European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation最新文献

{"title":"Pioneering approaches: Navigating mind wandering and self-silencing in dissociated adolescent female sexual trauma survivors - An interpretative phenomenological analysis","authors":"Devendra Kumar Singh Varshney ,&nbsp;Manju Agrawal ,&nbsp;Rakesh Kumar Tripathi ,&nbsp;Satish Rasaily","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100445","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100445","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Minimal exploration exists on mind wandering and self-silencing in adolescent girls with sexual trauma and dissociation.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To investigate the lived experiences of female adolescent sexual trauma survivors with dissociation, focusing on overcoming mind-wandering and self-silencing through Pranayama, mindfulness meditation, music, and art therapy.</p></div><div><h3>Participants and settings</h3><p>This study, conducted in Sikkim, India, addresses a research gap in a culturally distinct context. Three adolescent girls diagnosed with PTSD and dissociation by a psychiatrist were selected through purposive sampling.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>This study uses Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to explore participants' individual stories and perspectives. It provides a comprehensive understanding of the lived experiences and narratives of three participants.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The IPA analysis revealed three super-ordinate themes: coping mechanisms, support and relationships, and, therapeutic approaches and the healing journey. In coping mechanisms participants reported (1) mind-wandering, self-blame, and daydreaming, (2) self-silencing, and (3) sublimation through academic achievement. The support and relationships theme included (1) lack of support from family, (2) attachment issues with mothers, (3) gender-based double standards, (4) Lack of infrastructure and health care human resources, with some participants turning to (5) faith-healing for mental health issues. The therapeutic approaches and healing journey theme demonstrated the effectiveness of Pranayama, mindfulness meditation, music, and art therapy in alleviating mind-wandering and self-silencing.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This study underscores the resilience of survivors of post-sexual trauma, advocating for culturally sensitive healing and evidence-based practices. Addressing mind-wandering and self-silencing through Pranayama, mindfulness meditation, music, and art therapy strengthens support systems, pioneering ways to mitigate the impact of sexual abuse.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100445"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142129175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longing for home: Analyzing the trauma in Atiq Rahimi's Earth and Ashes and The Patience Stone","authors":"D. Ashwini,&nbsp;P. Kiruthika (Dr.)","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100450","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The current research paper deals with reference to the novels <em>Earth and Ashes</em> and <em>The Patience Stone</em> by Atiq Rahimi, which examines the trauma and suffering experienced by Afghans during and after the war. Despite being fiction, the characters in both novels experience both physical and mental suffering, which accurately captures life in a war zone. Every character wants to leave the conflicting situation because war makes the characters numb. All the major and supporting characters struggle with finding their identities. This paper aims to shed some light on the causes of war and its effects on people. There is a strong feeling of psychological distress evident in the novel as the characters struggle to cope with the loss of their loved ones after their deaths. The burden of oppression by marital, social, and religious norms is very well portrayed. The characters are in search for the true home both inside and outside as they lost their lives in their homeland. Their external search is for a better place to live a typical human life on Earth that is free of war and conflict, while their internal search is for their true selves and identities. The selected novels illustrate how war actually causes trauma for people who are forced to flee their homes and become refugees.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100450"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142123013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"French validation of the tonic immobility scale in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder","authors":"Andrew Laurin ,&nbsp;Jean-Benoît Hardouin ,&nbsp;Morgane Pere ,&nbsp;Maëlle Fauvre ,&nbsp;Hugo Bottemanne ,&nbsp;Raphaëlle Richieri ,&nbsp;Alain Brunet ,&nbsp;Maud Rötharmel ,&nbsp;Wissam El-Hage ,&nbsp;Samuel Bulteau ,&nbsp;Thibault Deschamps ,&nbsp;Anne Sauvaget","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>: Tonic immobility (TI) in humans is characterized by muscle inhibition, hypertonia and analgesia that may occur during a traumatic event. TI is associated with an increased risk of severe and treatment-resistant post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). To date, there is no French validated scale for TI.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>: We studied the face validity (qualitative study) and psychometric properties concerning a French version of the 10-item Tonic Immobility Scale (FR-TIS) in adult with PTSD.