Environment International最新文献

{"title":"Single-cell analysis reveals antibiotic affects conjugative transfer by modulating bacterial growth rather than conjugation efficiency","authors":"Li Liu ,&nbsp;Qiang-hong Zhang ,&nbsp;Meng-zi Li ,&nbsp;Rui-tong Li ,&nbsp;Zhiming He ,&nbsp;Arnaud Dechesne ,&nbsp;Barth F. Smets ,&nbsp;Guo-ping. Sheng","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109385","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109385","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) pose a significant threat to human health and the environment. Quantifying the efficiency of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is challenging due to diverse biological and environmental influences. Single-cell level approaches are well-suited for investigating conjugative transfer, given its reliance on cell-to-cell contact nature and its capacity to offer insights into population-level responses. This study introduces a self-developed system for automated time-lapse image acquisition and analysis. Using a custom dual-chamber microfluidic chip and Python-based image analysis pipeline, we dynamically quantify the ARGs conjugation efficiency at single-cell level. By combining experiments with individual-based modelling, we isolate the effects of subinhibitory antibiotic concentrations on conjugation efficiency from those related to bacterial growth dynamics. No significant variation in <em>Escherichia coli</em> conjugation efficiency was observed across kanamycin concentrations (0 to 50 mg l⁻¹). Moreover, recipient cells with higher growth rates show a greater propensity for plasmid acquisition, suggesting the physiological state of cells pre-conjugation influences their susceptibility to gene transfer. Our methodology eliminates population growth bias, revealing the intrinsic nature of conjugation efficiency. This approach advances our understanding of the factors influencing HGT efficiency and holds promise for studying other microbial interactions.</div></div><div><h3>Synopsis</h3><div>This study employs single-cell analysis to reveal that subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics affect the conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes by modulating bacterial growth rate rather than conjugation efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109385"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143758219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxidative potential of urban PM2.5 in relation to chemical composition: Importance of fossil driven sources","authors":"Joo-Ae Kim ,&nbsp;Seulki Jeong ,&nbsp;Saehee Lim ,&nbsp;Yongjoo Choi ,&nbsp;Hyomin Kim ,&nbsp;Meehye Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For a comprehensive evaluation of the key factors determining the oxidative potential (OP) of PM_2.5, 75 samples of PM_2.5 were collected in urban Seoul, South Korea, during 2019–2021, and dithiothreitol consumption (DTTv) was measured using a DTT assay, coupled with an analysis of major constituents and stable isotope ratios of PM_2.5. For the entire sample set, the mean DTTv value was 0.58 ± 0.48 nmol m⁻³ min⁻¹ for PM_2.5 of 29.1 ± 12.2. DTTv exhibited a general dependence on of PM_2.5 concentrations and major constituents, including NO₄⁺, SO₄^2-, NH₄⁺, and organic carbon (OC). Specifically, NO₃^– and NH₄⁺ demonstrated the most robust correlation with DTTv during the cold season, whereas only elemental carbon (EC) showed a significant correlation with DTTv in the warm season. The δ¹³C of total carbon (TC) and δ¹⁵N of total nitrogen (TN) displayed an inverse correlation concerning DTT activities, suggesting the significant contribution from solid fossil fuels and biomass burning to the oxidative potential of PM_2.5, particularly during the cold season when PM_2.5 was notably high. In contrast, vehicle emissions were found to influence DTTv even at low PM_2.5 levels in warm seasons. This study provides insights into the intricate dynamics influencing the oxidative potential of PM_2.5.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109424"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143806307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Residential exposure to green and blue spaces over childhood and cardiometabolic health outcomes: The generation XXI birth cohort","authors":"Berta Valente ,&nbsp;Berna Araújo ,&nbsp;Rita Pereira ,&nbsp;Ana Isabel Ribeiro ,&nbsp;Henrique Barros ,&nbsp;Susana Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Evidence on the effects of green and blue spaces on childhood cardiometabolic health is inconsistent and mostly cross-sectional. We assessed the associations of green and blue spaces exposure at birth 4, 7, and 10 years (to identify vulnerable periods of exposure) and as longitudinal trajectories (to identify the longitudinal effect over time) with cardiometabolic outcomes at 10 years.