature of each cell in the battery pack. The model parameters of the multi-physics coupling model are identified based on the recursive least square algorithm and genetic optimization algorithm by the experimental data. The computational fluid dynamic is applied to simulate the thermal behavior and validate the multi-physics coupling model at the system level. Results indicate that the proposed hybrid MPNN model can capture the complex thermal distribution non-uniformity in the battery system more accurately compared with the traditional model. The hybrid MPNN model combined with the unscented Kalman filter method can accurately monitor the temperature distribution to prevent thermal runaway.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 127278"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal transport in MoSi2N4 monolayer: A molecular dynamics study based on machine learning","authors":"Xiaoliang Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanjun Xie ,&nbsp;Feng Tao,&nbsp;Chenxi Sun,&nbsp;Dawei Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the continuous miniaturization and integration of nanoelectronic devices, efficient thermal management has become increasingly critical. Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as promising thermal management candidates due to their high thermal conductivity, excellent mechanical properties, and controllable growth characteristics. Among these, monolayer MoSi₂N₄, a novel 2D semiconductor material, has attracted significant attention for its unique structural configuration and exceptional physical properties. In this study, we developed a high-precision machine learning interatomic potential based on the neuroevolution potential (NEP) framework to systematically investigate the intrinsic thermal transport properties and modulation mechanisms of this 2D material. Through homogeneous nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (HNEMD) simulations, we obtained a room-temperature (300 K) thermal conductivity of 317 W·<em>m</em>⁻¹·K⁻¹, with reliability verified by spectral heat current (SHC) decomposition analysis. Our research further elucidates the size-dependent thermal conductivity behavior, providing theoretical insights into nanoscale thermal transport mechanisms. Notably, we discovered that 2 %–4 % biaxial tensile strain induces a significant thermal conductivity reduction of 24–39 %. This phenomenon originates from strain-induced modifications in phonon dynamics, characterized by a leftward shift and peak suppression in the phonon density of states, which collectively enhance phonon scattering and reduce group velocities. These findings demonstrate that strain engineering serves as an effective strategy for thermal conductivity modulation in 2D materials, offering new perspectives for optimizing thermal management in nanoelectronic devices. This work combines machine learning potentials with advanced thermal transport computational methods, laying a theoretical foundation for the thermophysical properties research of monolayer MoSi₂N_4.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 127290"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study on effect of coolant flow rate on steady-state thermal resistance of a 48 V lithium iron phosphate battery pack under dynamic duty cycles","authors":"Xinyou Ke ,&nbsp;Xuejun Qiu ,&nbsp;Youyi Chen ,&nbsp;Guowei Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Feng ,&nbsp;Ke Xu ,&nbsp;Xiao Han ,&nbsp;Fanqun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the growing lithium-ion battery market, an efficient battery simulation plays a crucial role in assessing performance and lifetime of Li-ion battery products. Computationally thermal models are in high demand for the battery simulation. In this work, a 1-D simplified thermal model considering cell heat generation was developed to correlate the steady-state thermal resistance under dynamic duty cycles for a 48 V lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery pack with fourteen cells in series. The thermal resistance was correlated based on the proposed thermal model and thermal data collected by thirty-three thermal sensors placed in the thermal experiments under a representative dynamic drive cycle profile used in practical applications. Also, the influence of the coolant flow rate on the steady-state thermal resistance between the cell and the coolant was comprehensively studied. It was found that the cell-averaged steady-state thermal resistance decreases from 1.31 ∼ 1.97 K/W to 0.88 ∼ 1.46 K/W as the coolant flow rate increases from 0.5 L/min to 15 L/min. Furthermore, the ‘Tab’ and ‘Bottom’ region was found to have the largest and smallest averaged steady-state thermal resistance, respectively. This thermal resistance correlation work is expected to benefit a computationally efficient battery thermal and electrical performance, and lifetime prediction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 127273"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pancake bouncing and significant enhancement in Leidenfrost point on