Fariba Malekpour Galogahi, Simon Strachan, Ajeet Singh Yadav, Helen Stratton, Nam-Trung Nguyen
{"title":"Microfluidic Encapsulation of DNAs in Liquid Beads for Digital Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification","authors":"Fariba Malekpour Galogahi, Simon Strachan, Ajeet Singh Yadav, Helen Stratton, Nam-Trung Nguyen","doi":"10.1002/anbr.2024700121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/anbr.2024700121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Digital Microfluidics</b>\u0000 </p><p>In article 2400044, Nam-Trung Nguyen and co-workers introduce liquid beads, liquid sample encapsulated in a solid shell, for sample partitioning of digital loop-mediated isothermal amplification (dLAMP). Accurate and reproducible the quantitative detection of a gene cluster of leaf scald disease was conducted using this dLAMP approach. The results demonstrate the robust performance of this technique as compared to droplet-based and conventional quantitative approaches.\u0000\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":29975,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Nanobiomed Research","volume":"4 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/anbr.2024700121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142851355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Huu Ngoc Nguyen, Iman Roohani, Andrew Hayles, Zufu Lu, Jitraporn Vongsvivut, Krasimir Vasilev, Vi Khanh Truong, Hala Zreiqat
{"title":"Antibacterial Activity and Mechanisms of Magnesium-Doped Baghdadite Bioceramics for Orthopedic Implants","authors":"Huu Ngoc Nguyen, Iman Roohani, Andrew Hayles, Zufu Lu, Jitraporn Vongsvivut, Krasimir Vasilev, Vi Khanh Truong, Hala Zreiqat","doi":"10.1002/anbr.202400119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/anbr.202400119","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Baghdadite (BAG, Ca<sub>3</sub>ZrSi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>9</sub>), a calcium silicate compound with zirconium incorporation, shows significant potential in medical implants. However, its susceptibility to infections poses a considerable challenge. To tackle this problem, doping biocompatible magnesium (Mg) into BAG to create Mg-BAG enhances antibacterial activity and prevents infection in orthopedic implants. Mg-BAG demonstrates effectiveness against Gram-positive <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and Gram-negative <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. This study finds that the antibacterial activity of Mg-BAG is multifaced including causing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells and disrupting membrane potential, resulting in leakage of intracellular contents. The synchrotron macro attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy shows the impact of Mg-BAG on bacteria, resulting in modifications to biomolecules such as lipids, protein structures, and the stability of nucleic acids. The combined effect of Mg ions (Mg<sup>2+</sup>) and intracellular ROS formation contributes to the disruption of biomolecules and bacterial cell death. Mg-BAG is a promising next-generation bioceramic offering innovative nonantibiotic solutions for preventing infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":29975,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Nanobiomed Research","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/anbr.202400119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143363011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Volker Böhnert, Emily C. Gale, Lauren J. Lahey, Jerry Yan, Abigail E. Powell, Ben S. Ou, Jacqueline A. Carozza, Lingyin Li, Eric A. Appel
{"title":"A cGAMP-Containing Hydrogel for Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain Subunit Vaccine Exposure Induces a Broad and Potent Humoral Response","authors":"Volker Böhnert, Emily C. Gale, Lauren J. Lahey, Jerry Yan, Abigail E. Powell, Ben S. Ou, Jacqueline A. Carozza, Lingyin Li, Eric A. Appel","doi":"10.1002/anbr.202400077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/anbr.202400077","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus spike protein has emerged as a promising target for the generation of neutralizing antibodies. Although the RBD subunit is more stable than its encoding mRNA, RBD is poorly immunogenic. It is hypothesized that this limitation can be overcome by sustained coadministration with a more potent and optimized adjuvant than standard adjuvants. One such candidate adjuvant, cGAMP, exhibits promising potency via activation of the antiviral STING pathway. Unfortunately, delivery of cGAMP as a therapeutic exhibits poor performance due to poor pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics from rapid excretion and degradation. To overcome these limitations, it is sought to create an artificial immunological niche enabling the slow release of cGAMP and RBD to mimic natural infections in which immune-activating molecules are colocalized with antigen. Specifically, through coencapsulation of cGAMP and RBD in an injectable polymer-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogel, the cGAMP-adjuvanted hydrogel vaccine elicits more potent, durable, and broad antibody responses with improved neutralization as compared to dose-matched bolus controls and hydrogel-based vaccines lacking cGAMP. The cGAMP-adjuvanted hydrogel platform can be further explored for the delivery of other antigens to enhance immunity against a broad range of pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":29975,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Nanobiomed Research","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/anbr.202400077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lindsay Barnum, Mohamadmahdi Samandari, Yasir Suhail, Steven Toro, Ashkan Novin, Pejman Ghelich, Jacob Quint, Farnooosh Saeedinejad, Manu Komma, Kshitiz, Ali Tamayol
