Desalination最新文献

{"title":"Aminoguanidine-based polyamide nanofiltration membranes for purifying natural surface water: Superior anti-fouling properties and ultra-high organic matter/minerals selectivity","authors":"Bin Liu ,&nbsp;Chuanfei Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinyue Cui ,&nbsp;Xiaozhen Lu ,&nbsp;Xinwei Kang ,&nbsp;Daliang Xu ,&nbsp;Feihong Wang ,&nbsp;Lin Wang ,&nbsp;Daoji Wu ,&nbsp;Xuewu Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.118913","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.118913","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current challenges of piperazine-based nanofiltration (NF) membrane technology for high-quality drinking water include improving selectivity for organic maters and minerals, as well as reducing membrane fouling. In this investigation, a series of innovative polyamide (PA) NF membranes were meticulously synthesized through the reaction of aminoguanidine nitrate (AN), serving as an aqueous phase monomer, with 1,3,5-benzotriacontanoyltrichloride (TMC). The AN was found to exhibit high reactivity and low diffusivity during interfacial polymerization (IP) when used as an aqueous phase monomer. This optimization greatly enhanced the structural integrity, mechanical properties and surface physical properties of the NF film. Notably, the PA-AN-0.5 NF membranes manifested enhanced hydrophilicity, elevated negative surface charge density, and a comparatively loose microstructure. These attributes culminated in superior permeability rates (18.8 LMH/bar) and Ca²⁺/SO₄²⁻ selectivity ratios (68.9) relative to alternative configurations. The exceptional mineral/organic selectivity demonstrated by PA-AN-0.5 NF membranes during natural surface water filtration significantly bolsters their commercial viability for producing drinking water. Furthermore, the AN-modified membrane demonstrated exceptional anti-scaling and anti-fouling properties, thereby establishing the PA-AN-0.5 NF membrane as a highly promising candidate for cost-effective purification processes aimed at producing high-quality drinking water from surface sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"610 ","pages":"Article 118913"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143833647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An ion-selective Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 membrane for electrolytic lithium extraction from brine","authors":"Tong Zhou ,&nbsp;Nan Zhang ,&nbsp;Qi Li ,&nbsp;Guoyao Li ,&nbsp;Haidong Sun ,&nbsp;Chenglan Zhang ,&nbsp;Juan Li ,&nbsp;Hezhou Liu ,&nbsp;Huanan Duan","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.118909","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.118909","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid increase in the commercialization of electric vehicles and portable electronics has markedly raised the demand for lithium resources. Extracting lithium from brine has become a critical pathway to address future lithium production challenges. However, the lithium extraction efficiency of conventional technologies is limited by the low levels of Li⁺ and the high Mg²⁺/Li⁺ ratio present in brine. A method involving one-step electrolysis with a solid-state electrolyte has been introduced for the direct and efficient extraction of metallic lithium. Li_1.3Al_0.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃ (LATP) is considered a highly promising selective membrane for large-scale lithium extraction from brine sources due to its low cost, excellent stability, and high ionic conductivity. Herein, LATP electrolytes were synthesized through the optimization of solid-state reaction conditions. The resulting LATP pellets exhibited a high relative density of 98.29 % and an impressive ionic conductivity of 3.88 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹. The lithium extraction device utilizing LATP as a selective membrane achieved a remarkable current efficiency of 97.4 % and a high lithium production rate of 40.4 μg h⁻¹ cm⁻². After lithium extraction process, the LATP pellets retained the ionic conductivity of 2.69 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ and preserved the sodium super ion conductors (NASICON) crystal structure. This study presents an efficient Li⁺ selective membrane for extracting lithium directly from natural brine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"610 ","pages":"Article 118909"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Space-confined carbonization of wood cellular structure rendered an all-in-one solar-driven evaporator for efficient water desalination and evaporative power generation","authors":"Huan Jiao ,&nbsp;Xinyu Guo ,&nbsp;Chaofeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Sha Wang ,&nbsp;Wenjuan Wu ,&nbsp;Yongcan Jin ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Liang ,&nbsp;Bo Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.118915","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.118915","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With natural hierarchical porous and anisotropic cellular structure, wood yields a great opportunity for solar-driven water desalination but is limited in interfacial evaporation efficiency due to its inherent low photothermal conversion. Although the photothermal materials decoration and the high-temperature carbonization have been proposed, these methods often lead to poor interfacial compatibility and thermal management. Herein, a space-confined carbonization strategy of wood cellular structure was developed to construct an all-in-one solar-driven evaporator for efficient water desalination and evaporative power