Desalination最新文献

{"title":"Selectivity and conductivity: Correlation models and validation with electrodialysis for anion exchange membranes","authors":"Meijing Chen ,&nbsp;Haodong Jiang ,&nbsp;Tao Luo ,&nbsp;Junhu Wu ,&nbsp;Xinlong Wang ,&nbsp;Wenxiang Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The counter-ion permselectivity of ion exchange membranes is key to advancing electrochemical desalination processes. Reliably evaluating this selectivity is crucial. Conventionally, the counter-ion permselectivity has been determined by electrodialysis (ED) method. However, the experimental ED results are inherently affected by operational conditions. How to determine the intrinsic selectivity of membranes excluding the influence of solution boundary layers has been a challenge. In this study, the recently proposed new approach to evaluating the intrinsic anion permselectivity from membrane ionic conductivity and swelling degree (termed “ionic conductivity approach” for short) is explored in depth. Two core issues are discussed from the theoretical derivation, model building and experimental validation: the relationship between the membrane ionic conductivity and the membrane counter-ions composition, and the effect of the Donnan electrolytes (those due to super-equivalent sorption more than the equivalent amount determined by the membrane exchange capacity). On one hand, the anion permselectivity of three commercial anion exchange membranes (AEMs) in the NaNO₃/NaCl and Na₂SO₄/NaCl electrolyte mixtures at the total sodium concentrations of 0.1 M, 0.5 M and 1.0 M is systematically investigated. The anion permselectivity obtained by the ionic conductivity approach is generally consistent with the ED results. On the other hand, the contribution of Donnan electrolytes to the membrane conductivity is analyzed by both the simplified and classical two-phase micro-structure models of IEMs, respectively. Though Donnan electrolytes do contribute to the membrane total conductivity, for the investigated AEMs, their effect on the anion permselectivity evaluated by the ionic conductivity approach is negligible at the concentration range of 0.1–1.0 M.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"614 ","pages":"Article 119154"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular dynamics simulations of Li+/Mg2+ separation using hydroxyl modified PVDF under applied electric field","authors":"Zimeng Guo,&nbsp;Lianying Wu,&nbsp;Qichao Sun,&nbsp;Luchen Wang,&nbsp;Weitao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The green and efficient separation of Li⁺/Mg²⁺ is a pressing challenge in the extraction of Li⁺ from salt lake brine. A transport model for Li⁺/Mg²⁺ in an –OH modified PVDF polyelectrolyte membrane was established. The effects of electric field strength, solution concentration, and the number of charging groups on the flux of Li⁺/Mg²⁺ and ion selectivity were calculated using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics. The migration mechanism for Li⁺/Mg²⁺ was elucidated by analyzing the parameters such as interaction energy, coordination number, and mean square displacement. The results showed that as the solution concentration increased, the fluxes of Li⁺/Mg²⁺ through the membrane decreased, while the selectivity for Li⁺ increased. It is necessary to increase the electric field strength to enhance the separation of Li⁺/Mg²⁺. The strong interaction energy between Li⁺/Mg²⁺ and the polyelectrolyte chains led to dechlorination and dehydration during transmembrane migration, especially in high concentration systems. The separation factor initially increases and then decreases as the number of –OH groups increases. Additionally, higher temperatures accelerate the diffusion of Mg²⁺ within the membrane, leading to a decrease in Li⁺ selectivity. Therefore, it is crucial to maintain the system temperature in the range of 298 K to 308 K. This work provides valuable theoretical insights for the design and separation strategies of high-performance ion exchange membranes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"614 ","pages":"Article 119150"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144523463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of thin-film nanocomposite membranes with enhanced selectivity: Mechanisms, strategies, and applications","authors":"Chunlin Zhai ,&nbsp;Yanling Liu ,&nbsp;Shengji Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Membrane technology, considered as a promising solution for water scarcity and resource recovery, yet suffer from a ubiquitous trade-off between permeance and selectivity. To continuously heighten the separation efficiency, thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes have attracted numerous research efforts, standing out for generally boosted water permeance while easily subjected to unsatisfactory water/solute or solute/solute selectivity. Development of TFN membranes with high selectivity, possibly more crucial for water treatment applications, is still challenging and lacking of guidance. In this review, the common causes of membrane selectivity