Dyes and Pigments最新文献

{"title":"Synthesis and characterizations of conjugated polymers based on PEGylated/Alkylated fluorene, benzothiadiazole and carbazole and their water-dispersed fluorescence nanoparticles","authors":"Van-Hoang-Khang Phan,&nbsp;Chin-Yang Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.113250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.113250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, conjugated polymers based on 9,9-disubstituted fluorene, benzothiadiazole and carbazole derivatives were successfully synthesized and fully characterized. Water-dispersed fluorescence nanoparticles of the resulting polymers were also prepared by nanoprecipitation method using different initial concentrations. The polymer nanoparticles are roughly spherical shapes with the average diameter in a range of 56–100 nm. The diameter of fluorescence nanoparticles can be controlled by changing the initial concentrations and the amounts of PEGylated units. In general, the higher initial concentration, the larger diameter can be obtained. In addition, the introduction of PEGylated moieties into polymer side chains can form relatively small particle sizes due to better solubility in aqueous media. Furthermore, the photophysical properties of the polymer particles are dramatically different compared to those of the polymers in solution due to interchain interactions, kinking and bending of densely packed structure. In particular, the presence of lone-pair electrons on the oxygen atoms of the triethylene glycol side chains reduce π-π stacking which leads to hypsochromic shift and enhances the quantum yield of PEGylated polymer nanoparticles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 113250"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and multi-stimuli-responsive fluorescent properties of tetraphenylethylene-armed star-shaped isomer dyes with distinct core structures","authors":"Bingshan Zhang ,&nbsp;Zefeng Li ,&nbsp;Caihang Zhang,&nbsp;Hepeng Duan,&nbsp;Ping Deng,&nbsp;Yan Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.113257","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.113257","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two isomeric star-shaped dyes (<strong>M1</strong>, <strong>M2</strong>) with tetraphenylethylene arms and distinct cores (<em>β</em>-enaminone vs. trimesoylamine) were synthesized via a liquid-assisted grinding mechanochemical approach. <strong>M1</strong> was formed by Schiff base condensation, while <strong>M2</strong> was obtained through amidation. The core structures profoundly influenced their optoelectronic properties. <strong>M2</strong> exhibited a blueshifted absorption band and a larger optical bandgap relative to <strong>M1</strong>. Critically, <strong>M1</strong> showed aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ), while <strong>M2</strong> displayed aggregation-induced emission (AIE), a reversal directly driven by core isomerization. Both isomers responded to external stimuli, with <strong>M2</strong> exhibiting exceptional Fe³⁺ sensing capability in aqueous media (THF/H₂O = 1:99, v/v), achieving a detection limit of 0.056 μM and demonstrating 1.8-fold higher sensitivity than <strong>M1</strong>. Solid-state <strong>M2</strong> further demonstrated reversible mechanochromism, which was not observed in <strong>M1</strong>. These minor structural differences in core topology drive drastic photophysical changes, which establish a design strategy for stimuli-responsive fluorescent dyes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 113257"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145095746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AuNP-based colorimetric and fluorometric sensors for detection of pathogenic bacteria: A review (2015–2025)","authors":"Mohammed Sanad Alhussaini,&nbsp;AbdulRahman Abdulla Ibrahim Alyahya,&nbsp;Abdullah Abdulrahman Al-Ghanayem","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.113258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.113258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pathogenic bacteria are responsible for a wide range of infectious diseases that pose serious threats to public health, food safety, and environmental hygiene. Rapid and accurate detection of these microorganisms is essential to prevent disease outbreaks and ensure effective monitoring. Conventional detection methods are often time-consuming, require specialized equipment, and demand skilled personnel, making them less suitable for on-site and real-time applications. To overcome these limitations, colorimetric and fluorometric sensors have emerged as effective alternatives due to their simplicity, high sensitivity, and potential for rapid visual or fluorescence-based signal generation. Among these, gold nanoparticles (AuNP)-based sensors have attracted significant attention because of their unique optical properties, ease of surface functionalization, and strong signal amplification capabilities. These sensors allow both colorimetric and fluorometric detection modes, offering dual-functionality for the recognition of pathogenic bacteria with enhanced precision. AuNPs exhibit localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), which facilitates color changes upon aggregation, and also enable fluorescence enhancement or quenching, making them suitable for a wide range of sensing platforms. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the progress made from 2015 to 2025 in the development of AuNP-based colorimetric and fluorometric sensors for the detection of bacteria. The article highlights the recent advancements, design strategies, and practical applications of these sensing systems, emphasizing their role in improving sensitivity and enabling portable, cost-effective diagnostic tools for clinical, food safety, and environmental monitoring purposes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 113258"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-responsive molecular systems via π-bridge engineering: Visible-light photochromism, electrofluorochromism and differential emission switching","authors":"Yan Zeng,&nbsp;Siyuan Chen,&nbsp;Qingyu Dou,&nbsp;Xuewen Wang,&nbsp;Qianfu Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.113256","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.113256","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Smart stimuli-responsive materials have attracted considerable attention due to their crucial role in advancing next-generation technologies. Optical and electrical stimuli are particularly valuable owing to their high sensitivity and rapid response kinetics. In this study, we develop an innovative multi-stimuli-responsive molecular system through π-conjugation engineering. This system integrates electroactive triphenylamine (TPA) and photoactive phenanthrene motifs using both direct linkage and benzene-ring-bridged strategies. Systematic investigations reveal that π-conjugation extension plays a decisive role in governing the photochemical and electrochemical properties: Benzene-bridged derivatives enable visible-light-driven photochromism (activation at 400–410 nm), overcoming the limitations associated with conventional UV-dependent activation; directly linked TPA–phenanthrene conjugates exhibit rapid electrochromism through the formation of TPA^+• radicals, and bidirectional fluorescence modulation. Notably, the engineered diarylethenes demonstrate synergistic photochromic–electrochromic coupling within a single molecular scaffold, as evidenced by the successful fabrication of an electrochromic device. This integrated optical and electrical responsiveness provides a novel molecular engineering strategy for the development of adaptive, multifunctional smart materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 113256"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quinoline-imidazole based hydrophilic “turn-on” fluorescent probe for specific detection of Pb2+ and viscosity","authors":"Wenjie Gu ,&nbsp;Lei Sun ,&nbsp;Yeping Bian ,&nbsp;Jiwei Li ,&nbsp;Lizhi Gai ,&nbsp;Haijun Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.113237","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.113237","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Herein, a novel dual-response fluorescent chemosensor (<strong>HPI-Qu</strong>) based on quinoline and imidazole moieties with aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) properties and good water-solubility was developed for the detection of Pb²⁺ and viscosity. The probe exhibits a remarkable “turn-on” fluorescence response at 620 nm upon binding Pb²⁺ in aqueous media and has the advantages of fast response time (&lt;20 s), high selectivity and excellent anti-interference ability for Pb²⁺, and the binding constant (Ka) was 0.75 × 10⁶ M⁻¹. The low detection limit for Pb²⁺ was found to be 0.08 μM, which is far below the maximum allowable value of Pb²⁺ in drinking water fixed by the World Health Organization (WHO). The binding mechanism of the probe <strong>HPI-Qu</strong> toward Pb²⁺ was determined by Job's plot, FTIR Spectral, ¹H NMR titration experiments, ESI-HRMS spectrometry, and theoretical calculation. Additionally, <strong>HPI-Qu</strong> displays significant turn-on viscosity-dependent behavior and a perfect linear relationship with viscosity in the range of 1.01–1412 cP. Furthermore, the probe <strong>HPI-Qu</strong> exhibits good cell permeability and biocompatibility, and could be applied for detecting Pb²⁺ and viscosity in the living cells. This indicates that the probe <strong>HPI-Qu</strong> has potential application prospects for monitoring Pb²⁺ and viscosity in environmental and biological systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 113237"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145095736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel A-D-A structured triphenylamine derivatives for visible-LED photoinduced free radical polymerizations under air","authors":"Meng Yuan ,&nbsp;Shenglian Zhu ,&nbsp;Ran Chen ,&nbsp;Minning Lan ,&nbsp;Chen Yang ,&nbsp;Changlin Zhou ,&nbsp;XiaoJun Wang ,&nbsp;Tao Xu ,&nbsp;Lei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.113248","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.113248","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of visible light initiation and anti-oxidative polymerization photoinitiators are in huge demand for the field of free radical polymerizations of acrylate. The A-D-A triphenylamine parent structure originated from our previous report, which depicted visible absorption and can largely consumed the ambient oxygen through efficient