generation. The gradient carbonization of cellular structure caused by immersed wood into concentrated H₂SO₄ endows wood surface with improved photothermal conversion efficiency (91.6 %), and the interior cellular structure with natural hydrophilic (hemi)cellulose enables rapid water transportation. As a result, the space-confined carbonized wood exhibits high evaporation performance, with the evaporation rate up to 2.1 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ under 1 sun. The concentration difference of ions caused by water evaporation can also achieve power generation, with the timing current and voltage up to 34 mA and 1187 mV, respectively. In addition, the H₂SO₄ is reusable without affecting the evaporation stability. The developed space-confined carbonized wood also demonstrates good adaptability to various water environment. This feasible space-confined carbonization strategy provides a new sight to construct all-in-one wood-based solar-driven evaporators for improving the water desalination and evaporative power generation performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"610 ","pages":"Article 118915"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hofmeister effect-based 3D hydrogel sponge via non-contact localized crystallization for achieving zero liquid discharge desalination of high-salinity brine","authors":"Youyuan Xu,&nbsp;Yakun Tang,&nbsp;Lang Liu,&nbsp;Yue Zhang,&nbsp;Xiang Bai,&nbsp;Biao Zhang,&nbsp;Zhiguo Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.118911","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.118911","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to lower evaporation enthalpy and controllable water management,- 3D hydrogel-based evaporators has attracted significant attention in solar desalination. However, challenges such as the closed pore structure, the strong adhesive force between salt deposition and photothermal materials, and the byproducts of high-salinity wastewater have limited long-term application in high-salinity brine. To address these limitations, a 3D zero liquid discharge evaporator has been innovatively constructed. It is composed of a high porosity 3D CNT/PDA@PVA sponge-like hydrogel in optimal ionic conditions (Hofmeister effect) and pearl-patterned cotton towels. The assembled evaporator has achieved excellent water evaporation performance of 3.0 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ (1.08 kg m⁻² h⁻¹, in the dark) through side area-assistance and environmental energy. The non-contact salt deposition design can avoid direct salt deposition on the surface of the photothermal material. Thus, due to the diffusion-convection effect and Marangoni flow in the highly porous material and pearl-patterned cotton towels, the formed zero liquid discharge evaporator has remained a stable water evaporation rate of 2.65 ± 0.1 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ and recovered salt (59.16 g m⁻² h⁻¹) in a 10 wt% NaCl solution for over 100 h. Most importantly, replacing the cotton towel with a new one allows the assembled evaporator to continuously operate in a 20 wt% NaCl solution while protecting it from damage. Significantly, the collected water can be directly used for drinking and wheat cultivation. This work offers new insights for designing a 3D-zero liquid discharge evaporator that can operate long-term in high-salinity brine, thereby expanding its practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"610 ","pages":"Article 118911"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable indium recovery from e-waste and industrial effluents: Innovations and opportunities integrating membrane separation processes","authors":"Fabricio Eduardo Bortot Coelho ,&nbsp;Victor Rezende Moreira ,&nbsp;Daniel Majuste ,&nbsp;Virginia S.T. Ciminelli ,&nbsp;Míriam C.S. Amaral","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.118900","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.118900","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indium (In) is a critical element extensively used in electronics, including liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Global demand for In continues to rise due to its vital role in the green energy transition. However, In has limited global reserves, which are projected to deplete within 14–28 years. Additionally, the primary source of In is zinc production, where demand grows behind that of In. To ensure In supply chain sustainability, it is essential to recover In from secondary sources, particularly through e-waste recycling. This work reviews hydrometallurgical methods for indium recovery from LCD screens, with a focus on integrating membrane separation processes (MSPs) with the leaching and liquor purification stages for improving overall process sustainability. These MSPs, including pressure-driven (<em>e.g.</em> nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO)), thermal-driven like membrane distillation (MD), and osmotic-driven like forward osmosis (FO), can retain &gt;99 % of In and other critical metals (<em>e.g.</em> Ga, Ge, Mo, Sn, Sr). Thus, MSPs can be applied for liquor concentration and effluents treatment, improving the efficiency of the succeeding liquor purification (<em>e.g.</em> by solvent extraction) while recovering up 80 % of water and &gt; 95 % of purified acid, which can be reused, for instance, in the leaching and stripping stages. Therefore, the integration of MSPs in the In-recycling process potentially reduce reagent consumption and waste generation. Furthermore, bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) and membrane-assisted SX (<em>e.g.