International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer最新文献

{"title":"Coaxial Airflow Modulation for Cryogen Spray Cooling: Towards Heat Transfer Enhancement and Film Control in Laser Dermatology","authors":"Mohamed Qenawy ,&nbsp;Mona Ali ,&nbsp;Yiqi Chen ,&nbsp;Yuchen Zhu ,&nbsp;Si Chen ,&nbsp;Jiameng Tian ,&nbsp;Junfeng Wang ,&nbsp;Bin Chen ,&nbsp;Hengjie Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126969","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In clinical treatment, effective cooling is crucial for avoiding skin injury, particularly for patients with higher melanin concentrations, however still recent advancements are limited by the thermal barring of the deposited liquid film or asymmetric heat transfer. Expanding upon our previous research on coaxial air-cryogen spray cooling, this study investigates the effects of converging and diverging airflow configurations to enhance heat transfer, reduce film deposition, and improve cooling uniformity. The heat flux on skin-like epoxy surface was calculated via Duhamel methodology, utilizing fast-responding thin-film thermocouple measurements. Meanwhile, the film and spray dynamics/morphologies were captured via high-speed video recording that employing Mie-scattering method, and further predicted through large eddy simulation coupled with discrete phase and Eulerian wall film modelling. The analysis of spray patterns, thermal features, and deposited film behavior reveals significant improvements in heat transfer, droplet evaporation, and film dynamics by airflow. The coaxial diameter ratio (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>d</mi><mi>o</mi></msub><mo>/</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></math></span>) of 1.0 and 1.5 demonstrated more effective spray dispersion, significantly influenced film dynamics during both cryogen on- and off-duties by reducing frost formation and enhanced evaporation efficiency. The <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>d</mi><mi>o</mi></msub><mo>/</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></math></span> = 1.5 configuration achieved the best performance with higher average heat transfer coefficient and lower minimum surface temperature, offering superior heat dissipation, particularly at the spray periphery, though it had longer film resistance due to slower evaporation at the impingement point. The <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>d</mi><mi>o</mi></msub><mo>/</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></math></span> = 1.5 and 0.5 cases showed distinct cooling patterns, with the former providing better overall cooling and heat transfer, while the latter concentrated cryogen in the impingement core, resulting in thicker films and slower evaporation. Thus, the divergent and convergent airflow designs offer superior cooling performance at the impingement point and the core region, respectively. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing air-cryogenic spray cooling systems for precise temperature control of the skin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 126969"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the mass transport resistance of porous transport layers at the rib/channel scale in polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzers: Modeling and design","authors":"Pablo A. García-Salaberri ,&nbsp;Jack Todd Lang ,&nbsp;Hung-Ming Chang ,&nbsp;Nausir Firas ,&nbsp;Hasan Shazhad ,&nbsp;Iryna V. Zenyuk","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126889","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126889","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The porous transport layer (PTL) plays a relevant role in the efficiency of polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWE). Extraction of good design guidelines for this porous component is necessary for efficient water/oxygen transport. In this regard, numerical modeling provides a versatile tool to examine large parameter set and determine optimal PTL conditions to be verified experimentally. Here, a hybrid model is presented to analyze two-phase transport of oxygen and water in the anode PTL of a PEMWE. Oxygen capillary transport is modeled with a multi-cluster invasion-percolation algorithm, while water convective transport is modeled with a continuum formulation that incorporates the blockage of gas saturation. The model is validated against in-operando X-ray computed tomography data of the oxygen saturation distribution at the rib/channel scale. Subsequently, a comprehensive parametric analysis is presented, considering the following variables: ( <span><math><mi>i</mi></math></span>) PTL slenderness ratio, (<span><math><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></math></span>) flow-field open area fraction, (<span><math><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></math></span>) PTL isotropy, (<span><math><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>v</mi></mrow></math></span>) PTL average pore radius, and (<span><math><mi>v</mi></math></span>) PTL pore-size heterogeneity. Among other conclusions, the results show that the water transport resistance under the rib can lead to non-negligible mass transport losses at high current density. Water transport from the channel to the catalyst layer can be promoted by: (<span><math><mi>i</mi></math></span>) the use of PTLs with a slenderness ratio, defined as the PTL thickness to rib half-width ratio, around 0.5, (<span><math><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></math></span>) the increase of the flow-field open area fraction, (<span><math><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></math></span>) the design of highly anisotropic PTLs with a relatively large pore radius between <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub><mo>∼</mo><mn>10</mn><mo>−</mo><mn>40</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span>, and (<span><math><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>v</mi></mrow></math></span>) increasing the homogeneity of the PTL microstructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 126889"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conjugate heat transfer analysis of a ram/scramjet with thermal decomposition of the regenerative cooling channel","authors":"Jae Seung Kim ,&nbsp;Song Hyun Seo ,&nbsp;Chang Gyoo Ban ,&nbsp;Kyu Hong Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study conducts a conjugate heat transfer (CHT) analysis to design the regenerative cooling system of a dual-mode ram/scramjet aircraft operating in a flight environment. The analysis incorporates key factors such as heat generation from airflow, temperature variations due to structural material, and the properties of supercritical fuel within the cooling channels. The cooling channel analysis part introduces a temperature correction method for efficient supercritical flow simulation. The CHT methodology was validated through