decline due to the nanomaterial intervention were firstly summarized. A systematic framework to categorize the development strategies of TFN membranes with enhanced selectivity was then established, with a particular perspective of fundamental mechanisms. Specifically, part of strategies aimed at mitigating the adverse impacts of nanomaterials on the perfection of membrane polymer structure, while others focused on amplification of membrane rejection mechanisms against specific solutes with the help of nanomaterials. We also highlighted potential applications of well-designed TFN membranes, in terms of more efficient desalination, ion/ion separation, and removal of hazardous pollutants such as heavy metals and micropollutants. Finally, future research perspectives were proposed to promote further advancement of high-performance TFN membranes for targeted applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"614 ","pages":"Article 119158"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mode optimization of self-electrical-energy recuperation in a Li1-xMn2O4-polypyrrole coupled system for efficient electrochemical Li+/Na+ separation","authors":"Jianning Liu ,&nbsp;Jialu Chen ,&nbsp;Zirui Wang ,&nbsp;Shanxia Luo ,&nbsp;Fengfeng Gao ,&nbsp;Xiao Du ,&nbsp;Wenbiao Ma ,&nbsp;Xiaogang Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119134","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119134","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient recovery of residual lithium from lithium precipitation brine has always been a major challenge. A stable and efficient lithium extraction system and a driven mode need to be constructed. This study presents an innovative coupled electrochemical system combining a chlorine-doped polypyrrole (PPy−Cl) electrode with the LiMn₂O₄ electrode. In this system, the LiMn₂O₄ film electrode and chlorine-doped polypyrrole were synchronized to remove lithium and chlorine ions, and complete de-intercalation of LiMn₂O₄ could be achieved at the cell voltage of 1.1 V, which greatly reduces energy consumption. No manganese ions were detected in the solution compared to the 1.43 % manganese dissolution loss after 10 tests on the graphite plate (GP) used as an auxiliary electrode. In addition, self-electrical-energy recuperation can be achieved by utilizing the low potential difference between Li_1-xMn₂O₄ and polypyrrole. The performances of the self-driven(SD) mode and the constant-current(CC) mode were compared to achieve externally controlled energy release. The intercalation capacity reached 33.82 mg g⁻¹ at 0.4 mA cm⁻², and the intercalation efficiency was maintained at 88.12 % after 10 tests. During the first discharge, the discharge efficiency of the SD mode was only 54.08 % of the CC mode. Furthermore, the system exhibited high selectivity (51.3) in the lithium-precipitated brine with a high concentration of Na⁺ and Li⁺ (Na⁺/Li⁺ = 8.47). These results indicate that the proposed strategy has significant potential in Li⁺ resource recovery and can be used in a variety of Li⁺ resource recovery applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"614 ","pages":"Article 119134"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144570486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soft layer charge modulation in nanofluidic membranes: A pathway to enhanced desalination","authors":"Amir Abbas Nazari ,&nbsp;Mahdi Khatibi ,&nbsp;Li-Hsien Yeh ,&nbsp;Seyed Nezameddin Ashrafizadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water desalination is a critical challenge in addressing global freshwater scarcity, and the development of efficient membrane technologies is essential for sustainable water purification. While nanofluidic membranes have demonstrated great potential in energy conversion, their application in desalination remains underexplored. This study simulates the performance of cylindrical nanofluidic membranes in removing LiCl, NaCl, and KCl from water, focusing on the influence of soft layer charge distribution on ion rejection efficiency. Three distinct charge configurations were examined: unipolar (negatively charged), bipolar (negatively–positively charged), and tripolar (negatively–positively–negatively charged). The Poisson–Nernst–Planck and Navier–Stokes equations were numerically solved under steady-state conditions to analyze the coupled effects of electrostatic interactions, convective transport, and external field application on desalination performance. The results demonstrate that bipolar nanochannels achieve the highest desalination efficiency, benefiting from diode-like rectification and strong ion depletion zones. At an applied pressure of 30 bar, the bipolar nanochannel achieves 85 %–96 % salt rejection with voltage and 50 %–89 % without voltage, outperforming the unipolar and tripolar configurations. Additionally, the bipolar nanochannel exhibits superior current rectification behavior, with ionic currents reaching 1.08 nA for LiCl, 1.25 nA for NaCl, and 1.60 nA for KCl at 1 V, confirming enhanced selectivity. Further analysis of the Peclet number (<em>Pe</em>) and