National Journal of Laboratory Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Haemoglobinopathies: A Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Care Centre, Southern India","authors":"Hemalata Lokanatha, Pradeep Rudramurthy","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/50636.2632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/50636.2632","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Thalassaemia and other structural haemoglobinopathies are the major genetic disorders that cause significant morbidity in children. Haemoglobinopathies need to be diagnosed at the earliest in order to offer suitable treatment, carrier identification and counseling which will help to decrease the incidence of haemoglobinopathies. Aim: To study the clinicohaematological spectrum of children with thalassaemia and other haemoglobinopathies, followed by family screening and counseling. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was taken up at Department of Pathology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, Karnataka, India from January 2018 to December 2020, during which records of 235 cases were studied, out of which 100 were the children visiting institute and 135 were the parents and siblings of these children. Diagnosis of these cases was followed by counseling for these families. Results were calculated by data analysis. Percentages were calculated from the frequency of the variables. Results: Amongst the records of 235 cases studied, β thalassaemia major was the most common haemoglobinopathy found in 75 patients, followed by sickle cell anaemia in 10 patients. β thalassaemia trait was the most common haemoglobinopathy among the parents of these children, which was found in 125 individuals. Conclusion: β thalassaemia major is the most common disorder amongst the children with haemoglobinopathy, followed by sickle cell anaemia. β thalassaemia trait is a common entity amongst the carriers of haemoglobinopathy.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71270323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Struma Ovarii- A Rare Tumour with an Unusual Presentation","authors":"Sadaf Khan, Ranjini Kudva","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/51116.2596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/51116.2596","url":null,"abstract":"A teratoma composed predominantly or exclusively of a single type of tissue is called monodermal teratoma. Struma Ovarii (SO), a type of monodermal teratoma, is a rare variant of ovarian teratoma composed mainly of mature thyroid tissue. It is usually benign in histology. This is a case of an unusually large cystic ovarian mass reported as SO in a 43-year-old female patient who reported with complaint of acute retention of urine for one day, associated with pain in lower abdomen and distension.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71270403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Immature Platelet Fraction in Patients with Fever and Thrombocytopenia and its Clinical Utility","authors":"Narasingamoorthy Lavanya, B. Jayanthi","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/51168.2604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/51168.2604","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Thrombocytopenia is very common in dengue and other haematological disorders and the aetiology is multifactorial. Immature Platelet Fraction (IPF) is a novel parameter which is a measure of reticulated platelets and it reflects the rate of regeneration of platelets. Aim: To evaluate the relationship between the IPF and platelet recovery and the consistency of its expression. Materials and Methods: The present study was a retrospective observational study done at Institute of Pathology, Madras Medical College between November 2018 to December 2018. Total 37 patients having fever with thrombocytopenia in dengue and other haematological causes were included for analysis. The platelet count, IPF, Mean Platelet Volume (MPV), Platelet Distribution Width (PDW) and Plateletcrit (PCT) was evaluated at the time of admission and once in every 24 hours and plotted in excel spread sheet. Results: About 86.4% were recovered in 24 hours after attaining the peak, 89.1% showed recovery in 24-48 hours of the rise of the IPF compared to the previous value and 94.5% recovered within 24 hours after the fall in the IPF value. It was observed that 81.8% were recovered when the IPF value ≥10% within 24- 48 hours. IPF readings are able to appreciate even in low platelet count levels but the other platelet recovery parameters did not. Conclusion: IPF is a consistent and reliable marker which can be measured even when the platelet count is low and it also predicts the platelets recovery. It is a promising marker that helps in guiding the decision towards platelet transfusion.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71270424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectrum of Orbito-ocular Tumour in India: Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Study","authors":"Mousumi Sharma, P. Jaiswal, Nausheen S. Khan","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/53617.2645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/53617.2645","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Orbito-ocular tumours are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Their incidence is low but requires immediate diagnosis and treatment. There are limited research studies on histopathological and immunohistochemical studies of ocular tumour from India and these studies may provide valuable information and aid in accurate diagnosis and management. Aim: To elucidate distribution of age, sex, location of tumour, histopathological, immunohistochemical findings and any other relevant information with respect to orbito-ocular tumours. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational analysis was conducted over a period of five years from March 2008 to February 2013, in the Department of Pathology in a tertiary care center, Assam, India. Hospital records of 55 patient with malignant ocular tumours were collected, reviewed and statistically analysed. Results: In the present study, a total of 55 cases were included. Out of which, two cases were inconclusive due to inadequate material. Remaining, 53 cases included both intraocular and orbital malignant tumours. Tumours were found slightly more in males (34 cases) compared to females (19) with a ratio of 1.8 to 1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) comprised the maximum number (16 cases) followed by Retinoblastoma (RB) in 15 cases and melanoma in 11 cases. In children most common malignancy was RB followed by rhadomyosarcoma (RMS). Conclusion: In this study it was found that SCC was the most common malignant tumour in adults whereas RB was the most common tumour in children.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71270723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unknown Peaks and Spuriously Low Values of Glycated Haemoglobin by High Performance Liquid Chromatography: A Cross-sectional Survey","authors":"S. Chakraborty","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/52355.2584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/52355.2584","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) has humongous role both in diagnosis as well as in guiding the clinicians in making therapeutic decision in diabetic patients. There are various methods of laboratory estimation of glycated haemoglobin depending on charge and affinity. However, the methods are affected by a number of factors like haemoglobin variants, drugs and erythrocyte survival. Aim: To identify and evaluate abnormal peaks in chromatogram of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and compare it with boronate affinity chromatography and it also assessed the interference of elution of silent haemoglobin variants or drugs in exactness of HbA1c estimation by HPLC. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the laboratory of Purwanchal Nagarik Samity, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, from November 2020 to August 2021, where 2500 samples were evaluated for HbA1c estimation. Abnormal variant window, unknown peaks or spuriously low HbA1c were identified in eight samples, where estimation was done by HPLC. These were processed further to investigate for the haemoglobin variants. The glycated haemoglobin in those samples was further estimated by Boronate affinity chromatography. Results: Out of the eight samples, three patients were Haemoglobin E trait, two were Haemoglobin E homozygous and one had sickel cell trait. However, two samples showed a normal chromatogram in HbA2/HbF mode. The glycated haemoglobin was affected by Haemoglobin E, sickel cell traits as well as other interferences that may cause inappropriate lowering of glycated haemoglobin. Conclusion: The results of this study and literature review suggests the progression of various micro/macrovascular complications in diabetic individuals can be arrested by maintaining normal HbA1c levels. Therefore, the laboratory consultant should meticulously take into consideration factors like plasma glucose concentration, drug history, biological variation or abnormal haemoglobinopathies. Thus, every laboratory catering to the huge burden of diabetic patients, where the prevalence of haemoglobinopathy is high, should individualise the method of HbA1c estimation.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71270846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Health Care Workers of a Hybrid Tertiary COVID-19 Hospital in Kerala, India","authors":"SJ Jessy, Shamha Beegum, S. Genga, G. Bindu, S. Chintha, Sukshma Sasidharan, A. Tonio, A. Reghukumar","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/52458.2642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/52458.2642","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Health Care Workers(HCWs) have more risk of exposure, and those working in critical care units are likely to have exposure to higher viral inoculum load from aerosol generating procedures. The risk of acquisition of infection is higher in those who work in hybrid hospitals compared to those designated as Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) hospitals. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2019 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among Health Care Workers (HCWs) of a hybrid COVID-19 treatment hospital in Kerala. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Central Biochemistry Laboratory, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India, during the period 8th January 2021 to 19th January 2021. Among 3550 HCWs, 979 subjects were selected and grouped into high risk and low risk category, based on their job profile in the hybrid hospital. Results: Finally, 940 HCWs were analysed in the study grouped as high risk (n=859) and low risk (n=81). SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin (Ig) was detected in 180/940 (19.1%) of them. Seroprevalence among the high-risk group was 20.3% (174/859) and that in low-risk group was 7.4% (6/81) (p=0.005). In high-risk group, seropositivity was noted in 30.54 % (76/249) of nurses, 19% hospital attenders (30/158), 18.9% (59/312) resident doctors and 6.4% (9/140) consultant doctors. In those with a positive history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, seropositivity was found among 75.4% (101/134). In those who were COVID-19 positive during July 2020, 33.3% (6/18) were still IgG reactive. Conclusion: The study reported 19.1% SARS-CoV-2 IgG reactivity among HCWs. Seropositivity was significantly higher in high-risk group compared to low-risk. Antibody decay kinetics was comparable to that in published literature. Infection control challenges in hybrid hospitals account for higher seropositivity in this study, compared to overall seroprevalence among HCWs in Kerala.