Prenatal exposure to organophosphate ester flame retardants and behavioral outcomes in early childhood in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) cohort

IF 10.3 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environment International Pub Date : 2025-06-28 DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109649

Jiwon Oh , Lesliam Quirós-Alcalá , Xuan Li , Kurunthachalam Kannan , Wenjie Lyu , Lyndsay A. Avalos , Emily S. Barrett , Theresa M. Bastain , Jessie P. Buckley , Patricia Cintora , Lisa A. Croen , Anne L. Dunlop , Akhgar Ghassabian , Rima Habre , Julie B. Herbstman , Ixel Hernandez-Castro , Irva Hertz-Picciotto , Donghai Liang , Cindy T. McEvoy , Thomas G. O’Connor , Deborah H. Bennett

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background

Prenatal exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs) has been linked to neurotoxic effects in children; however, epidemiological evidence remains inconclusive. We investigated associations of prenatal OPE exposure with child behaviors.

Methods

We analyzed data of 2948 mother–child dyads from 12 prospective cohorts of the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Cohort. Nine OPE biomarkers quantified in prenatal maternal urine were modeled based on detection frequency. Child behaviors were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1½–5. We used linear mixed effects models to examine associations between each OPE biomarker and composite T-scores. We evaluated child sex and social vulnerability as potential effect modifiers.

Results

Low bis(butoxyethyl) phosphate exposure, versus non-detect, was associated with higher T-scores for all composite scales (β_{internalizing} = 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.14, 1.98; β_{externalizing} = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.18, 1.95; β_total = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.28, 2.11). Low and high bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCPP) exposure, versus non-detect, were associated with higher T-scores for externalizing problems (β_{externalizing} = 1.18, 95% CI: 0.29, 2.07; β_{externalizing} = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.21, 2.04). Conversely, detectable dipropyl phosphate (25% detection) was associated with lower externalizing T-scores (β_{externalizing} = −0.89, 95% CI: −1.74, −0.04). Associations between high BCPP exposure and higher externalizing and total problem T-scores were stronger among children from highly vulnerable neighborhoods compared to those from less vulnerable neighborhoods (p-interaction < 0.1). Child sex modified associations for bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and high BCPP exposure, with males exhibiting greater adverse behaviors for all associations.

Discussion

Gestational exposure to several OPEs may be adversely associated with early behavioral development.

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产前暴露于有机磷酸酯阻燃剂和儿童早期行为结局的环境影响儿童健康结局（ECHO）队列

产前暴露于有机磷酸酯（OPEs）与儿童的神经毒性作用有关；然而，流行病学证据仍然没有定论。我们调查了产前暴露与儿童行为的关系。

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来源期刊

Environment International 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

21.90

自引率

3.40%

发文量

734

审稿时长

2.8 months

期刊介绍： Environmental Health publishes manuscripts focusing on critical aspects of environmental and occupational medicine, including studies in toxicology and epidemiology, to illuminate the human health implications of exposure to environmental hazards. The journal adopts an open-access model and practices open peer review. It caters to scientists and practitioners across all environmental science domains, directly or indirectly impacting human health and well-being. With a commitment to enhancing the prevention of environmentally-related health risks, Environmental Health serves as a public health journal for the community and scientists engaged in matters of public health significance concerning the environment.