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>: Concerning face validity, six participants confirmed that the FR-TIS was simple, clear, and comprehensible, but has some limitations concerning the recall according to age of trauma, peritraumatic dissociation intensity, avoidance behaviors, the type and the context of the trauma. For psychometric properties, 120 patients completed a computerized version of the FR-TIS. FR-TIS showed good psychometric properties in a three-dimensional form with 8 items (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.056) including 4 items for TI (Cronbach's α = 0.76), 2 items for fear (Cronbach's α = 0.63), 2 items for dissociation (Cronbach's α = 0.68).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>: The FR-TIS is a potentially useful and easy-to-use tool in clinical practice, to help improving screening and assessment of TI</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100449"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142129174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lost at sea: Impact of an ocean survival experience on psychological, physiological and cognitive abilities (RAD'LÔ)","authors":"Barbara Le Roy ,&nbsp;Charles Martin-Krumm ,&nbsp;Charlotte Poupon ,&nbsp;Christophe Rouquet ,&nbsp;Christophe Trouve ,&nbsp;Camille Jego ,&nbsp;Louise Giaume ,&nbsp;Marion Trousselard","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Survival in an extreme environment places high physiological and cognitive demands on the individual. These environments are characterized by specific stimuli, including unusual sensory stimulation and uncertainty, which induce intense stress. Thus, the aims of this study are: <em>i</em>) to evaluate the impact of a five-day survival at sea simulation on human adaptive capacities, based on the assessment of psychological, cognitive, physiological, and sensorial measures; and <em>ii</em>) to assess recovery. Twenty-one healthy participants were enrolled in a 5-day simulation onboard a lifeboat or an inflatable raft. Psychological, physiological, sensory, and cognitive measurements were recorded before leaving (baseline), at the end of the experiment (post) and during the week that followed (recovery). Our results are unequivocal. The harshness of the environment affected the majority of the organism's responses. On the cognitive level, performance significantly deteriorated. On the psychological level, there was low mood, a decrease in subjective exteroceptive acuity and sleep disorders, increased energy, and less perceived stress. On the physiological level, a decline was recorded with respect to autonomous nervous system measurements. On the sensory level, we observed a state of hypervigilance and hypersensitivity to stimuli from the external environment. Proprioception was deeply impacted. Moreover, at recovery, many individuals did not fully recover or deteriorated further, especially regarding sleep, interoceptive abilities and sensory distortion. It appears that participants entered a state of psychological hibernation, associated with increased physical and cognitive load, and sensory hypervigilance. These results raise the question of the risks that may be incurred during future long-term space missions, as astronauts will have to maintain their cognitive performance at a high level to be able to respond to environmental demands and remain alive. It is essential to continue to explore countermeasures that will support adaptation in future spacecraft crew.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100452"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468749924000759/pdfft?md5=17b03466d3f2a46c3c9925e19b5da5a5&pid=1-s2.0-S2468749924000759-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142148539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between social environmental stressors and depressive symptoms among Chinese young adults: Above and beyond the effects of childhood trauma","authors":"Hong Wang Fung ,&nbsp;Henry Wai-Hang Ling ,&nbsp;Kit Shuen Lam ,&nbsp;Ming Yu Claudia Wong ,&nbsp;Anson Kai Chun Chau ,&nbsp;Althea Yuen Man Hau ,&nbsp;Janet Yuen-Ha Wong","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Childhood trauma has been identified as an important etiological risk factor for depressive symptoms, but there are other modifiable social environmental factors that may be equally, if not more, important. This study aimed to improve our understanding of the social determinants of depressive symptoms among young people while taking childhood trauma into account. We analyzed survey data from a convenience sample of Chinese young adults aged between 18 to 24 (N = 205). Participants completed standardized assessments of childhood trauma (the Brief Betrayal Trauma Survey), depressive symptoms (the PHQ-9), and social environmental stressors (the Social Environmental Stress Questionnaire). Social environmental stressors had the strongest relationship with depressive symptoms (β = .416, p &lt; .001), above and beyond the effects of childhood trauma. We also identified some specific modifiable and targetable social environmental stressors (e.g., school work and occupation issues, high expectations from others, sleep environment) that were positively correlated with depressive symptoms, even when the Bonferroni correction was applied. Although childhood trauma is a well-documented risk factor for mental health problems, there are modifiable factors associated with depressive symptoms, above and beyond the effects of childhood trauma. Educators, healthcare practitioners, social service providers, and policymakers can play a vital role in changing the trajectory of depression in the community.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100444"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142095741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a single-session educational video program for people with PTSD symptoms: Results of a pilot randomized controlled trial","authors":"Hong Wang Fung ,&nbsp;Cherry Tin Yan Cheung ,&nbsp;Guangzhe Frank Yuan ,&nbsp;Caimeng Liu ,&nbsp;Kit Shuen Lam ,&nbsp;Edward K.S. Wang ,&nbsp;Colin A. Ross","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100448","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100448","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This paper describes the development and pilot evaluation of a single-session 20-minute educational video program for people with PTSD symptoms.