comparisons with experimental data, focusing on aerodynamic heating, structural thermal responses, and cooling channel performance. The analysis also includes the prediction of supercritical fuel properties, specifically the thermal decomposition of JP-10 fuel, which is characterized by a high critical compressibility factor (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>). By implementing a method that resolves instability in property predictions, a stable CHT analysis framework was established. This approach enables detailed investigation of thermal behaviors related to fuel flow within cooling channels. Furthermore, the application of a reliable predictive method for both the aircraft’s flight environment and the characteristics of fuels with high <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> extends the range of fuels that can be considered in CHT analyses. This study contributes to advancing the design and performance evaluation of regenerative cooling systems in high-speed aerospace applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 126901"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graphene-tuned nonreciprocal thermal emitter under near-normal illumination","authors":"Xuantong Shi ,&nbsp;Bo Wang ,&nbsp;Jing Ye ,&nbsp;Jinyun Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nonreciprocal thermal radiation has emerged as a research hotspot in recent years, with the majority of studies focusing on TM polarization and large-angle incidence. In this paper, we introduce a nonreciprocal thermal radiator composed of graphene integrated with a two-dimensional silicon-based grating, magneto-optical material (InAs), and a metallic reflective layer (Al). We demonstrate dual-band nonreciprocal thermal radiation under TE polarization at an incidence angle of 0.65°. The physical properties of nonreciprocal thermal radiation are elucidated and validated using the coupled mode theory (CMT). Additionally, the peak position can be dynamically adjusted within the operational wavelength range by controlling the external magnetic field and the Fermi level of graphene. This work holds potential for applications in the field of energy conversion and provides a novel approach for nonreciprocal thermal radiation devices at small angles of incidence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 126966"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Momentum and energy budgets of high-pressure subcooled boiling flows using two-fluid RANS simulations","authors":"Etienne Chavasse-Frétaz ,&nbsp;Alan Burlot ,&nbsp;Guillaume Bois ,&nbsp;Catherine Colin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126839","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126839","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the simulation of a high-pressure upward boiling flow in a vertical pipe, using the two-fluid model with Neptune_CFD standard closure laws. Radially-dependent experimental bubble diameters are enforced in the simulations, reducing the number of closure laws and helping to decouple some phenomena in the analysis. The goal of this paper is to highlight the predominant physical phenomena as a function of flow conditions and as a function of the distance to the wall, in order to help determine which model should be improved as a priority. Analysis of the momentum balance for the vapor phase shows that in the radial direction, the predominant effects are turbulent dispersion moving the vapor away from the wall, balanced by the drag and lift forces. An increase in mass flow rate or thermodynamic quality increases liquid shear rate, turbulent viscosity and turbulent dispersion. In addition, liquid enthalpy budget analysis reveals that the liquid temperature is determined by an equilibrium between the radial turbulent diffusion of wall heat, axial inertial thermal effects and an interphase exchange by condensation. Simulations predict significant evaporation near the wall, although this phenomenon has not been observed experimentally, which is a source of error in the mass and enthalpy balances. We demonstrate the improvement in predictions in the near-wall region induced by the use of a limiter to the liquid heat flux in wall Heat Flux Partitioning (HFP) model. Condensation reaches its maximum in an intermediate radial position between the center and the wall, where interfacial area and subcooling are large. This position depends on the thermodynamic quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 126839"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143620998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal conductivity of suspended GaN thin film measured by Raman spectroscopy","authors":"Sopheap Sam ,&nbsp;Yutao Fang ,&nbsp;Ziling Cai ,&nbsp;Masatomo Sumiya ,&nbsp;Liwen Sang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126946","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126946","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the increasing power density and shrinking size of GaN electronic devices, nanometer-scaled thermal management is becoming a key issue. However, the thermal conductivity (<em>κ</em>) estimation of the sub-100 nm-thick GaN is challenging due to its poor quality on foreign substrates and measurement limitations. Here, we introduce a substrate-free suspended structure measured by Raman spectroscopy. The suspended sub-100 nm GaN thin films are obtained with a release process by using a lattice-matched Al_0.83In_0.17N as a sacrificial layer on high-quality GaN templates. The local temperature rise by Raman spectroscopy at the bridge center is forced to propagate in-plane toward the anchor, and the <em>κ</em> is thus obtained through analyzing the Raman shift dependent on the temperature and power density. This result is helpful for the design and nanometer-scaled thermal management of the current GaN-based power electronic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 126946"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the influence of radiation on the large-scale circulation in a Rayleigh–Bénard cubic cell","authors":"Bérengère Podvin ,&nbsp;Laurent Soucasse ,&nbsp;Philippe Rivière ,&nbsp;Anouar Soufiani","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126899","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126899","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Radiative transfer effects on the Large-Scale Circulation (LSC) in a Rayleigh–Bénard cubic cell are analyzed from coupled Direct Numerical Simulation data for an air/H<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>O/CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> mixture in the range <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>∈</mo><mrow><mo>[</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn></mrow></msup><mo>,</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>8</mn></mrow></msup><mo>]</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>. The local effects of radiation