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71270868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of Serum Magnesium, Potassium and their Correlation with Lipid Profile in Ischaemic Heart Disease","authors":"Arkajit Dasgupta, S. Maiti, J. Choudhury, Debojyoti Bhattacharjee","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/53258.2625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/53258.2625","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD) is a common health burden. Dyslipidemia is an established risk factor for the disease. Studies have been conducted to evaluate any possible relation of the disease with alterations of magnesium and potassium. But, among patients of Eastern India, studies to associate the condition with these analytes as well as their possible relationship with serum lipid profile have been rare. Aim: To evaluate the non diabetic, normotensive IHD patients attending a tertiary care hospital to find out whether there was any association of the disease with altered serum magnesium and potassium and to detect possible correlation of these electrolytes with serum lipid levels. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted in the Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine of the Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, from January 2019 to June 2020. This study included 106 non diabetic, normotensive IHD cases {encompassing 52 Chronic Coronary Syndrome (CCS) and 54 Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) patients} along with 103 age and sex-matched healthy controls. Serum magnesium, potassium and lipid profiles were assessed. Student’s unpaired t-test and Pearson correlation tests were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 software. Results: The case and control groups were comparable for age and gender distribution as no statistically significant difference was found. The cases had a significantly lower serum magnesium and potassium (p<0.001 in each case) than the controls. There were significant positive correlations between serum Magnesium (Mg) and Potassium (K) (r=0.498, p<0.001) while significant negative correlations (r=-0.204, p=0.036) were established between magnesium and low density lipoprotein cholesterol of the cases. Conclusion: Low levels of serum magnesium and potassium are associated with coronary heart disease. Patients with deranged lipid profile should be regularly screened for deficiencies in serum magnesium. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to establish potential therapeutic role of supplementation of magnesium and potassium in IHD.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71270888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinicopathological Spectrum of Thrombocytopenia in Sangli District of Western Maharashtra- A Cross-sectional Study","authors":"Sheetal Maheshkumar Sale, I. Bansal, V. Mane, D. Mane","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/56137.2623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/56137.2623","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Thrombocytopenia is now a day’s common haematological finding with various aetiologies is the situation where there is low blood platelet count. Aetiology for thrombocytopenia is multi factorial which makes the management challenging. Aim: To study the clinicopathological spectrum of thrombocytopenia in population of Sangli district, Maharashtra, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care centre in Sangli district, Maharashtra, India, for a period of two years from July 2019 to June 2021. It included 920 patients with platelet count<1.5 lakh/mm3 irrespective of their age group. The clinical profile laboratory data and complications of patients with a platelet count of less than 1,50,000/mm3 were analysed and tabulated. All the collected data was tabulated in MS-Excel and analysed in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 where frequency distribution was used test study variables. Results: The total sample size was 920 with 546 (59.35%) males and 374 (40.65%) females. Out of 920 patients, majority 392 (42.61%) were diagnosed with infections that lead to thrombocytopenia where dengue was identified as the most common cause having 173 (18.80%) cases followed by other infection and other diseases. Conclusion: Dengue was observed to be the most common infectious disease causing thrombocytopenia in this study. The present study might help in categorising the level of infection i.e., mild or severe thrombocytopenia. Early signs of bleeding could stop further complications and transformation into high risk towards different morbidities respectively.