ISC process. On the other hand, CO₂ produced oxime esters by lighting induced N–O bond cleavage could further solved the oxygen inhibition problem. Herein, a series of A-D-A structured triphenylamine derivatives based from our parent structure (<strong>TPAs</strong>), containing oxime esters groups, was designed, synthesized, and applicated in the field of 450 nm LED photoinduced free radical polymerizations (FRP) under air. <strong>TPAs</strong> exhibit impressive photoinitiation ability verified by excellent polymerization rates and high final function conversion (FCs). Meanwhile, <strong>TPAs</strong> can act as both mono-component and two-component photoinitiating systems. The photophysical properties of <strong>TPAs</strong> are evaluated by UV, FL, and DFT theoretical calculations. Photochemical mechanism of <strong>TPAs</strong> are investigated by steady-state photolysis experiments, ESR, <em>in situ</em> ¹H NMR, cyclic voltammograms, LC-MS, and ATR-FTIR. Finally, the photoinitiating ability of <strong>TPAs</strong> is compared with commercialized photoinitiator OXE-01, indicating <strong>TPAs</strong> exhibited efficient anti-oxidative polymerization photoinitiation ability under visible light photoinitiation and demonstrating great commercial potential in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 113248"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145095739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cu(I)–Tb(III) heterometallic MOF showing solvatochromic behavior, guest-dependent luminescence and nitrobenzene sensing","authors":"Guang-Li Zhu,&nbsp;Ai-Na Dou,&nbsp;Shuang Yin,&nbsp;Li-Bo Yang,&nbsp;Wei-Hua Mu,&nbsp;Rong-Rong Zhu,&nbsp;Ai-Xin Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.113252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.113252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A heterometallic-organic framework, {[TbCu₂I(4-tzba)₂(DMF)₂(EtOH)₂]·2DMF·4H₂O}_n (<strong>TbCu-1</strong>), was successfully synthesized under solvothermal conditions using the bifunctional tetrazole-carboxylate ligand, 4-H₂tzba (4-H₂tzba = 4-(1<em>H</em>-tetrazol-5-yl)benzoic acid). <strong>TbCu-1</strong> exhibits a 3D, 4-connected porous framework comprising binuclear [Tb₂(COO)₄] SBUs and 1D infinite [Cu₂I(4-tzba]₂] chains. Notably, <strong>TbCu-1</strong> shows a visible color change when immersed to certain aromatic molecules (nitrobenzene, aniline, N-methylaniline, <em>N</em>,<em>N</em>-dimethylaniline). Additionally, its weak fluorescence intensifies into strong green Tb³⁺ emission after the inclusion of special alkyl-benzenes or selected aniline serials (e.g., toluene, xylene, <em>N</em>,<em>N</em>-dimethylaniline, <em>N</em>,<em>N</em>-dimethyl-<em>p</em>-toluidine), whereas nitrobenzene, aniline, and N-methylaniline quench this Tb³⁺-based fluorescence. However, <strong>TbCu-1</strong> only emits ligand-based fluorescence when dispersed in DMF. Its luminescence response to aromatic solvents suggests it can serve as a fast, sensitive fluorescence sensor for nitrobenzene via quenching, with a detection limit of 3.81 × 10⁻⁶ M and a <em>K</em>_SV value of 9.47 × 10³ M⁻¹.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 113252"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145095827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Star-shaped tetranuclear and dinuclear Ru/Os complexes: Interplay of synthesis, optoelectronic properties, and energy transfer","authors":"Hong-Ju Yin,&nbsp;Xiujian Mao,&nbsp;Hao Wang,&nbsp;Zining Liu,&nbsp;Shiwen Yu,&nbsp;Xiang Shen,&nbsp;Weijun Dai,&nbsp;Shubiao Xia,&nbsp;Feixiang Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.113254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.113254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photon-initiated energy transfer dynamics was studied in two tetranuclear complexes, <strong>Ru(RuL)₃</strong> and <strong>Ru(LRu)₃</strong>, and three dinuclear complexes, <strong>RuLRu</strong>, <strong>RuLOs</strong>, and <strong>OsLRu</strong>, assembling ruthenium or osmium ion centers by bridging ligand <strong>L</strong> {Ru and Os represent [Ru(bpy)₂]²⁺and [Os(bpy)₂]²⁺ portions, respectively, where by = 2,2-bipyridyl; <strong>L</strong> = 2-(4′-methyl-2,2′-bipyridin-4-yl)-1<em>H</em>-imidazo[4,5-<em>f</em>]-1,10-phenanthroline}. In the tetranuclear complexes, the four metallic components are linked by bridging ligand <strong>L</strong> connecting the ruthenium atom and the moiety [Ru(bpy)₂]²⁺. The dinuclear and tetranuclear complexes show intense absorption throughout the UV–Vis region and display long-lived emission in the near-infrared region (NIR). The electrochemical studies reveal rich redox properties of the metal complexes, characterized by multiple reversible metal-based oxidation and ligand-centered reduction pairs. The excited state deactivation behavior of Ru(II) center demonstrates effective light-driven energy transfer in the heterodinuclear complexes, thereby generating osmium(II) NIR luminescence, which may be useful for the further development of NIR emission bioimagers. Emission and lifetime measurements reveal the efficient intramolecular energy transfer in homodinuclear and homotetranuclear complexes from Ru(II) ion center coordinated with <strong>L</strong>_phen to Ru(II) ion center coordinated with <strong>L</strong>_bpy. Interestingly, the homotetranuclear complexes emit intense luminescence. These multinuclear complexes efficiently absorb visible light by directing it from multiple chromophores to the subunit with the lowest excited in the excited state.