are first studied using conditional averaging. It is found that radiation coupling accentuates the temperature field asymmetry between the ejecting and the impinging sides. The mean kinetic energy increase is also higher on the ejecting side of the horizontal entrainment zone. To better understand the impact of these variations on the reorientation frequency of the LSC, a clustering analysis based on Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is carried out in the vertical mid-planes of the cell. The dynamics of the LSC can then be tracked through local characteristic patterns called motifs. We show that the contributions of the dominant heat flux motifs associated with plume ejection increase in the presence of radiation, while those of the dominant temperature motifs associated with impinging plumes tend to decrease, which is consistent with a reinforcement of the LSC with respect to the corner structures. Using a motif-based model, we show that the frequency decrease associated with this reinforcement is offset by the increase due to kinetic effects. The model predictions are found to be in good agreement with numerical data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 126899"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical models of radiative transfer in fibrous insulation under collimated irradiation","authors":"Sergio A. Carvajal ,&nbsp;Lucas Paulien ,&nbsp;Autumn Elniski ,&nbsp;Kamran Daryabeigi ,&nbsp;Matthew J. Berg","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126961","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126961","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal insulation is essential for high temperature applications, where extreme operating conditions are found. Given its thermal, mechanical, optical and economical characteristics, refractory ceramic-based fibrous materials are widely used. In these materials, radiation is one of the most relevant mechanisms of heat transfer, making its modeling important for the design and optimization of thermal insulation systems. Although traditional techniques such as the Discrete Ordinate Method can be applied, the strong forward scattering found in fibrous materials limits the achievable accuracy due to the computing requirements and normalization issues associated with the phase function. Therefore, there is still a need for approximate but accurate methods to represent radiative transfer. This paper presents two analytical approaches based on the transport and delta-Eddington approximations, along with the Milne-Eddington method, for modeling the radiative transfer in low-density fibrous materials. Spectral transmittance and reflectance measurements on alumina and silica-based insulation were used for validation purposes. The model based on the transport approximation demonstrates good agreement with experimental measurements and can be used at wavelengths relevant to high-temperature applications. The model based on the delta-Eddington approximation extends the wavelength range of the transport approximation and can be used in applications at high and moderate temperatures. Since the models are based on deterministic properties, they can be used for engineering materials with tailorable properties and for improving their manufacturing process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 126961"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal switching performance of surface plasmon polaritons in Ag2Se quantum-Dot/Polymer composite film","authors":"Congliang Huang ,&nbsp;Changkang Du ,&nbsp;Yanru Yang ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126943","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126943","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To stabilize the working temperature of an equipment, a solid-state thermal switch is usually a requisite. In this work, the thermal switching performance of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in Ag₂Se quantum-dot (QD)/polymer film was probed. Firstly, a theoretical model of thermal conductivity of SPPs was derived to reveal the dependence of the thermal conductivity on both the temperature and film structure. Then, the thermal conductivity and the thermal switching performances of SPPs were analyzed. It shows that the thermal conductivity of SPPs is ∼<em>t</em>^-3exp(ζ/<em>Td</em>) under the thin film limit, here <em>t</em>, d and <em>T</em> are film thickness, diameter of QDs and temperature, respectively. A high thermal conductivity of SPPs could be only realized at a device with a size lager than millimeter scale, due to the need of avoiding boundary scatterings of SPPs. At the millimeter scale, the heat conduction of SPPs will be on the 100 nW·K^-1 level, on the same magnitude scale as the phonon and also phonon-polariton heat conductions. At this size scale, the thermal conductivity of SPPs could be reduced by 100 times by increasing temperature from 300 to 400 K, suggesting a thermal switching ratio of 100, which is one of the highest in these of all thermal switches. This study brings a new thermal switch which has a potential application in thermal management system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 126943"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular dynamics study of the micro-mechanism of CO2 hydrate formation in the confined space of porous media","authors":"Xuemin Zhang ,&nbsp;Tao Shan ,&nbsp;Hongbin Song ,&nbsp;Jinping Li ,&nbsp;Qingbai Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126940","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126940","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sequestration and storage of CO₂ in the form of hydrate is an effective strategy to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere. In this work, Molecular Dynamics simulation was employed to investigate the formation process of CO₂ hydrate in the confined space of graphene porous media by comparing to the pure water system with fully developed space. Results demonstrated that hydrate formation was facilitated in confined space of porous media. The incorporation of porous media and the existence of confined space prominently enhanced the heat and mass transfer characteristics, with the thermal conductivity along the formation direction reaching 2614.22 % of the pure water system. However, such porous media and structure simultaneously induced hydrate structural destabilization, including decomposition, band diffusion, and dislocation of hydrate cell. Notably, the existence of unstable hydrate cages promoted the rapid formation of hydrate. And this study also thoroughly elaborated distinct regulatory mechanisms between unstable non-empty and empty cages. Additionally, due to the superior adsorption effect of graphene on CO₂ molecules, the CO₂ molecular \"bubble\" reduced the impact from porous media on hydrate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 126940"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}