</div><div>Among 4669 participants from a population-based birth cohort, we assessed the residential normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and distance to urban green and blue spaces at each time point using geographic information systems and standardized by dividing the observed value by the standard deviation. Longitudinal exposure trajectories were derived using latent class mixed models. At 10 years, we measured body mass index, fat mass index, android-to-gynoid fat ratio, blood pressure, and metabolic outcomes. We defined overweight/obesity (World Health Organization), high blood pressure (American Academy of Pediatrics), and metabolic syndrome (IDEFICS).</div><div>No significant associations were observed between natural spaces exposure and adiposity outcomes. We found an inverse association between distance to nearest blue space at birth and systolic blood pressure z-scores, and a positive association between distance to nearest green space at 7 and 10 years and metabolic syndrome score (p &lt; 0.05). Children in the descending NDVI500m trajectory, compared to those in the high stable trajectory, showed lower diastolic blood pressure z-scores and metabolic syndrome scores (p &lt; 0.05). However, after multiple testing corrections, all associations lost statistical significance.</div><div>This study did not find robust associations between natural spaces during key developmental periods and cardiometabolic health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109452"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Association between residential greenness exposure and semen quality: A retrospective study in China” [Environ. Int. 193 (2024) 109132]","authors":"Xuchao Dai, Weikang Chen, Guangyuan Liu, Feidi Li, Shuren Sun, Qi Chen, Gang Chen, Mengqi Zhang, Zhenfeng Wang, Wenyuan Li, Hong Huang, Jingping Li","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2025.109418","url":null,"abstract":"The authors regret","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143734377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic associations of ambient air pollution and heat on daily mortality in India","authors":"Jeroen de Bont ,&nbsp;Ajit Rajiva ,&nbsp;Siddhartha Mandal ,&nbsp;Massimo Stafoggia ,&nbsp;Tirthankar Banerjee ,&nbsp;Hem Dholakia ,&nbsp;Amit Garg ,&nbsp;Vijendra Ingole ,&nbsp;Suganthi Jaganathan ,&nbsp;Itai Kloog ,&nbsp;Bhargav Krishna ,&nbsp;Kevin Lane ,&nbsp;R.K. Mall ,&nbsp;Jyothi Menon ,&nbsp;Amruta Nori-Sarma ,&nbsp;Dorairaj Prabhakaran ,&nbsp;Abhiyant Suresh Tiwari ,&nbsp;Yaguang Wei ,&nbsp;Gregory A. Wellenius ,&nbsp;Joel Schwartz ,&nbsp;Petter Ljungman","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Limited studies have evaluated the interaction between ambient air pollution and heat on mortality, especially in regions such as India, where extreme levels of both exposures occur frequently. Accordingly, we aimed to investigate the potential synergistic effects between ambient air pollution and heat on daily mortality in India.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We applied a time-series analysis for ten cities in India between 2008–2019. We assessed city-wide daily particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) and temperature levels using two nationwide spatiotemporal models. We estimated city-specific exposure-outcome associations through generalised additive Poisson regression models, and <em>meta</em>-analysed the associations. To evaluate the interaction between PM_2.5 and air temperature (modelled at lag 0–1), a product term was incorporated between linear PM_2.5 and non-linear air temperature. From this model, we estimated the effect of air pollution for increasing levels of temperature, and vice versa.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Among ∼ 3.6 million deaths, we found that the association of PM_2.5 on mortality was particularly stronger beyond the 75th percentile of temperature. When we compared the associations of PM_2.5-mortality at the 75th and 99th temperature percentile, we observed an increase from 0.8 % (95 % CI: −0.3 %, 1.9 %) to 4.6 % (95 % CI: 2.9 %, 6.5 %) increase in mortality per 10 μg/m³ increments, respectively. In addition, we observed a 22.0 % (95 % CI: 13.5 %, 31.2 %) increase in daily mortality risk due to an increase in temperature from the 75th to the 99th city-specific percentiles. Percent change in mortality risk increased linearly from 8.3 % (95 % CI: 2.2 %, 14.9 %) when daily PM_2.5 was 20 μg/m³ to 63.9 % (95 % CI: 38.7.%, 93.7 %) at 100 μg/m³.</div></div><div><h3>Interpretation</h3><div>Our findings reveal a substantial synergistic interaction between ambient air pollution and temperature in India. This calls for efforts to tangibly reduce common sources of air pollution and climate change to immediately lower their combined effects on daily mortality and mitigate their long-term health consequences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 109426"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143736430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vivo and In vitro assessment of the retinal toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics","authors":"Jiang Zheng ,&nbsp;Lun He ,&nbsp;Qi Shi ,&nbsp;Meilan Wang ,&nbsp;Yu Ma ,&nbsp;Wenjuan Yu ,&nbsp;Lian Liu ,&nbsp;Guocheng Yu ,&nbsp;Xiaoting Liu ,&nbsp;Boguang Wang ,&nbsp;Jingxiang Zhong","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109420","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109420","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plastic