{"title":"Biodegradable Oxygen-Generating Microneedle Patches for Regenerative Medicine Applications","authors":"Lindsay Barnum, Mohamadmahdi Samandari, Yasir Suhail, Steven Toro, Ashkan Novin, Pejman Ghelich, Jacob Quint, Farnooosh Saeedinejad, Manu Komma, Kshitiz, Ali Tamayol","doi":"10.1002/anbr.202400093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/anbr.202400093","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Upon injury, regenerating skin is metabolically active and requires oxygen for physiological processes related to wound healing. Such processes can be halted in hypoxic conditions common in chronic wounds. Microneedle arrays (MNAs) have been demonstrated to improve therapeutic delivery and wound healing. Recently, few studies have explored the use of oxygen-releasing MNAs; however, they involve complex manufacturing and handling and fail to eliminate cytotoxic byproducts. To address these challenges, biodegradable and mechanically robust gelatin methacryloyl-based MNAs are developed that can penetrate the tissue and release oxygen upon exposure to interstitial fluid and wound exudates. The oxygen release rate and biocompatibility of the developed MNAs with different compositions are evaluated and optimized. Interestingly, in vitro studies demonstrate that the optimized compositions can release oxygen at therapeutic levels and significantly increase viability of chronically hypoxic cells to match that of normoxic cells. In vivo studies further confirm that the optimized oxygen-generating MNAs do not cause any harm or impair healing in a murine model of acute skin injury. Additionally, transcriptomic analysis reveals upregulation of key pathways related to fibroblast motility, lipid metabolism, and a marked reduction in inflammatory signaling, all of which contribute to improved wound healing. The developed strategy can introduce new opportunities in elimination of hypoxia and therefore treatment of chronic wounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":29975,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Nanobiomed Research","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/anbr.202400093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yoonjoo Kang, Hyeongtaek Park, Surim Shim, Gul Karima, Subeen Lee, Kisuk Yang, Hwan D. Kim
{"title":"MXene Nanoparticles: Orchestrating Spherioidogenesis for Targeted Osteogenic and Neurogenic Differentiation","authors":"Yoonjoo Kang, Hyeongtaek Park, Surim Shim, Gul Karima, Subeen Lee, Kisuk Yang, Hwan D. Kim","doi":"10.1002/anbr.202400100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/anbr.202400100","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000MXenes represent a new class of 2D materials and exhibit unique properties that render them promising candidates for biomedical applications. MXenes can interact with cell membranes and modulate cell junction interactions, thereby influencing stem cell fate. While previous studies have demonstrated their potential to induce cell differentiation, research on their effects on stem cell spheroid growth and differentiation capacity is limited. This study investigates the ability of MXenes to induce cell differentiation using spheroids, which mimic the in vivo 3D microenvironment and hold significance for bone and nerve regeneration. MXene-induced spheroids of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) and human neural stem cells (hNSCs) rapidly aggregate, indicating MXene's role in spheroid formation. The differentiation of these spheroids confirms MXene's ability to induce specific cell types: hADSC spheroids show enhanced osteogenic differentiation at a 5 μg mL<sup>−1</sup> concentration, while hNSC spheroids require higher concentrations (20 μg mL<sup>−1</sup>) for neuronal differentiation, possibly due to MXene's influence on intercellular adhesion. These findings highlight the potential of MXene particles in promoting rapid aggregation and differentiation of hADSC and hNSC spheroids, offering promise for applications in tissue engineering, specifically in bone and nerve regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":29975,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Nanobiomed Research","volume":"5 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/anbr.202400100","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143581717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Madeline K. Eiken, Justin E. Levine, Shinyeong Lee, Samantha Lukpat, Eleanor M. Plaster, Vikram Bala, Jason R. Spence, Claudia Loebel