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 113254"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145095829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An ESIPT-based near-infrared ratiometric reversible fluorescent probe for dynamic in situ monitoring of glutathione in diabetic models","authors":"Haixian Ren,&nbsp;Hongyu Chang,&nbsp;Ya-nan Zhai,&nbsp;Rui Chen,&nbsp;Yuting Du,&nbsp;Hongliang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.113244","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.113244","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glutathione (GSH) is a critical antioxidant that is closely associated with a variety of diseases, including diabetes. Accurate and dynamic monitoring of GSH levels is essential for effective clinical diagnosis. Although numerous fluorescent probes have been developed for GSH detection, traditional irreversible single-channel probes suffer from several significant limitations, such as unavoidable excitation-emission crosstalk, the absence of self-calibration capability, and the inability to differentiate between chronic depletion and transient fluctuations. To address these challenges, we developed a reversible ratiometric GSH probe named <strong>BBTD</strong>. This probe utilized 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole (HBT), a fluorophore based on excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and incorporated 1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione as the Michael addition site for GSH. A thiophene unit was introduced between these components to extend the conjugated system and shift the emission wavelength into the near-infrared region. Probe <strong>BBTD</strong> exhibited reversible, ratiometric, highly sensitive (Detection limit: 0.23 μM) and large Stokes shift responses to GSH, with ESIPT-based emission reaching up to 750 nm (Stokes shift: 320 nm; <strong>HBT-COU</strong>: 621 nm), making it highly suitable for real-time in vivo monitoring of GSH fluctuations. In a diabetes model, <strong>BBTD</strong> effectively quantified GSH depletion in the liver and assessed the therapeutic efficacy of N-acetylcysteine (NAC).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 113244"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategy for efficiency roll-off mitigation in hyper-fluorescence OLEDs via bulky substituents in TADF emitter","authors":"Jeong-Yeol Yoo,&nbsp;Tea Hoon Ha,&nbsp;Jong-Kwan Bin,&nbsp;Chil Won Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.113226","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.113226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving high efficiency at high operating brightness is critical for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Effective exciton utilization in OLED materials is essential to achieve this goal. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) facilitates exciton transitions from triplet to singlet states via reverse intersystem crossing (RISC), enabling high efficiency in TADF materials. However, rotation and vibration of molecules in donor-acceptor type TADF materials lead to a broad full width at half maximum (FWHM). To address these issues, a hyper-fluorescence (HF) mechanism was developed, which combines high efficiency and narrow FWHM through Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) by employing a suitable fluorescent dopant with narrow FWHM as the final emitter. Nevertheless, the HF mechanism is limited by triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA), which is influenced by intermolecular distance in TADF materials, resulting in efficiency roll-off at high luminance. Therefore, in this study, 2,4,6-tris(2-(3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TtBCz-Trz), a well-known TADF material with bulky substituents, was utilized as the sensitizer to suppress undesirable interactions caused by intermolecular proximity. For comparative device performance evaluation, 2,4,6-tris(2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TCz-Trz) was also employed as a sensitizer. Additionally, DtBuCzB–<em>p</em>-<em>t</em>BuPh was synthesized and utilized as the final dopant in an HF device. A maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 28.6 % was achieved in the HF device fabricated using TtBCz-Trz with bulky <em>tert</em>-butyl groups as the TADF sensitizer. At a high brightness of 1000 nits, this device maintained an EQE of 21.8 % with an efficiency roll-off of 23.7 %. This roll-off was 16 % lower than that of the device fabricated using TCz-Trz without bulky substituents as the TADF sensitizer. These results confirm that incorporating bulky substituents in the TADF sensitizer significantly reduces TTA, mitigating efficiency roll-off issues. The findings of this study will contribute to advancing OLED technology, making it more feasible to produce high-performance, energy-efficient, and long-lasting devices for a wide range of applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 113226"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}