the hierarchical mesh structured surface","authors":"Minjie Liu,&nbsp;Zhili Ma,&nbsp;Shuaiquan Zhu,&nbsp;Dazhan Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127282","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127282","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The efficient cooling of hot surfaces is a long-standing challenge in various industrial fields. This is because, once the Leidenfrost phenomenon occurs, this cooling method becomes ineffective due to the presence of a stable vapor layer and significantly reduced heat transfer efficiency. Thus, increasing the critical Leidenfrost point (LFP) is a common way to maintain effective heat transfer within a wide temperature range. However, the fabrication methods in previous studies are complex and expensive. Some topological structures also lack long-term stability and the substrate material is relatively limited. In this work, we propose a superhydrophilic double-layer mesh structured surface with nanoflowers using a cost-effective manufacturing method and explore droplet dynamics at high temperatures. The pancake bouncing phenomenon and rapid detachment of droplets is observed on this superhydrophilic surface, accompanied with an obvious reduction in solid-liquid contact time, which is aroused by sufficient vapor pressure generated in the double-layer mesh structure. Moreover, such unique hierarchical surfaces can increase LFP to 410 °C, which is 78 % higher than that of the smooth surface. We further analyze the underlying mechanism responsible for LFP enhancement. Due to the improved permeability, excellent wettability and so on, the capillary pressure is increased and the vapor pressure is decreased, contributing to the complete rebound of droplets at higher critical temperatures. We speculate that the mesh structured surface coupled with high LFP can find promising applications in thermal-related fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 127282"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Homogeneous nucleation and condensation characteristics of water vapor-hydrogen (H2O-H2) binary systems from molecular dynamics simulation","authors":"Hongbing Ding ,&nbsp;Chao Ji ,&nbsp;Panpan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yan Yang ,&nbsp;Chuang Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The condensation of water in wet hydrogen occurs in various applications such as fuel cells and nuclear power plants. However, the microscopic process of water condensation in wet hydrogen is not well understood. In the present study, the molecular dynamics (MD) was used to investigate the impact of various conditions on the condensation of saturated water vapor from a microscope perspective. It was found that the liquefaction ratio of H₂O molecules increased from 72.33% to 83.10% as the initial pressure increased from 1 MPa to 1.5 MPa when the cooling temperature was fixed at 380 K, while it increased from 72.33% to 87.05% as the cooling temperature decreased from 380 K to 350 K when the initial pressure was fixed at 1 MPa. Furthermore, hydrogen gas was introduced into the system to study the impacts of different initial pressures and temperatures on the condensation of saturated water vapor in the mixed gas. It was observed that the number of H₂O molecules contained in the final cluster increased with increasing initial temperature. As the initial pressure increased, plenty of H₂ molecules were adding to the system, hindering the nucleation of H₂O molecules. Through the comparison of nucleation rates, it was found that the computation of the nucleation rate of water in wet hydrogen flow concurs well with the rate determined by classical nucleation theory (CNT) under this simulation condition. However, the nucleation model proposed by Kantrowitz is closer to the actual condensation process of H₂O in pure steam at high temperatures and pressures and the nucleation rate of CNT is 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that of MD in this situation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 127272"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of thermal and fire properties of PLA-based composites based on FDM printed graphite/molybdenum disulfide and siloxene","authors":"A. Łapińska ,&nbsp;A.J. Panas ,&nbsp;R. Przekop ,&nbsp;B. Sztorch ,&nbsp;D. Pakuła ,&nbsp;J. Głowacka ,&nbsp;T. Gołofit ,&nbsp;A. Dużyńska ,&nbsp;P. Płatek ,&nbsp;K. Cieplak ,&nbsp;I. Wyrębska ,&nbsp;B. Kukfisz ,&nbsp;P. Jóźwik","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the development and characterization of advanced polylactic acid (PLA)-based composites designed for enhanced thermal management and fire resistance in additive manufacturing (AM) applications. Utilizing fused deposition modeling (FDM), composites were reinforced with graphite (G), molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), and siloxene (S) at varying filler concentrations. Particular attention was given to the impact of FDM-related structural imperfections, such as micro-gaps and porosity, on the functional performance of the printed materials. A comprehensive set of characterization techniques — including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), density evaluation, thermal diffusivity measurements via a modified Angstrom method, and cone calorimetry — was employed to gain an in-depth understanding of the composites' microstructure, thermal behavior, and fire performance.