electrolyte concentration reveals that bipolar nanochannels maintain NaCl rejection above 95 % at <em>Pe</em> ≈ 0.05, whereas unipolar and tripolar configurations experience a sharper decline in selectivity, with rejection dropping below 50 % at <em>Pe</em> &gt; 0.2 and TMP &gt; 80 bar. These findings underscore the significant impact of charge modulation in nanofluidic membranes and highlight that bipolar nanochannels provide the most effective balance between ion rejection and water permeability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"614 ","pages":"Article 119153"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid W-MgF2/graphene photothermal membrane for efficient solar-driven desalination","authors":"Ga Eun Lee ,&nbsp;Jinsoo Cho ,&nbsp;In-Young Jung ,&nbsp;Da Seul Kim ,&nbsp;Seok Joon Kwon ,&nbsp;Won Jun Choi ,&nbsp;Kyung Guen Song ,&nbsp;Hak Ki Yu ,&nbsp;Jeong Min Baik","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel hybrid W-MgF₂/Graphene photothermal membrane is developed to enhance the efficiency of self-heated membrane distillation (SHMD) systems. The membrane combines three distinct functional components: plasmonic tungsten for strong solar absorption, hollow MgF₂ nanoparticles for broadband light scattering, and a graphene-PMMA layer for efficient thermal conduction and IR absorption. This tripartite architecture enables highly localized heat generation while minimizing radiative losses, surpassing the limitations of conventional single-component systems. The membrane demonstrates over 95.39 % solar absorption across the 0.3–2.5 μm range. Under 1 sun irradiation, the membrane achieves a maximum water flux of 0.938 LMH, representing a 1.9-fold enhancement compared to uncoated membranes, while maintaining an ion rejection rate above 99 %. Additionally, the membrane is fabricated via a scalable, sequential spray-coating method, allowing large-area (50 × 50 cm²) uniform deposition with excellent long-term durability. These findings establish a new materials strategy for efficient and practical solar-driven desalination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"614 ","pages":"Article 119151"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144549433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Viability assessment of lithium recovery from unconventional saline water sources","authors":"Nathanial J. Cooper ,&nbsp;Boreum Lee ,&nbsp;Sohum K. Patel ,&nbsp;Li Wang ,&nbsp;Paul Westerhoff ,&nbsp;Menachem Elimelech","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium-ion batteries are becoming more ubiquitous, increasing lithium demand. Lithium carbonate, the most common form of industrial lithium, is primarily produced from lithium-rich brines concentrated using solar evaporation ponds. This extraction method is environmentally damaging and slow, taking a year or more to sufficiently concentrate. To meet the increasing demand, new technologies are being developed which can facilitate lithium recovery and shorten production timelines. This work examines two promising separations technologies, ion exchange resins due to their low cost and intercalation electrodes due to their high selectivity, and applies them to two potential alternative lithium sources — seawater reverse osmosis concentrate, and oil and gas produced water — to evaluate their efficacy. We develop process trains for each technology and analyze them using technoeconomic analysis and lifecycle assessment to determine economic and environmental feasibility. Further, technical improvements and process train modifications are examined to determine the impact on lithium carbonate cost. Our results show that currently ion exchange resins are the cheaper technology for recovering lithium, and that oil and gas produced water can produce lithium carbonate for as little as $14.96 kgLi₂CO₃⁻¹ while recovering 34.3 % of lithium in solution, making it economically viable as a recovery option. Given sufficient technical improvements, intercalation electrode production costs for lithium carbonate may also be competitive. The preferred technology for minimizing the environmental impact is dependent on water source, but the ion exchange resin paired with oil and gas produced water has the lowest environmental impact overall, producing only 17.7 kgCO₂-eq kgLi₂CO₃⁻¹.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"614 ","pages":"Article 119156"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of tailor-made ionic liquid to resist corrosion in the heat exchanger of a multistage flash (MSF) desalination system","authors":"M.A. Deyab ,&nbsp;Q. Mohsen","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Corrosion in heat exchangers used in Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) desalination facilities is a significant concern, leading to equipment failure, increased maintenance costs, and reduced efficiency. This study introduces a novel ionic liquid (IL) as an innovative corrosion inhibitor for Cu90Ni10 alloy surfaces in heat exchangers during acid cleaning, under dynamic conditions at temperatures ranging from 313 K to 343 K. In 5.0 M H₂SO₄ solution at a concentration of 150 ppm, the IL demonstrated a remarkable inhibition efficiency of 94.8 %, effectively mitigating corrosion of the Cu90Ni10 alloy. Surface analysis techniques, including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), were employed to assess changes in surface morphology and confirm the formation of IL layer on the alloy surface. Tafel polarization studies indicated that the IL functions as a mixed-type inhibitor. Additionally, increasing the solution temperature from 313 K to 343 K resulted in a slight decrease in corrosion inhibition efficiency. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption of the IL occurred spontaneously and physisorbically, adhering to the Freundlich adsorption isotherm, with a free energy change of −20.4 kJ mol⁻¹.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"614 ","pages":"Article 119147"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144523462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable bipolar membranes with three-dimensional flower-like spherical MgAl-layered double hydroxides doped quaternized chitosan for accelerated water dissociation and durability","authors":"Ming Li ,&nbsp;Jinyun Xu ,&nbsp;Hongze Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoqing Wang ,&nbsp;Shijie Shang ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Wang ,&nbsp;Sijia He ,&nbsp;Yanyan Ji ,&nbsp;Li Yang ,&nbsp;Rong Kuang ,&nbsp;Chenxin Hu ,&nbsp;Wenju Zhu ,&nbsp;Chunming Zheng ,&nbsp;Xiaohong Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To enhance the hydrolysis dissociation efficiency of bipolar membranes (BPMs), three-dimensional nano-flower-like MgAl-layered double hydroxides (MgAl-LDH) doped quaternized chitosan (QCS)-based anion exchange layers (AEL) were fabricated. The MgAl-LDH, synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method, exhibited a unique 3D spherical morphology with high active site density and specific surface area. The composite AELs (LDHx) demonstrated enhanced ionic conductivity with QCS (40.6 mS cm⁻¹ at 0.9 wt% LDH) and mechanical strength (4.41 MPa tensile strength) due to the uniformly dispersed LDH facilitating ion transport pathways and interfacial interactions. The optimized LDH 0.9 % AEL, combined with a hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (HPAN) cation exchange layer, formed a BPM (LDH 0.9 %/HPAN) with excellent hydrolysis dissociation performance. This BPM exhibited a low transmembrane voltage (0.76 V at 40 mA cm⁻²) and stable operation over 72 h (0.9 V at 50 mA cm⁻²), attributed to the catalytic role of LDH in accelerating water dissociation at the interfacial layer. The study highlights the efficacy of 3D MgAl-LDH in optimizing AEL properties and BPM hydrolysis efficiency, offering a sustainable approach for applications in electrodialysis and resource recovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"614 ","pages":"Article 119152"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of separation performance and optimization of preparation parameters for reverse osmosis membranes using BPNN coupled with genetic algorithm","authors":"Xiaolong Ren ,&nbsp;Lifeng Wei ,&nbsp;Shushuo Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaoxia Sun ,&nbsp;Pengcheng Li ,&nbsp;Yue Sun ,&nbsp;Jia Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reverse osmosis (RO) is becoming increasingly vital for water and salt separation, imposing specific requirements on RO membranes across diverse application scenarios. However, the performance of RO membranes is significantly influenced by the preparation environment, which complicates the rational design of multifunctional membranes. In this study, we self-prepared the RO membranes to eliminate the impact of external environmental factors. The primary objective was to use machine learning to explore how variations in preparation parameters, such as monomer concentration, IP temperature, and IP time, affect membrane performance. A back-propagation neural network (BPNN) was employed to model the relationship between these preparation parameters and membrane performance metrics, including water permeance and NaCl rejection. To further investigate the contributions of each preparation parameter, the SHAP algorithm was integrated with the BPNN model, revealing that meta-phenylenediamine (MPD) concentration had the most significant impact on membrane performance, contributing 0.17 to the overall variance. Additionally, a genetic algorithm (GA) was applied in conjunction with the BPNN model to optimize membrane preparation conditions, aiming for NaCl rejection &gt;99 %. It is expected that the envisioned model can not only achieve accurate prediction of membrane separation performance in training with small data sets, but also adjust the separation performance and conduct targeted design of multi-faceted RO membranes in different operating scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"614 ","pages":"Article 119149"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144549372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}