Desalination最新文献

{"title":"A Variable Resistance EIS-based (VRE) model for mass transfer kinetic simulation of capacitive deionization","authors":"Qinwen Yang ,&nbsp;Zejia Chen ,&nbsp;Shiyuan Fu ,&nbsp;Gang Xiao ,&nbsp;Kegang Wei ,&nbsp;Junhui Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Capacitive deionization (CDI) holds strong potential for water reuse and low-energy desalination due to its environmental and operational advantages. Accurate modeling of CDI systems requires integration of experimental data that reflect real electrochemical behavior. However, existing models often neglect key electrode and interfacial parameters, limiting their ability to capture dynamic coupling among electric fields, ion transport, and charge storage. To address this, this study proposed a Variable Resistance EIS-based (VRE) model for mass transfer kinetic modeling, which is developed based on parameters fitted from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Key equivalent circuit elements such as series resistance, charge transfer resistance, and double-layer capacitance are extracted from EIS measurements to construct a physically constrained dynamic equivalent circuit model. This model is embedded within a multiphysics framework to resolve electric field distribution, ion migration, and fluid transport in a coupled manner. A concentration-dependent correction for electrolyte conductivity is further introduced to reflect the evolving electrode behavior during CDI operation, enhancing the model physical reliability and predictive accuracy. Validation under various operating conditions and CDI modes confirms that the model accurately captures the effects of influent concentration, electrode size, and flow rate, and reproduces system responses under constant current charging and recirculating flow. This method outperforms conventional empirical models in both theoretical rigor and engineering applicability, offering a robust tool for CDI system design and optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"616 ","pages":"Article 119403"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the influence characteristics of carboxyethyl chitosan with different degrees of substitution on composite fouling: Experiments, functional group analysis and molecular dynamics simulations","authors":"Yuting Jia,&nbsp;Yusi Song,&nbsp;Jingyu Wang,&nbsp;Jingtao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the scale inhibition performance of carboxyethyl chitosan (CEC) on composite fouling by employing experimental methods, functional group analysis, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to evaluate its effects on CaCO₃ and Al₂O₃ composite fouling. Experimental findings demonstrate that CEC, synthesized through functional group substitution, serves as an effective green scale inhibitor, significantly preventing the formation of composite fouling. Functional group analysis reveals that the carboxyl group on the molecular chain exhibits strong adsorption affinity for Ca²⁺. MD simulations further confirm significant interactions between Ca²⁺ and the carboxyl groups of CEC in the solution. CEC's impact on composite clustering includes delaying the adsorption of particles and ions, modifying the aggregation behavior of the cluster, and reducing both the probability and strength of Ca²⁺ and CO₃²⁻ adsorbing onto the particle surface. As the degree of substitution of CEC increases, the adsorption probability and intensity of crystallizing ions on the particle surface decrease, leading to enhanced scale inhibition efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"616 ","pages":"Article 119400"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145045925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust and salt-resistant zwitterionic hydrogel evaporator with interconnected directional micropores for efficient solar water desalination","authors":"Xiang Song ,&nbsp;Ya Zhang ,&nbsp;Lianghao Jia ,&nbsp;Tao Xiang ,&nbsp;Shaobing Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogel-based interfacial evaporators have demonstrated effective solar evaporation performance for supplying clean water. However, balancing a high evaporation rate, salt-resistant performance, and enhanced mechanical properties remains challenging. Herein, through structural design and chemical modification, a robust and salt-resistant hydrogel evaporator comprising interconnected directional micropores with excellent desalination performance is fabricated by the strategy of sacrificial template-assisted solvent exchange and directional vertical freezing. The hydrogels can withstand cyclic compression and stabilize shape in 3.5–20 % salt solutions. Due to the pores' high porosity and low tortuosity, the evaporator possesses an evaporation rate of 3.12 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ under one sun illumination. In addition, since a zwitterionic polymer is used to improve the salt-resistant performance, no salt deposition was observed on the