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A pilot randomized waitlist controlled trial was conducted with an international sample of adults with PTSD symptoms (<em>N</em> = 54).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Within-subjects analyses showed that participants in the intervention group had statistically significant decreases in self-stigma (F = 4.388, <em>p</em> &lt; .05, ηp2 =.188, large effect) and post-traumatic maladaptive beliefs (F = 7.757, <em>p</em> &lt; .01, ηp2 = .290, large effect), while participants in the control group did not have such changes. No significant between-subjects effects were observed.</p></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><p>Despite several major limitations, including a high attrition rate, a small sample size, and the use of self-report assessments, the preliminary findings revealed that watching the 20-minute video was associated with decreases in self-stigma and post-traumatic maladaptive beliefs in people with PTSD symptoms. Further evaluation using a more rigorous study design and a larger sample size is needed, after making modifications and enrichments to the program.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100448"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142123012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Network analysis of PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptom Co-occurrence among U.S. veterans seeking treatment","authors":"Lucas D. Baker ,&nbsp;Warren N. Ponder ,&nbsp;Jose Carbajal ,&nbsp;Richard Norton ,&nbsp;Matthew Price ,&nbsp;Clair Cassiello-Robbins ,&nbsp;Erika M. Roberge","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100447","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100447","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>For the past twenty years, veterans have sustained an unprecedented operational tempo, which can lead to co-occurring mental health disorders. When veterans present for clinical services, the symptom constellation can be challenging to treat due to the overlap of posttraumatic stress, depression, and generalized anxiety symptoms. With limitations, researchers have traditionally used latent variable models to investigate the association between these constructs, whereas network analysis provides a novel approach to study symptom- and disorder-level associations.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>In our evaluation of symptom co-occurrence among veterans, we used a sample of treatment-seeking veterans (<em>N</em> = 591) who completed self-report measures of PTSD, depression, and generalized anxiety.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Our cross-sectional network analysis yielded five empirically distinct communities: intrusion and avoidance, hyperarousal and numbing, negative alterations, depression, and generalized anxiety symptoms.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The data is cross-sectional and should be modeled in longitudinal networks.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Network associations underscore the heterogeneity of PTSD and also highlight overlapping and diverging symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety. These findings are discussed within the context of existing research on veterans, and recommendations for further study and treatment interventions are provided.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100447"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142083264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-depth consultation: Deep brain reorienting (DBR) as a potential tool for transforming countertransference reactions in trauma therapists","authors":"Anna Gerge","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100442","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100442","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To (<em>i</em>) explore whether or not the deep brain reorienting (DBR) method ameliorates countertransference reactions and distress in psychotherapists who provide trauma therapies and (<em>ii</em>) describe specific burdens on psychotherapists, who work with severe traumatization and dissociation.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>All participants in this small, naturalistic study (<em>n</em> = 16) were experienced trauma psychotherapists who were in ongoing consultations. When they raised relational difficulties and/or distress related to their clinical work, they were offered an opportunity to process their reactions with DBR during the consultation hours. The participants’ self-assessed experiences of discomfort before and after DBR processing were measured with the <em>Subjective Units of Distress Scale</em> (SUDS). They also provided verbal and written statements regarding their experiences after DBR intervention.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>SUDS ratings/values related to participants’ experiences of discomfort before and after the DBR moment were all lowered (<em>p</em> = 0.00003, binomial calculation). Also lowered after the DBR moment (<em>p</em> = 0.00024, binomial calculation) were ratings related to how disturbing it was for the participants after their clients left their last session – compared to how disturbing the participants thought that it <em>would be</em> when their clients would leave the next session. These subjective ratings were aligned with the participants’ summarized verbal and written statements.