</div><div>Despite structural defects inherent to the FDM process, composites with the highest graphite and molybdenum disulfide content (G15/M2) exhibited a 44 % increase in thermal diffusivity and a 40 % improvement in thermal conductivity compared to neat PLA. Conversely, siloxene-based composites (S2.5) demonstrated reduced thermal transport properties, offering potential for thermal insulation applications. Fire performance tests revealed a delay in peak heat release rate (pHRR) and a significant reduction in total heat release (THR) for filler-containing samples, particularly for G15/M2 and S2.5. Furthermore, the synergistic action of graphite and molybdenum disulfide notably decreased total smoke release (TSR), although higher siloxene concentrations led to increased smoke production.</div><div>The findings underline the dual functional benefits achievable through targeted filler selection and concentration optimization, offering pathways for designing advanced AM-tailored materials with enhanced thermal management and fire safety properties. Future work should focus on refining FDM process parameters to mitigate microstructural defects and maximize composite performance for engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 127276"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpretation on heat transfer characteristics and mass burning rate of liquid fuel-immersed porous media fire: Effect of pool scale and particle size","authors":"Yulun Zhang,&nbsp;Yongdiao Zhou,&nbsp;Shaohua Mao,&nbsp;Keqing Zhou,&nbsp;Kaihua Lu,&nbsp;Xiaoyang Ni","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A series of burning tests were conducted to investigate the burning characteristics of liquid fuel-immersed porous media, considering different fuel pool scales (<em>D</em> = 2–40 cm) and particle sizes (<em>d</em> = 0.191–3.675 mm). 99.9 % ethanol was used as liquid fuel and 96 % quartz sand was stacked to form porous media bed. The characteristic parameters, e.g., burning rate and flame feature, etc., were recorded and identified, and the influence mechanism of pool scale on heat transfer and the effect of particle diameter on capillary mass transfer was analyzed. Results show that the burning process of liquid fuel-immersed porous media can be categorized into three stages based on flame characteristics: initial ignition stage, mid-term quasi steady burning stage, and final extinction stage, accompanying with a variation trend of rapid increase and then gradual decline for burning rate. During the quasi-steady burning stage, the flame state of liquid ethanol-immersed porous media fires transitions from laminar to turbulent flow as the fuel pool diameter increases. Based on experimental observation and <em>Gr</em> number calculation, a correlation model describing the flame state is established, which can be well validated by previous measurements. The burning rate of liquid fuel-immersed porous media is influenced by both particle size and pool scale. Within the current experimental range, the burning rate of quasi-steady stage decreases with the increase of particle size, while it initially decreases and then increases as the fuel pool diameter increases. Combined with heat transfer mechanism analysis, a set of empirical models were obtained to describe the burning rates of liquid fuel immersed in fine sand beds (<em>d</em> = 0.191 mm) and coarse sand beds (<em>d</em> = 1.20–3.675 mm). Additionally, there is a noticeable correlation between flame height and both particle size and fuel pool scale for during the combustion process of liquid fuel-immersed porous media beds. Flame height decreases with increasing particle size and increases with the increasing fuel pool diameter. Building on the theoretical mechanism of capillary effect, a dimensionless global flame height <span><math><msubsup><mi>H</mi><mrow><mi>f</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>g</mi></mrow><mo>*</mo></msubsup></math></span> was proposed, leading to an empirical relationship between <span><math><msubsup><mi>H</mi><mrow><mi>f</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>g</mi></mrow><mo>*</mo></msubsup></math></span>, fuel pool diameter <em>D</em>, porous media porosity <span><math><mi>ϕ</mi></math></span>, and capillary channel equivalent diameter <span><math><msub><mi>d</mi><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>. This work can provide some reference for fire prevention and emergency response in scenarios involving accidental leaks of combustible liquids in porous media environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"250 ","pages":"Article 127285"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144134477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}