surface of hydrogel evaporators after 8 h irradiation in a 20 wt% salt solution. The durability and practicability of the evaporators are also evaluated through purification experiments among various contaminants and outdoor evaluations. It is anticipated that the zwitterionic polymer-modified directional porous hydrogel evaporators will provide a viable solution to the shortage of freshwater resources and play a significant role in promoting the development of seawater desalination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"616 ","pages":"Article 119399"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145045924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extending the applicability of modified electrodialysis metathesis for high-recovery desalination by improving concentrate separation and monovalent ion retention","authors":"K. Li ,&nbsp;H. Bruning ,&nbsp;H.H.M. Rijnaarts ,&nbsp;J.W. Post","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a two-step desalination process integrating monovalent-selective electrodialysis (mED) and modified electrodialysis metathesis (mEDM) to achieve high-recovery, chemical-free desalination, even in waters with high scaling potential. In the first step, mED extracts NaCl from the feedwater. The extracted NaCl is then used in the mEDM step to recombine the Na⁺ with multivalent anions (SO₄²⁻) from the feed water into a separate concentrate, and the Cl⁻ with multivalent cations from (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) the feed water into another concentrate. This way the feed gets desalted, and scaling of sparingly soluble salts such as CaSO₄ in the concentrates is prevented. Experiments with synthetic NaCl–MgSO₄ solutions showed that this process scheme outperformed conventional electrodialysis (ED), reverse osmosis (RO), and previously tested stand-alone mEDM, with scaling tendencies remaining far below saturation obtained by the other technologies. The system was then validated using brackish groundwater and (saline) oilfield produced water. For groundwater, it achieved 95 % water recovery with no scaling risk and reasonable energy consumption (∼1.32 kWh/m³), potentially reaching 97.5 % recovery via theoretical simulation. For produced water with a 2:1 monovalent/divalent ion ratio—near the stoichiometric limit—the process maintained performance, although NaCl depletion and impurity buildup in the intermediate solution emerged as limiting factors. To support continuous operation, we propose some simple interventions to enable long-term stability and scalability. Overall, this two-step mED–mEDM configuration offers a robust, modular, and fully electrically-driven approach for chemical-free desalination, with a minimum of extra energy consumption. It holds strong potential for integration into existing systems—such as treating RO retentates—and could support high-recovery, low-footprint water treatment applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"617 ","pages":"Article 119396"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nucleation metastable zone and induction time analysis of Li₂CO₃ in reactive crystallization: Effects of process parameters and impurities","authors":"Lili Gao ,&nbsp;Yueyu Liu ,&nbsp;Qing Guo ,&nbsp;Shaohua Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metastable zone widths (MSZWs) and induction time (<em>t</em>_<em>ind</em>) are critical parameters in the optimization of solution crystallization processes. The crystallization of Li₂CO₃ from brines currently suffers from poor yield control due to limited understanding of how process parameters MSZWs and <em>t</em>_<em>ind</em>. Hence, the aim of this work is to investigate the effect of operating parameters on the MSZWs and <em>t</em>_<em>ind</em> of Li₂CO₃ crystallization. A laser monitoring system is utilized to measure the MSZWs and <em>t</em>_<em>ind</em> during Li₂CO₃ crystallization. Three semiempirical models are introduced to predict the MSZWs, among which the self-consistent Nývlt-like model (<em>R</em>^<em>2</em> &gt; 0.9784) and Sangwal's model (<em>R</em>^<em>2</em> &gt; 0.9736) demonstrate superior predictive accuracy. The effect of impurity (NaCl/KCl/Na₂SO₄) and ultrasound on the MSZWs are investigated. Compared to pure water solutions, the presence of NaCl reduced the MSZWs by 18.97 %, while KCl showed minimal impact by 3.52 %. In contrast, Na₂SO₄ and mixed NaCl-KCl-Na₂SO₄ impurities expanded the MSZWs by 32.56 % and 44.88 %, respectively. Ultrasound irradiation reduced the MSZWs, reaching maximal efficacy (34.58 % decrease from 0 to 80 W) at 333.15 K. Furthermore, two different nucleation mechanisms are identified, heterogenous nucleation at low supersaturation (S &lt; 2.11) and homogeneous nucleation at high supersaturation (S &gt; 2.30). By calculating the solid-liquid interface energy (<em>γ</em>) it can be found that <em>γ</em> decreasing from 1.19 × 10⁻¹⁸ to 1.11 × 10⁻¹⁸ J·m⁻² as temperature increased (298-313 K). These findings provide a fundamental data