pollution has emerged as a critical global environmental challenge, yet the effects of the ingested plastic particles on ocular health remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the impact of orally ingested polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) on the mouse retina. The in vivo experimental results showed that PS-NPs could penetrate the mouse retina within 2 h after gavage. Their levels increased at 4 h and remained detectable up to 24 h post-gavage. Prolonged exposure (28 days) to PS-NPs might disrupt the tight junctions of the inner blood-retinal barrier (iBRB). Moreover, PS-NPs induced oxidative stress in the retina by downregulating the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1, and potentially promoted apoptosis via the upregulation of Cleaved caspase 3. Additionally, we used human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) to model the iBRB and employed a human retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19) to assess the potential toxicity of PS-NPs on the human retina. Our results indicated that PS-NPs penetrated and disrupted the simulated iBRB, inducing oxidative stress and promoting apoptosis in ARPE-19 cells. This study provides critical insights into the potential risks of ingested PS-NPs to retinal health and offers novel perspectives on the broader implications of plastic pollution for humans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109420"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143723608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The atmospheric fate of ethyl and neopentyl nitrates: ·OH-oxidation mechanism, kinetic property, and environmental impacts","authors":"Xiang-Huan Liu ,&nbsp;Tai-Xing Chi ,&nbsp;Wan-Ying Yu ,&nbsp;Shuang Ni ,&nbsp;Zhi-Min Ao ,&nbsp;Feng-Yang Bai ,&nbsp;Xiu-Mei Pan ,&nbsp;Zhen Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organic nitrate (RONO₂) is an important component of secondary organic aerosol. Ethyl nitrate (EN) and neopentyl nitrate (NN) are prototypical RONO₂ with high atmospheric concentrations, but their fate remains unclear. Herein, the ·OH-initiated degradation mechanism and kinetics of EN and NN were investigated using quantum chemical calculations and kinetics modeling. The environmental persistence of EN and NN was evaluated by calculating atmospheric lifetimes. Unexpectedly, the aqueous water has an inhibitory effect on the degradation of reactants by increasing the Gibbs-free barrier, and the air–water interfaces could accelerate EN transformation into CH₃CHO. Notably, the subsequent evolution process of C-center radicals can form polyfunctional oxygenated organic pollutants, aldehydes, and peroxyacyl nitrates in the presence of ·OH, O_2, HO_x, and NO_x. The toxicological assessment showed that EN and NN had harmful effects on ecosystems. This work provides a deeper theoretical insight into the atmospheric fate and influence of RONO₂.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109413"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143703255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the spatiotemporal dynamics and drivers of surface and tropospheric ozone in China","authors":"Shuai Yin ,&nbsp;Chong Shi ,&nbsp;Husi Letu ,&nbsp;Zhijun Jin ,&nbsp;Qingnan Chu ,&nbsp;Huazhe Shang ,&nbsp;Dabin Ji ,&nbsp;Meng Guo ,&nbsp;Kunpeng Yi ,&nbsp;Xin Zhao ,&nbsp;Tangzhe Nie ,&nbsp;Zhongyi Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109412","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109412","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In China, the rapid development of the economy and the implementation of multiple mitigation strategies in recent decades have led to dramatic changes in air quality. In this study, ground- and satellite-based observations were integrated to comprehensively investigate the spatiotemporal variations of nationwide surface-level and tropospheric ozone (O₃). Additionally, a meteorology correction model was developed, combining decomposition analysis and stepwise multiple linear regression, to explore the influence of meteorological conditions, anthropogenic emissions, and control actions on surface and tropospheric O₃ in China. The results suggest that O₃ pollution in China has strong spatial characteristics and seasonal patterns. The nationwide tropospheric O₃ pollution substantially deteriorated from 2005 to 2020, and the increasing rate of tropospheric column O₃ in the four target regions ranged from 0.20 (0.15–0.26) Dobson Units yr⁻¹ to 0.26 (0.17–0.34) Dobson Units yr⁻¹. Simultaneously, the meteorological factors exerted distinct influences on the surface-level and tropospheric O₃ by regions. Since 2018, both surface and tropospheric O₃ have declined remarkably in China. The meteorology correction model indicates that the downward trend is primarily attributed to the implementation of effective control plans (the Three-Year Action Plan for Cleaner Air) and the reduction of anthropogenic emissions. However, it is notable that surface-level O₃ in autumn–winter, particularly in the eastern and southern part, increased markedly in recent years. These findings imply