International Journal of Biological Macromolecules最新文献

{"title":"WSSV355 enhances IDH1 enzymatic activity and promotes efficient WSSV replication.","authors":"Cong-Yan Chen, Yen-Cheng Liang, Shu-Wen Cheng, Leonilo Endoma, Yi-Ting Tseng, Shu-Ting He, Ramya Kumar, Shih-Shun Lin, Chien-Kang Huang, Saengchan Senapin, Pakkakul Sangsuriya, Han-Ching Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154846","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) drives extensive metabolic reprogramming to support viral replication, including activation of reductive carboxylation, a pathway in which host isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) has a central role. However, the mechanisms by which viral factors regulate IDH1 and associated metabolic networks remain unclear. Here, we identified WSSV355 as a key viral regulator that contributed to IDH1 binding and activation during infection. Using yeast two-hybrid screening, WSSV355 was identified as an LvIDH1-interacting protein and further validated by co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization analyses. Functional assays demonstrated that WSSV355 enhanced IDH1 enzymatic activity, whereas truncation mapping revealed that distinct regions of WSSV355 contributed to IDH1 binding and activation. In vivo silencing of WSSV355 suppressed viral gene expression, and decreased viral genome copy number, establishing its role in promoting efficient WSSV replication. Affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS) further revealed that WSSV355 identified a set/network of WSSV355-associated proteins enriched in cytoskeletal, RNA-processing, and metabolic pathways. Integration with infection-responsive proteomic datasets identified candidate modules linking the WSSV355-associated protein network to host infection responses, suggesting broader potential involvement of WSSV355 in host cellular processes during infection. Collectively, these findings identify WSSV355 as an LvIDH1-interacting viral protein that enhances IDH1 enzymatic activity and is required for efficient WSSV replication. To our knowledge, WSSV355 is the first reported virus-encoded protein shown to enhance IDH1 enzymatic activity, providing new insights into how aquatic viruses exploit host metabolic machinery to promote infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":333,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"154846"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149178590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Edible fungus polysaccharides and metabolism: A review.","authors":"Haowei Li, Jialu He, Chang Liu, Xiaolong Liu, Tingting Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154842","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metabolic disorders constitute a severe global health challenge, with dietary intervention serving as a cornerstone of prevention and treatment. As primary bioactive macromolecules isolated from edible fungus, Edible Fungus Polysaccharides (EFPs) possess a broad spectrum of physiological activities. This review consolidates recent progress surrounding EFPs, encompassing extraction techniques, structural features, gut microbiota-driven biotransformation within the body, and how these compounds help sustain metabolic homeostasis. EFPs tune glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism through crosstalking signaling cascades, while systemic benefits arise from immunoregulation, anti-inflammatory properties, and signaling communication along the microbiota-gut-brain axis. EFPs have shown promising effects in the treatment of metabolic syndrome, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolism-associated malignancies. Existing evidence varies considerably by disease setting. While certain data support the use of EFPs as auxiliary reagents in tumor treatment, solid clinical evidence targeting metabolic complications remains largely lacking. Most relevant observations stem from cell cultures and animal experiments. Available clinical datasets focusing on metabolic outcomes tend to be small, short-duration and geographically limited, restricting broader extrapolation. EFPs hold great research potential as preclinical agents to support metabolic wellness, yet efforts to translate these findings into treatments for metabolic disease remain preliminary. Progress toward practical clinical use hinges on conclusive data from large randomized controlled trials, prolonged toxicology evaluation, and comprehensive pharmacokinetic characterization. Such work will lay the groundwork to define consistent safety benchmarks, therapeutic efficacy and suitable dosage protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":333,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"154842"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149163540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat gene OsCNL1 contributes to strain-specific resistance to bacterial blight in rice.","authors":"Pu Zhao, Dengji Wang, Jianmin Li, Tianyi Chen, Jialing Lu, Yongli Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154847","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacterial blight (BB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), remains a major threat to rice production, and continued discovery and functional validation of resistance genes remain important for durable disease management. Here, we functionally characterized OsCNL1 (LOC_Os11g37759), a rice coiled-coil (CC)-type nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) gene associated with BB resistance in the resistant line B5N494. OsCNL1 encodes a 968-amino-acid CC type NLR protein and showed pathogen-responsive expression after PXO99A inoculation. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption of OsCNL1 in B5N494 reduced resistance, whereas introduction of a genomic OsCNL1 fragment into susceptible backgrounds and overexpression of the full-length coding sequence enhanced resistance to PXO99A. These reciprocal loss- and gain-of-function assays indicate that OsCNL1 is a genetic component that positively regulates BB resistance against specific Xoo strains. Resistance-spectrum assays further showed that the effect associated with OsCNL1 is strain specific and strongly influenced by host genetic background. No major agronomic penalty was observed in the transgenic materials when compared to wild type under the field conditions. Furthermore, heterologous and in planta assays pointed to a potential physical association between the CC-containing region of OsCNL1 and the non-transcription activator-like effector (non-TALE) XopAE, providing a preliminary framework for future mechanistic studies. Overall, our results suggest that the functionally validated CNL-type NLR OsCNL1 participates in strain-specific BB resistance and has potential in resistance pyramiding strategies for rice BB management.</p>","PeriodicalId":333,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"154847"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149163891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of alginate, cellulose and chitosan-based hybrid multicomponent films containing TAB@CuBTC MOFs: morphological features, surface properties and antimicrobial activity.","authors":"Sergei A Shipilovskikh, Thi H N Vu, Thanh S Cam, Aleksandra Brodskaia, Natalia A Nosova, Anna Kuzminova, Mariia Dmitrenko, Anastasia Penkova, Alexander S Timin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154840","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Here, we report alginate (ALG), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and chitosan (CHS) hybrid films incorporating CuBTC metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) containing a bioactive 2-aminothiophene derivative (TAB). Crystallite sizes estimated by the Debye-Scherrer and Williamson-Hall methods were 49.47/49.84 nm for CuBTC and 45.96/58.71 nm for TAB@CuBTC, respectively, suggesting possible strain-related broadening in TAB@CuBTC. UV-Vis mass-balance analysis gave a TAB loading capacity of 19.98 ± 0.92 wt% for the 45 mg feed. Nitrogen physisorption showed decreases in BET surface area from ~581.3 to ~123.2 m²/g and total pore volume from ~0.257 to ~0.086 cm³/g after TAB incorporation, indicating reduced accessible porosity. TAB release was pH-dependent, with the apparent zero-order rate constant (k₀) increasing from 0.0983%·h^-1 at pH 8.5 to 0.1514%·h^-1 at pH 4.5, corresponding to an approximately 54% higher apparent release rate under acidic conditions. The hybrid films showed formulation- and time-dependent cytocompatibility, with cell viability at 10 wt% ranging from 57.6 ± 6.5% to 98.7 ± 0.3%. Antibacterial activity depended on polymer matrix and bacterial strain. CHS/TAB@CuBTC produced inhibition zones of 12.7 ± 1.1 mm against Pseudomonas sp. and 14.8 ± 2.5 mm against Serratia marcescens, whereas CMC/TAB@CuBTC showed 18.2 ± 1.7 mm against Bacillus subtilis and 11.0 ± 0.5 mm against Klebsiella sp. Overall, the results demonstrate a multicomponent hybrid-film platform combining pH-dependent TAB release with matrix-dependent cytocompatibility and antibacterial performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":333,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"154840"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149164043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chitosan@Fe₂O₃/Ag/Cu nanocomposites: Multifunctional catalysts for accelerated reduction and oxidative reactions.","authors":"Pushpa Suryabanshi, Ravi Kumar, Vinai Kumar Singh, Arunava Dutta, Krishna Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154816","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present work reports the fabrication and evaluation of chitosan-derived hydrogel matrices decorated with trimetallic Fe₂O₃/Ag/Cu nanoparticles for rapid removal of toxic organic dyes in aqueous media. Chitosan-based hydrogels (CDNH) were synthesized using 2-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate (DMAEA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and N-hydroxymethyl acrylamide (NHMA) via free radical solution polymerization initiated by potassium persulfate. NHMA, containing both vinyl and hydroxyl functionalities, played a crucial role in tailoring the hydrogel crosslinked network structure. To optimize crosslinking density, three hydrogel grades were prepared by varying NHMA content. Trimetallic Fe₂O₃/Ag/Cu nanoparticles were synthesized through a co-precipitation route, while the CDNH@ Fe₂O₃/Ag/Cu nanocomposites were synthesized through a hydrothermal process, fabricating three composite grades (CDNH@Fe₂O₃/Ag/Cu NC-1 to NC-3). The hydrogels and nanocomposites were characterized using EDX, FTIR, SEM, TEM, TGA, UV-visible spectroscopy and XRD, to analyse the chemical and physical properties. Methylene blue (MB) dye used as a model pollutant to assess catalytic activity. The hydrogels exhibited excellent swelling-deswelling behaviour, with CDNH 1 demonstrating the highest swelling ratio and water-retention capacity at pH 4. Catalytic tests revealed that CDNH@Fe₂O₃/Ag/Cu NC-2 showed superior performance in the presence of NaBH₄ (96.99% MB removal), whereas CDNH@Fe₂O₃/Ag/Cu NC-3 achieved efficiency with H₂O₂ (98.56% MB removal) under basic conditions. The methylene blue (MB) dye degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The NaBH₄ assisted pathway showed a higher K_app (=10^-1 s^-1), whereas the H₂O₂ mediated pathway exhibited a lower K_app value (=10^-3 s^-1). The synthesized CDNH@Fe₂O₃/Ag/Cu nanocomposites remarkable catalytic efficacy indicating a promising future for their use in the remediation of toxic wastewater effluents.