for optimizing Li₂CO₃ crystallization, particularly the application of ultrasound and impurity control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"616 ","pages":"Article 119407"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145045926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Practical implementation and challenges of current batch-type RO systems and future potential: A review","authors":"GunYoung Kim ,&nbsp;Yinseo Song ,&nbsp;Tae-mun Hwang ,&nbsp;Yong-Gyun Park ,&nbsp;Philip A. Davies ,&nbsp;Kiho Park","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global water crisis, intensified by climate change and population growth, necessitates efficient desalination technologies to ensure sustainable water management. By 2050, over 60 % of the world's population is expected to face water shortages, while in 2022, only 57 % had access to safe sanitation services. Reverse osmosis (RO) has emerged as the most effective desalination method, offering high salt rejection (∼99 %) and favorable energy efficiency (2.0–5.5 kWh/m³ for seawater). Although innovations such as high-recovery and hybrid RO systems have improved performance, selecting the optimal desalination technology based on feedwater conditions and energy constraints remains a significant challenge. Among these technologies, batch-type RO has attracted attention for its potential energy savings and operational advantages. However, despite these benefits, a systematic framework for designing and prioritizing batch-type RO configurations under varying conditions remains lacking. This review evaluates various batch-type RO configurations, analyzes their recent advancements and theoretical underpinnings, and proposes a perspective and set of recommendations for identifying appropriate operational conditions and selecting optimal technologies based on specific technical and policy-driven considerations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"616 ","pages":"Article 119404"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrokinetic energy conversion via nanochannel roughness engineering","authors":"Puhuan Zhang,&nbsp;Zheng Liu,&nbsp;Xinzhe Liu,&nbsp;Guohua Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrokinetic energy conversion in nanochannels is a promising technology for sustainable energy harvesting. However, the impact of surface roughness on power generation remains underexplored. In this study, we developed models of pressure-driven nanochannel flow featuring inward/outward semicircular surface roughness to study the roughness effects on fluid dynamics, ion distribution, and energy conversion. The study shows that inward roughness increases resistance, diminishes velocity, and leads to localized ion accumulation, whereas outward roughness exerts minor disruption on flow, and ions accumulate in the rough structure. Inward roughness leads to a more pronounced decrease in output power, but the impact of roughness on efficiency is relatively small. Reducing the channel length can narrow the output power gap between the two rough channels and the smooth channel. Under identical roughness parameters, the combination of small roughness height and a large number of roughness elements enables higher output performance. Furthermore, within the same range of roughness height ratio variation, expanding the channel radius yields significantly better performance improvements than adjusting roughness parameters, which can increase the power of inward and outward rough channels by 22-fold and 15-fold, respectively. This study elucidates the mechanism by which roughness orientation governs nanofluidic power generation, providing insights for optimizing channel design and improving energy conversion efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"616 ","pages":"Article 119402"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tailoring nanofiltration membranes with MOF 303 modified support layer for enhanced PFAS and heavy metal separation","authors":"Mitil Koli ,&nbsp;Bhavana Kanwar ,&nbsp;S. Ranil Wickramasinghe ,&nbsp;Swatantra P. Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Per</em>- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent synthetic chemicals extensively used in industrial and consumer products, posing significant environmental and health concerns. The PFAS and metal-contaminated water serve as a primary source of human exposure, necessitating effective remediation strategies. In this study, we developed a nanofiltration (NF) membrane by integrating an aluminum-based metal-organic framework (MOF 303) into a polyethersulfone (PES) support layer, followed by the fabrication of a selective polyamide layer, and tested its performance for PFOS, PFOA, As(V), and Cr(VI). The resulting PES-MOF 303-TFC membrane exhibited excellent performance, achieving pure water permeance of 11.68 ± 1.34 LMH bar^-1, approximately 1.5 times higher than the pristine PES-TFC membrane and a Na₂SO₄ salt rejection of 87.16 ± 3.14 %. It demonstrated robust