{"title":"Polymer Design of Microwell Hydrogels Influences Epithelial–Mesenchymal Interactions During Human Bronchosphere Formation","authors":"Madeline K. Eiken, Justin E. Levine, Shinyeong Lee, Samantha Lukpat, Eleanor M. Plaster, Vikram Bala, Jason R. Spence, Claudia Loebel","doi":"10.1002/anbr.202300110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/anbr.202300110","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bronchospheres have emerged as a promising in vitro model toward probing questions on organ development and disease. Several organoid models, including from airway (e.g., bronchial, tracheal) cells, require three-dimensional (3D) Matrigel, a complex mouse tumor-derived matrix that typically leads to heterogeneous size and structures. Synthetic and naturally derived polymeric hydrogels show increased opportunities as an alternative to Matrigel culture. In addition, recent advances in hydrogel-based microcavities (i.e., microwells) have shown improved control over organoid size, structure, and composition. Here, we build upon this approach and describe the fabrication and characterization of microwell hydrogels based on other polymers, including diacrylated poly(ethylene glycol), agarose, methacrylated gelatin, and norbornene-modified hyaluronic acid. Using these microwell hydrogels, human bronchial epithelial cells and lung fibroblasts readily assemble into viable cyst-like bronchospheres. The study shows that the cellular composition regulates the formation and structure of the bronchosphere which also depends on the type and adhesiveness of the hydrogel. Furthermore, both hydrogel type and cellular composition influence the amount and composition of deposited extracellular matrix within the microwells. This hydrogel fabrication platform provides an accessible in vitro culture platform for the formation and growth of bronchospheres which can be extended to the culture of other organoid systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":29975,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Nanobiomed Research","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/anbr.202300110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143118067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria Eduarda Torres Gouveia, Charles Milhans, Mert Gezek, Gulden Camci-Unal
{"title":"Eggshell-Based Unconventional Biomaterials for Medical Applications","authors":"Maria Eduarda Torres Gouveia, Charles Milhans, Mert Gezek, Gulden Camci-Unal","doi":"10.1002/anbr.202400120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/anbr.202400120","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Eggshells are one of the most abundant byproducts of food processing waste. Each discarded eggshell represents a missed opportunity to convert a no-cost waste material into a valuable product. Beyond their economic practicality and widespread availability, eggshells possess unique biological and chemical properties that support cell differentiation. Their composition includes biologically active compounds, essential trace elements, and collagenous and noncollagenous elements, mimicking the components of bones, teeth, and skin. Additionally, eggshells serve as a suitable precursor for synthesizing hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>), and <i>β</i>-tricalcium phosphate. Eggshells can be utilized on their own or as derived materials to produce regenerative biocomposite scaffolds for tissue engineering. These scaffolds often exhibit high porosity, excellent biocompatibility, degradability, and mechanical properties. Eggshells and their derivatives have also been employed as carriers for targeted drug delivery systems and in electrochemical biosensors. Eggshells serve as a versatile biomaterial, adept at not only addressing practical gaps but also bridging the divide between sophistication and ease of production. In this review, the chemical composition of eggshells and their numerous applications in hard and soft tissue regeneration, biomolecule delivery, and biosensor development are discussed highlighting their innovative and unconventional use as a natural biomaterial providing solutions for unmet clinical needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":29975,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Nanobiomed Research","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/anbr.202400120","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143362866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rafael A. Salinas, Shirlley E. Martínez Tolibia, Andrés Galdámez-Martínez, Josué E. Romero, Laura J. García-Barrera, Abdú Orduña, Carlos David Ramos, Guillermo Santana Rodríguez, Ateet Dutt