</em> membrane contactors) enhance the selective In extraction. Finally, the versatility and scalability of MSPs in handling acidic leachates and complex wastewaters can help achieve near-zero liquid discharge and reduce environmental impact and cost. These new sustainable solutions in hydrometallurgical and recycling processes advance progress towards a Circular Economy and the UN's SDGs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"612 ","pages":"Article 118900"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-uniform ion adsorption of the scaled-up electrode in ESIX system: Numerical analysis","authors":"Mengbo Zhao ,&nbsp;Jingxuan Yang ,&nbsp;Xuefeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Kangjun Ji ,&nbsp;Tiancheng Fang ,&nbsp;Xiao Du ,&nbsp;Xiaogang Hao ,&nbsp;Abuliti Abudula ,&nbsp;Guoqing Guan","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.118912","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.118912","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrochemically switched ion exchange (ESIX) technology is an efficient and environmentally friendly method for extracting lithium ions from salt lakes. The non-uniformity of ion adsorption is a potential problem that needs to be addressed during the scaled-up ESIX devices, yet there are few relevant reports so far. In this study, a three-dimensional model for extracting lithium ions from solution in the ESIX system was established. The Butler-Volmer equation with the introduction of the electroactive site concentration (ESC) was used to describe the electrochemical adsorption reaction of Li⁺ by the electroactive material coating, and the Nernst-Planck equation was used to describe the ion transport in the solution. Using this model, it was discovered that there is a non-uniform phenomenon in the lithium adsorption capacity during the electrode scaling-up process. It was found that the degree of non-uniformity of lithium ion adsorption first increases and then decreases with the adsorption time. Moreover, the larger the scaling-up ratio, the higher the degree of non-uniformity. By analyzing the temporal and spatial distributions of the working voltage and current density, it was found that the non-steady-state and spatial non-uniformity of the current density were the direct causes of the non-uniform adsorption of lithium ions. An equivalent circuit diagram of the ESIX system was established, and the cause of non-uniform adsorption was explained from the perspective of the impedance characteristics of the system. Finally, two measures to optimize the system impedance and improve the adsorption uniformity were proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"610 ","pages":"Article 118912"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solar vapor generation using 3D printed super-wicking and light-absorbing surfaces","authors":"Xinzhe Liu ,&nbsp;Guohua Liu ,&nbsp;Ting Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.118910","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.118910","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar vapor generation presents a sustainable method for clean water production, yet its efficiency is often hindered by fixed evaporation interfaces and unexplored influences of wind. Here, we developed a 3D printed surface that is both super-wicking and super-light-absorbing to enhance evaporation rates via the solar-thermal-wind effect. The open micron-sized capillaries over surface enable fluid transport at an extremely fast rate. The contact area between the light - absorbing surface and the bulk water is so minuscule that it facilitates highly efficient interfacial thermal localization while minimizing heat loss. Through its open capillary structure, this surface is capable of maintaining a stable liquid film thickness. Under standard solar illumination conditions and a wind speed of 5 m/s, its evaporation rate can reach up to 9.348 kg/m²/h. The adaptable design to the sun's irradiance allows for optimal solar and wind alignment on a floating platform, enabling optimized evaporation rates. Moreover, this system can effectively purify a wide variety of pollutants, and the water quality after treatment meets the standards of the World Health Organization. This innovative research has advanced the understanding of the impact of the solar-thermal-wind effect on solar evaporation using stable liquid films, and is expected to increase the water evaporation rate in diverse application scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"609 ","pages":"Article 118910"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143828557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting fabrication of a TFC NF membrane for the desalination of sulfate-type brackish water","authors":"Junliang Dong ,&nbsp;Song Su ,&nbsp;Qianzhi Sun ,&nbsp;Ran Yu ,&nbsp;Longyi Lv ,&nbsp;Ruijun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.118901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.118901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanofiltration (NF) is a promising technology for brackish water desalination due to its tunable separation efficiency and effective removal of organic contaminants. However, the limited diversity of commercial NF membranes hinders optimal performance. To address this, we developed a tailored NF membrane by simultaneously increasing the piperazine (PIP) concentration and decreasing the trimesoyl chloride (TMC) concentration aiming for the treatment of a typical sulfate-type brackish water. The optimized membrane demonstrated superior performance: adequate desalination capability and improved anti-fouling properties. In particular, the NF membrane fabricated with 1.5 %(<em>w</em>/<em>v</em>) PIP and 0.03 %(w/v) TMC exhibited a more compact polyamide structure and superior desalination performance compared to NF270. In comparison to NF90, it presented greater surface hydrophilicity (~40°) and nearly two-fold higher permeation flux. Moreover, it exhibited significantly improved anti-fouling ability, as evidenced by its 99.9 % flux recovery versus NF90's 23.5 % after brine cleaning. This enhancement is attributed to its optimized solute selectivity and surface chemistry, which reduce concentration polarization and foulant adhesion. Our work provides a practical and feasible strategy for customizing NF membrane structures to improve desalination efficiency and sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"609 ","pages":"Article 118901"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143828558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced boron rejection and permeability of thin-film nanocomposite membranes via g-C3N4-tuned diffusion and reaction","authors":"Junliang Huang,&nbsp;Boyuan Xuan,&nbsp;Yanwen Ma,&nbsp;Rui Mo,&nbsp;Jiekai Wang,&nbsp;Changwei Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.118902","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.118902","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membranes often exhibit low boron removal rates and permeability, which limits their practical effectiveness. In this study, graphite-phase carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) nanosheets were incorporated into the polyamide (PA) layer of thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes via interfacial polymerization to enhance boron removal and membrane permeability. The amino-rich g-C₃N₄ exhibited excellent dispersion in aqueous solutions, which improved compatibility with the PA layer. The incorporation of g-C₃N₄ nanosheets led to an increased effective separation area, a higher crosslinking degree, and increased hydrophilicity, while simultaneously reducing surface roughness and forming a thinner PA layer. These modifications collectively enhanced water flux, boron removal, and antifouling performance. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that g-C₃N₄ reduced the MPD diffusion rate through hydrogen bonding interactions and steric hindrance effect of the g-C₃N₄ interfacial arrangement and also reduced boric acid diffusion. At an optimal g-C₃N₄ concentration of 150 mg L⁻¹, the boron-removal rate of the g-C₃N₄-TFN membrane in simulated seawater increased from 72.5 % (for the thin-film composite membrane) to 90.5 %, with water flux improving from 35.8 to 46.8 L m⁻² h⁻¹. Additionally, the membrane exhibited excellent water-salt selectivity, antifouling properties, and chlorine resistance. Thus, this study provides a simple and scalable approach for preparing high-performance SWRO membranes with promising potential for large-scale production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"610 ","pages":"Article 118902"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143833766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel protocol involving CFD simulation to design and optimize spacers for spiral wound nanofiltration: From methodological establishment to improvement of filtration performance","authors":"Qi Wang ,&nbsp;Guorui Wu ,&nbsp;Songwen Yang ,&nbsp;Haohang Shi ,&nbsp;Feiyun Sun ,&nbsp;Wenyi Dong ,&nbsp;Dingyu Xing ,&nbsp;Jia Guo ,&nbsp;Linfeng Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.118884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.118884","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An optimized geometric configuration spacer is highly expected to enhance mass transfer and reduce operating pressure for membrane filtration performance. However, there is lack of high-accuracy simulation method to comprehensively predict spacer filtration properties combined with varied structural parameters, which can reliably design and modify spacer geometric structure (filament shape, thickness and angle) that is essential to save energy. In this study, a 3D simulation model with high accuracy (∼1.0 %), is successfully established highly based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method code ANSYS Fluent. We designed and optimized commercial spacer geometric configuration for nanofiltration (NF) membrane module simultaneously analyzing feed channel pressure (FCP) drop, wall shear stress, solute concentration and mass transfer coefficient during membrane filtration. The results demonstrated that within an annular channel featuring an 8 mm hydraulic diameter, a modified circular spacer characterized by a length-to-height ratio of 0.50 and an angle of approximately 75° significantly enhanced the hydraulic wall shear stress by 52.6 %. Therefore it reduced the FCP drop by 31.4 % during the filtration of MgSO₄ solution compared to unmodified spacer. As a result, stably enhanced water flux and reduced FCP drop were observed in a series of filtration tests. A “trade-off” effect was successfully overcome. Most significantly the NF membrane filtration with a modified spacer displayed improved capability in hindering foulants deposition. Both cake layers fouling rate and water resistances decreased by nearly 10 %, resulting in an improved permeation flux. This study reported a reliable and feasible protocol for spacers design and optimization, which can not only improve the practicability and environmental applicability of membrane filtration technologies, but also ensures efficient and controllable energy consumptions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"610 ","pages":"Article 118884"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}