rejection rates of ∼92 % for PFOA and 93 % for PFOS in simulated groundwater, alongside the effective removal of As(V): ∼97 % and Cr(VI): ∼86 % in a cross-flow mode of operation. The membrane maintained over 92 % rejection of PFOA and PFOS in a simulated secondary-treated wastewater matrix. These results highlight the dual electrostatic repulsion and size exclusion mechanisms of the PES-MOF 303-TFC membrane, offering a versatile, high-performance solution for remediating groundwater contaminated with PFAS and heavy metals. Our findings emphasize the promise of NF membranes with tailored properties for addressing emerging water contamination challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"616 ","pages":"Article 119392"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying the potential of high-performance RO membranes for seawater and hypersaline brine desalination: from module-scale modelling to experimental evaluation","authors":"Yu Jie Lim ,&nbsp;Naeem Nadzri ,&nbsp;Qiang Xue ,&nbsp;Can Li ,&nbsp;Yejin Liang ,&nbsp;Rong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-pressure reverse osmosis (HPRO) is emerging as a promising technology for treating hypersaline brine from seawater RO (SWRO) processes. However, little guidance currently exists on the performance limits of HPRO membranes in terms of the water permeability and selectivity. In this study, we modelled fluid dynamics and mass transport within RO pressure vessels to explore performance gains from improved membrane properties. Our simulations indicate that tripling the baseline water permeability (from 0.45 to 1.35 Lm⁻²h⁻¹bar⁻¹) of HPRO membranes could reduce energy consumption by 23 % or cut the number of pressure vessels required by 62 %, for an HPRO plant operating at 50 % recovery. To complement the modelling work, we experimentally evaluated 12 state-of-the-art RO membranes under HPRO conditions simulating SWRO brine treatment (130 bar, 70 g/L NaCl, 10 ppm boron). In closed-loop tests, the membranes demonstrated water permeability values ranging from 0.34 to 0.87 Lm⁻²h⁻¹bar⁻¹, with 98.7–99.6 % salt rejection and 77–93 % boron rejection. In 50 % recovery tests reflecting real-world operation, achieving drinking water standards proved challenging, with permeate concentrations ranging from 708 to 1990 ppm NaCl and 1.6–4.1 ppm boron – exceeding regulatory limits for potable use. To address this, we conducted a second-pass brackish water RO at 75 % recovery, using the HPRO permeate as feed (2000 ppm NaCl, 4 ppm boron). The additional second-pass RO step successfully reduced permeate concentrations to 75 ppm NaCl and 0.35 ppm boron, meeting drinking water quality standards. This work is expected to provide guidance in terms of HPRO system design for hypersaline brine treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"616 ","pages":"Article 119394"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145026768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-stabilized branched hollow magnetic adsorbent with salt resistance for boron separation in salt lakes","authors":"Xianshuang Zhu,&nbsp;Hao Li,&nbsp;Jianming Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119397","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119397","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Salt lake brine, as a naturally enriched liquid boron resource, necessitates a green and efficient adsorbent for its separation. Given the complex composition of brine components, there is an urgent need to develop an adsorbent formulation characterized by easy recyclability, structural stability, and strong anti-interference capability. In this study, hollow magnetic branched polyol microspheres (HMBPM) were constructed under mild conditions via in-situ precipitation, followed by the loading of amino hyperbranched polymers and polyols through a straightforward method. Compared with the unbranched counterpart HMPM (11.21 mg g⁻¹), HMBPM exhibits a significantly higher boron adsorption capacity (44.97 mg g⁻¹), which also outperforms other boron-specific magnetic adsorbents reported in the literature. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis reveals that the cis-diol groups on the adsorbent surface form stable C-O-B bonds with borate anions, confirming the effective boron-fixation capability of the synthesized adsorbent. Notably, HMBPM demonstrates excellent anti-interference performance against coexisting ions such as Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, and Li⁺. When applied to actual brine samples, it achieves a borate ions separation efficiency of 114.732 mg g⁻¹. Both the anti-interference property and the extraction efficiency in real samples validate the potential of the proposed adsorbent for the effective separation of boric acid from salt lake brine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"616 ","pages":"Article 119397"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145019632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}