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Preliminary results are promising. Potentially, DBR seems to diminish trauma-generated countertransference and related reactions. Use of DBR during consultation must be further researched; interventions for ameliorating countertransference reactions have been requested in contemporary research. New knowledge must be further acquired and implemented in clinical work and consultation/supervision – regarding ways in which traumas affect the brain's functional networks and subcortical regions in those suffering severe traumatization (and vicariously their therapists). Whether or not DBR is a helpful method during consultations (among more inexperienced colleagues) should be investigated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 3","pages":"Article 100442"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142011250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“A lightbulb moment all the way through” – An exploration into participant experiences of a novel Group Formulation Programme","authors":"Emer Long ,&nbsp;Clodagh Dowling ,&nbsp;Claire O'Driscoll-Lawrie ,&nbsp;Ruth Groarke ,&nbsp;Violet Johnstone ,&nbsp;Aideen O'Neill ,&nbsp;Treasa Skelly ,&nbsp;Gary O'Reilly","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>Despite its centrality to clinical psychology, research regarding psychological formulation has primarily focused on the perspectives of clinicians and researchers. ‘Bottom-up’ research into client experiences remains in its infancy. This study aimed to explore participants’ experience and understanding of their formulations before and after completing a group intervention designed to increase self-awareness and comprehension of personal formulations.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Reflexive Thematic Analysis (RTA) was used to analyse data and develop themes summarising essential experiences. Twenty-one adults attending two streams of a novel Group Formulation Programme participated in semi-structured interviews pre-programme, with fifteen taking part post-programme. The groups comprised 8 and 12 sessions between May 2022 and January 2023. Analysis produced five overarching themes across Pre/Post-Programme: Understanding, Coping, Self, Journey, and The Group. Analysis of pre-data produced four themes: 1) Challenging Life Experiences, 2) The Cyclical Nature of Coping, 3) At an Impasse, and 4) Fractured Self. Post-intervention data produced four themes: 1) New Understandings, 2) Repairing the Relationship with Self, 3) Peaks, Valleys, and the Road Ahead, and 4) Group Experience.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Results indicated that pre-intervention, participants had a good understanding of potential factors contributing to their difficulties but reported confusion around coping and self-relating, which impacted psychological and psychosocial functioning. Post-intervention, participants reported an increased sense of how past and present related to difficulties and decreased self-blame.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Participants noted benefits in line with other research in this area but also noted challenges associated with formulation, including feelings of overwhelm and grief.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100446"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142087627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychosexual trauma: Examining public perceptions and approaches to destigmatization","authors":"Liana Spytska","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and purpose</h3><p>Psychosexual trauma can have a serious impact on the psyche and emotional state of victims, it can cause post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety and other mental disorders that are difficult to treat, so the issue of psychosexual trauma is constantly discussed and researched by scientists, which indicates its relevance and importance for society. The study aims to examine the features of psychosexual trauma and its consequences to develop an effective programme to raise awareness of this problem in society.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The following research methods were used: analysis, systematisation, and surveys, which helped to study the issue of psychosexual trauma as an obstacle to a full life for victims in more depth.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The study examined the consequences of psychosexual trauma, including severe psychological stress, traumatic depression, PTSD, adjustment disorders, gender identity disorders, fear of sexual relations, and a sense of isolation. The study identified ways to overcome psychosexual trauma: seeking professional psychological individual and group support, pharmacotherapy, taking care of physical health, having support from family and friends, and contacting a lawyer or human rights organisation. The study conducted a survey, the results of which indicate significant variability in attitudes towards victims of sexual violence, which correlates with the age and gender of the respondents. According to the survey, tolerance and understanding are more prevalent amongst younger age groups and women, while older age groups and men may be more likely to have negative attitudes.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The survey results served as the basis for the development of an information campaign to eliminate stigma against victims of sexual violence. The findings of the study can be used by psychologists, psychotherapists, and educators to develop training programmes on psychosexual trauma and psychological support to raise public awareness of the seriousness of the problem of psychosexual trauma, its prevalence, and the need for support for victims of violence.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100443"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142049108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}