</p>","PeriodicalId":333,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"154816"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149163875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skin-inspired anti-freezing and durable hydrogel-in-hydrogel sensor with in situ packaging of methacrylated hyaluronic acid for wearable sensing and Morse code transmission.","authors":"Mengran Wang, Fengjun Ma, Zhihui Jiang, Xiaocen Wei, Mengzhen Xing, Yuxia Ma, Yuning Ma, Lei Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154830","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydrogels are promising candidates for flexible and wearable sensors, while the inherent feature of high water content makes them prone to be dehydrated and frozen, leading to the function failure. The existing approaches to improve the lifespan of hydrogel sensors are mainly hindered by complex preparation, limited efficiency, and especially weakened comprehensive performances. In this study, inspired by the separation-synergy mode of the skin, a kind of hydrogel-in-hydrogel sensor was fabricated through a facile in-situ photopolymerization of methacrylated hyaluronic acid. The internal sodium alginate/polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel loaded with Ag nanowires served as the sensor while the external glycerol-water packaging hydrogel played crucial roles in freezing resistance and water retention. Benefiting from the moderate sensing sensitivity and conformal adhesion on human skin, the hydrogel-in-hydrogel sensor was effective in monitoring of human motions and transmission of Morse code. More importantly, this sensor was demonstrated to be reliable in low-temperature environments (-20 °C, > 6 h) and at room temperature (up to 150 days), significantly enhancing its service life. This work provides a new paradigm for developing environment-tolerant and durable hydrogel sensors.</p>","PeriodicalId":333,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"154830"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149164806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chitosan nanoparticles enhance the anti-inflammatory and anti-adipogenic effects of tart cherry anthocyanin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.","authors":"Yujiao Zu, Tatum Walker, George Tan, Sampa Halder, Ashti Morovati, Tolulope Adegbile, Shane Scoggin, Naima Moustaid-Moussa","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154825","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity-associated adipose inflammation and gut dysfunction represent critical targets for dietary intervention. Tart cherry juice (TCJ)-derived anthocyanins (ACNs) exhibit potent anti-inflammatory and gut-protective bioactivity, but their poor stability and low oral bioavailability limit efficacy. Although nanotechnology can improve ACN delivery, conventional nanocarriers contain surfactants or emulsifiers that may impair gut health with chronic use. To overcome these challenges, we developed a surfactant-free nanoparticle platform using polysaccharides. Void nanoparticles (Vnano) were fabricated by ionic gelation of chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan, followed by ACN adsorption through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions to generate ACN-loaded nanoparticles (Tnano). Optimized Tnano achieved 80% ACN adsorption efficiency with spherical morphology (about 200 nm), narrow size distribution, and positive zeta potential (23 mV). Compared to free TCJ, Tnano demonstrated sustained ACN release, and fluorescence imaging showed dose- and temperature-dependent binding of the chitosan nanoparticles to 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Tnano more effectively suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation, reducing interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 secretion by 39% (p < 0.0001) and 35% (p = 0.0316) in preadipocytes, and by 56.8% (p = 0.05) and 20% (p < 0.0001) in mature adipocytes, respectively, compared to LPS groups. Compared to control, Tnano reduced adipogenic lipid accumulation by 35%, versus only 14.2% for TCJ (p = 0.0003). As a proof of concept for future oral delivery applications, Tnano was encapsulated within an alginate hydrogel shell by electrospray to form a nano-in-micro format. This fully natural polysaccharide-based nanoplatform offers a strategy to enhance anthocyanin bioavailability and combat obesity-associated inflammation and metabolic disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":333,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"154825"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149163867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of galactose side-chain modification on immunomodulatory activity of tamarind xyloglucan oligosaccharides.","authors":"Yubo Zhou, Hao Wang, Ying Lv, Ziyi Jin, Yanan Chen, Chenhuan Lai, Pujun Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154832","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Xyloglucan, an abundant polysaccharide bearing galactose side-chains within the cell wall of cotyledons from leguminous seeds, exhibits superior immunomodulatory properties. However, the contribution of its galactose side-chains remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the role of the galactose side-chains in the immunomodulatory activity by comparing the effects of oligosaccharides with different degrees of galactosyl substitution on RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Three structurally distinct xyloglucan fractions were prepared from tamarind seed: native high-molecular-weight xyloglucan (XG), low-molecular-weight xyloglucan oligosaccharides (XGOS) and partially degalactosylated XGOS (De-XGOS). All three components effectively promote macrophage proliferation and activation. Compared with De-XGOS, XGOS, which retained more galactose side-chains, generally exhibited stronger