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71271063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Clinicopathological Study of Premalignant and Malignant Lesions of Oesophagus- A Cross-sectional Study","authors":"K. Kala, G. Sarumathy, A. Prathiba","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/55595.2624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/55595.2624","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Oesophageal cancer is the sixth leading cause of cancer related mortality and it ranks eighth among all malignancies in the world.There are multiple factors involved in the causation of oesophageal carcinoma. Aim: To study the clinicopathological features of premalignant and malignant lesions of oesophagus including age, sex, risk factors, tumour location, histological type, grade and stage. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study of premalignant and malignant lesions of oesophagus conducted at Department of Pathology in a tertiary care centre from June 2013 to June 2014. Complete history of the cases including investigations and type of procedure done were obtained. Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained sections were prepared and cases reported as premalignant and malignant lesions were analysed for histopathological parameters. Results: In the present study, 187 cases were studied, of which, malignant tumors accounted for 177 cases (83.49%) while premalignant lesions were 10 cases (5.34%). The mean age of oesophageal cancer is 56.4 years and that for premalignant lesions is 50.7 years. Overall male predominance was noted. Most of the malignant lesions were located in the middle third of the oesophagus. Most common histological type was squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (89.27%) followed by Adenocarcinoma (9.6%) and Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (NEC) (1.13%). The most common macroscopic type was ulcerative type (50.8%). Most of the cases presented in stage IIA (74%). Lymph node involvement was present in 25.92% of cases of SCC and 33.33% of cases of adenocarcinoma. Conclusion: In the present study, SCC was the commonest histological type with peak incidence in 51-60 years. Dysphagia was the most common clinical complaint with tobacco being the major risk factor. Esophageal carcinoma was quite common in this region. However majority of the patients presented at advanced stage due to lack of awareness and delayed symptoms causing major challenge in management. Hence, thorough investigations including histopathological examination is mandatory especially in older patients to rule out carcinoma oesophagus at the earliest, as the prognosis highly depends on histological type, grade and stage.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71271340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Observational Study of Head and Neck Squamous Carcinomas from a Tertiary Cancer Centre of Marathwada Region, Maharashtra, India","authors":"S. Ganorkar, Rakeshkumar Jaikumar Ajmera, H. R. Kokandakar, S. Nilkanth, H. Khadilkar","doi":"10.7860/njlm/2022/55725.2653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/njlm/2022/55725.2653","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Head and neck cancer constitutes about one third of all the cancers in India. Head and neck squamous carcinoma is an important cause of morbidity and mortality with variability in geographical location, age, gender, habits, socio-economic status. Aim: To identify changing trends in age, gender, sites involved and histopathological grades of malignant and analyse potentially malignant lesions in head and neck region in Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. Materials and Methods: This observational retrospective descriptive study was carried out in tertiary cancer hospital in Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India, over a period of two years which included 1008 cases. All the biopsy cases and biopsies obtained under ultrasound and also to computed tomography guidance showing invasive squamous carcinoma and potentially malignant lesions of head and neck region with their histological analysis were studied. Relevant clinical and demographic details were noted and statistical analysis was done and results were explained in tables and percentage. Results: Total 1008 cases were studied. The maximum number of cases were in the age group of 51-60 years. Males were more affected than females. The buccal mucosa (29.5%) was most common site affected and maxilla (0.8%) the least. Histologically invasive tumour were well differentiated (17.65%), moderately differentiated (79.93%) and poorly differentiated (2.42%). Rest lesions were distributed in following categories: carcinoma- in-situ, verrucous neoplasm, dysplasia, atypical squamous proliferation, leukoplakia, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia. Age wise, site wise, gender wise distribution of cases and association between site of lesions and gender and grade of tumour were studied. Conclusion: The associated risk factors, lifestyle patterns, habits, addictions and geographic and demographic factors, socio-economic status and evolving Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) association and pathogenesis are still topic of debate where much progress is still to be made. It deserves closer study. Apart from invasive squamous malignancies, precursor lesions if investigated at an earliest along with increasing awareness among population in relation to healthy lifestyle changes, habits followed by thorough clinical examination and histopathology and HPV association, possibility of planning specific strategies of prevention, diagnosis and treatment help reduce morbidity and mortality.","PeriodicalId":31115,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Laboratory Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71271501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}