{"title":"Real-Time Nanoscale Bacterial Detection Utilizing a 1DZnO Optical Nanobiosensor","authors":"Rafael A. Salinas, Shirlley E. Martínez Tolibia, Andrés Galdámez-Martínez, Josué E. Romero, Laura J. García-Barrera, Abdú Orduña, Carlos David Ramos, Guillermo Santana Rodríguez, Ateet Dutt","doi":"10.1002/anbr.2024700111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/anbr.2024700111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Optical-Biosensors</b>\u0000 </p><p>ZnO nanostructure-based biosensors detect enteropathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> in real-time (5–10 sec), with optical responses varying by bacterial concentration, distinguishing between viable and lysed cells. More details can be found in article 2400013 by Ateet Dutt and co-workers.\u0000\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":29975,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Nanobiomed Research","volume":"4 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/anbr.2024700111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142641279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nanoarchitectonics for Biomedical Research: Post-Nanotechnology Materials Approach for Bio-Active Application","authors":"Katsuhiko Ariga","doi":"10.1002/anbr.202400136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/anbr.202400136","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nanoarchitectonics, as a post-nanotechnology concept, represents a methodology for the construction of functional materials employing atoms, molecules, and nanomaterials as essential components. The overarching objective of nanoarchitectonics is to develop functional systems comprising multiple functional units assembled in a hierarchical manner, as observed in biological systems. Nevertheless, the construction of such functional systems is a challenging endeavor. It would be prudent, therefore, to initially focus on the development of functional materials that interact with the complex functional structures of living organisms. Accordingly, this review article addresses the topic of nanoarchitecture as it pertains to biomedical applications. This article examines the current trends in research and presents examples of studies that support the concept of nanoarchitectonics and its applications in biomedical fields. The examples presented are as follows: i) molecular nanoarchitectonics developments, which are mainly based on molecular design and assembly; ii) material nanoarchitectonics examples, which are mainly based on material design using nanomaterials as components; and iii) biomedical applications with porous materials, which will be summarized under the heading of pore-engineered nanoarchitectonics due to their special structure. Finally, the review provides an overview of these examples and discusses future prospects.</p>","PeriodicalId":29975,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Nanobiomed Research","volume":"4 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/anbr.202400136","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142849848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kulwinder Kaur, Lucie Falgous, Nezar Kamal, David Caffrey, Brenton L. Cavanagh, Behlul Koc-Bilican, Murat Kaya, Igor Shvets, Caroline M. Curtin, Ciara M. Murphy
{"title":"Mesoporous Biosilica Beads for Controlled Selenium Nanoparticle Delivery from Collagen-Chitosan Scaffolds: Promoting Bone Formation and Suppressing Prostate Cancer Growth","authors":"Kulwinder Kaur, Lucie Falgous, Nezar Kamal, David Caffrey, Brenton L. Cavanagh, Behlul Koc-Bilican, Murat Kaya, Igor Shvets, Caroline M. Curtin, Ciara M. Murphy","doi":"10.1002/anbr.202400110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/anbr.202400110","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The controlled delivery of selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) is promising for bone cancer treatment due to their dual benefits in bone regeneration and tumor inhibition, yet achieving an optimal dosing regimen remains challenging. Natural mesoporous biosilica (BS) beads have shown promise for drug delivery due to their microporous structure. This study explores incorporating BS beads into collagen-chitosan (Coll-CS) scaffolds, known for bone repair, to control Se-NP delivery. Two approaches are compared: loading Se-NPs into BS beads before integrating them into Coll-CS scaffolds versus directly loading Se-NPs into Coll-CS scaffolds. The scaffold properties, Se release kinetics, cytocompatibility, and effects on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and prostate cancer cells (LNCaP) are evaluated. BS bead-loaded scaffolds provide controlled Se-NP release and enhanced mechanical properties compared to directly loaded scaffolds. Higher Se-NP concentrations in BS-loaded scaffolds effectively promote MSC osteogenic differentiation and mineralisation while inhibiting LNCaP cell viability. In contrast, low Se-NP concentrations not only induce early osteogenic differentiation but also promote cancer cell proliferation, underscoring the need for optimal Se-NP concentration and release. These findings suggest that BS bead-loaded Coll-CS scaffolds are a promising strategy for controlled Se-NP delivery, addressing the dual challenges of bone formation and cancer recurrence prevention in bone cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":29975,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Nanobiomed Research","volume":"4 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/anbr.202400110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142851582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}