immunomodulatory responses in several functional assays. Furthermore, by stimulating the activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway, it triggered the expression of NF-κB pathway proteins, thereby elevating reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels to 1.71-fold and promoting the secretion of cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Pretreatment with the TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242 significantly attenuated XGOS-induced NO and TNF-α production, supporting the involvement of TLR4 signaling in macrophage activation. Molecular docking further suggested potential interactions between representative xyloglucan oligosaccharide structures and TLR4/MD2. In addition, the conditioned medium from XGOS-treated macrophages inhibited 4 T1 breast cancer cell migration and invasion by 38.90% and 33.33%, respectively. This study provides mechanistic insights into the structure-function relationship of xyloglucan oligosaccharides and suggests that galactose side-chain retention may contribute to their immunomodulatory activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":333,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"154832"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149163496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-inspired cotton fabrics treated with melanin/polydopamine nanocomposite: Synergistic photothermal, antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic effect against cancer cells, and photocatalytic functionalities.","authors":"Najmesadat Fani Sadrabadi, Majid Montazer, Mohammad Amani Tehran","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154813","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to develop a sustainable, metal-free multifunctional finishing for cotton fabrics using naturally sourced melanin (M) recovered from pigmented wool waste and polydopamine (PDA), with particular emphasis on photothermal performance and multifunctional textile applications. A response surface methodology (RSM) design was used to optimize the M/PDA coating formulation. The treated fabrics were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The optimized M/PDA-coated cotton exhibited temperature increases of 33 °C under sunlight and 32 °C under infrared irradiation, with only a 2 °C decrease after 10 washing cycles. The coating achieved 99.99% antibacterial efficiency against E. coli and S. aureus, up to 94% Cr(VI) removal, and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. The ΔE value after UV exposure decreased from 5.41 for raw cotton to 1.03 for M/PDA-treated cotton, indicating reduced UV-induced color change and enhanced photostability, and serving as an indirect indicator of UV-protection performance. The M/PDA coating also exhibited antioxidant activity and pronounced cytotoxicity against A375 melanoma cells, with approximately 14% cell viability, while maintaining 66% viability of L929 normal skin fibroblasts. The mechanical properties were maintained, while air permeability decreased by 12-18%. Overall, the M/PDA system integrates waste-derived melanin with PDA to enhance melanin adhesion and retention on cellulose, providing a metal-free platform for bio-derived protective and thermally responsive cotton.</p>","PeriodicalId":333,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"154813"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149147159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface-functionalized niosomes using a folic acid-chitosan conjugate for delivery of capecitabine in breast cancer: In vitro and in vivo characterization.","authors":"Vidya Sabale, Rutuja Pathak, Ashwini Ingole, Prafulla Sabale","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154814","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154814","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, capecitabine (CAP) niosomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration method with Span 60 and cholesterol as key excipients and the formulation was optimized using a 3² factorial design. The synthesized folic acid-chitosan (FA-CS) conjugate was used to functionalize the niosome surface. An optimized formulation, after preliminary evaluation, was characterized for compatibility, XRD, NMR, in vitro drug release, cytotoxicity and cellular uptake, and in vivo bioavailability. Optimized niosomes achieved a particle size (PS) of 241.8 nm, a zeta potential of -22.9 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 93.05%. After FA-CS functionalization, the PS increased to 272.9 nm, and the zeta potential shifted to 14 mV. FA-CS functionalized niosomes presented sustained drug release, attaining 86.31% cumulative drug release of CAP over 24 h. Successful CAP loading and FA-CS functionalization were confirmed by FTIR, XRD and NMR analysis, revealing significant crystalline changes. MTT assay showed 3.24 and 1.24-fold greater cytotoxicity than CAP and CAP niosomes, respectively, whereas cellular uptake increased 1.77-fold with FA-CS functionalized CAP niosomes, representing effective drug delivery. The in vivo bioavailability study of FA-CS functionalized niosomes showed a 3.18-fold increased C_max and 11.63-fold increase in AUC of CAP. Minimal changes in PS and maintained entrapment efficiency, along with zeta potential, PDI and drug content during the stability study indicated the formulation's stability. In conclusion, enhanced cellular uptake and sustained delivery of CAP in cancer therapy were achieved using FA-CS functionalized niosomes, which displayed favourable physicochemical properties, effective drug release and enhanced effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":333,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"154814"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149147179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}