that the current mitigation strategy still has some insufficiencies, and to reduce the exposure risk in the future, China needs to set more ambitious mitigation targets and continue to push forward and strengthen the synergetic control of multiple air pollutants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109412"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143703258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating PFAS-Induced modulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) immune response to SARS-CoV-2 spike in COVID-19 Vaccinees","authors":"Humblenoble Stembridge Ayuk ,&nbsp;Arkadiusz Pierzchalski ,&nbsp;Tamara Tal ,&nbsp;Oddvar Myhre ,&nbsp;Birgitte Lindeman ,&nbsp;Nicola Margareta Smith ,&nbsp;Violeta Stojanovska ,&nbsp;Ana Claudia Zenclussen","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109409","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109409","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The persistent nature of the environmental contaminants per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has recently received considerable attention, particularly because of their adverse effects on immune system functionality in the context of vaccine responses to infectious diseases. Following COVID-19 vaccination, some studies have shown a significant negative correlation between serum PFAS concentrations and the humoral immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein vaccination. However, the influence of PFAS on the cell-mediated immune response to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein post-COVID-19 vaccination remains underexplored. In the present study, we investigated the impact of a human blood-relevant PFAS mixture, containing perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) on innate (monocytes and NK cells), cell-mediated (T cells) and B cells adaptive immune responses in COVID-19-vaccinated female and male healthy donors. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were exposed to a mixture of the six PFAS at real life concentrations and subsequently stimulated with the SARS-CoV-2 spike peptide. We report a significant upregulation of IFNγ production in T and NK cells, particularly among male donors exposed to high concentrations of the PFAS mixture. Conversely, we observed a decrease in the total B-cell population, particularly among female donors. A significant reduction in the secretion of the pro-inflammatory chemokines MIP-1α (CCL3) and MIP-3α (CCL20) was observed at high PFAS mixture concentrations. Overall, these findings suggest that high PFAS exposure may differentially affect immune responses in a sex-specific manner, with a potential impact on vaccine efficacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109409"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143695651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological characteristics of antibiotic resistance genes in various bacteria worldwide","authors":"Jingpeng Liu,&nbsp;Yixin Ma,&nbsp;Yuechen Sun,&nbsp;Wenlong Zhao,&nbsp;Huangliang Chen,&nbsp;Meihan Mao,&nbsp;Chengcheng Deng,&nbsp;Jiefei Gao,&nbsp;Qitao Zhang,&nbsp;Jinrou Quan,&nbsp;Rui Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aims to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of various bacteria carrying ARGs on a global scale over extended time periods.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 25,285 globally isolated bacteria’s genomes were analyzed to explore ARGs. The analysis focused on temporal, geographic, and species distribution, including pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria, intracellular parasitic states, ARG types, and their association with MGEs. Multiple linear regression was employed to identify ARG risk factors in bacteria.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The overall prevalence of bacteria with ARGs was 64.2%, indicating that at least one ARG was present in 64.2% (16,243/25,285) of the included bacterial, with an average of 14.4 ARGs per bacterium. ARGs have been increasing globally, averaging one additional ARG every three years, closely linked to rising antibiotic consumption. Pathogenic bacteria harbored more ARGs than non-pathogenic ones. Intracellular parasitic bacteria still carry specific types of ARGs despite being less likely to generate ARGs. Clinical and human-associated bacteria showed higher ARG counts, and bacteria isolated from humans had the highest number of disinfectant-resistant genes. The average number of ARGs in bacteria isolated from high-middle-income and lower-middle-income countries is higher. Factors like motility, non-sporulation, Gram-positive staining, extracellular parasitism, and human pathogenicity are linked to higher ARGs levels.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>An increasing number of bacteria carrying ARGs pose a significant challenge to the control of antibiotics-resistant pathogens worldwide. The issue of bacteria carrying more ARGs requires greater global attention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109410"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143695408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}