European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation最新文献

{"title":"The development and preliminary validation of the cyber dissociative experiences scale: Its associations with childhood trauma, online dissociative experiences, and social media addiction","authors":"Erdinc Ozturk ,&nbsp;Gorkem Derin ,&nbsp;Barishan Erdogan","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and aim</h3><div>Social media addiction and childhood trauma can lead to dissociative reactions in cyberspace. Despite their significance, no scale currently exists to measure cyber dissociative experiences. To address this gap, this study aimed to develop and validate a scale for measuring cyber dissociative experiences and to examine the relationships between childhood trauma, dissociation, and social media addiction.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study was conducted online between October and December 2024 using a convenience sample of 746 adults. Childhood trauma, online dissociative experiences, dissociation, and social media addiction were assessed using validated psychometric instruments. Through exploratory factor analysis in the first stage and confirmatory factor analysis in the second stage, we identified three higher‐order factors within the Cyber Dissociative Experiences Scale: cyber alter identity, cyber identity confusion, and cyber amnesia. Furthermore, we examined the mediating role of childhood trauma in the relationship between social media addiction and cyber dissociative experiences.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results indicated that the scale demonstrates an excellent model fit, adequate reliability, and high construct validity. Among the participants, 205 (27.5 %) reported pathological dissociation, 340 (45.6 %) reported childhood trauma, and 487 (65.4 %) reported social media addiction. A significant correlation was found between childhood trauma, dissociation (including online and cyber dissociative experiences), and social media addiction. Moreover, childhood trauma was found to partially mediate the relationship between social media addiction and cyber dissociative experiences.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Overall, this study introduces a valuable tool for assessing cyber dissociative experiences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 3","pages":"Article 100545"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144116208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between specific posttraumatic stress symptoms and suicidality in a sample of American veterans: A network analysis","authors":"Blake A.E. Boehme ,&nbsp;Warren N. Ponder ,&nbsp;Jose Carbajal ,&nbsp;Gordon J.G. Asmundson","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Military veterans are at heightened risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and suicidality, yet the relationship between specific posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and suicidality remains understudied.</div></div><div><h3>Basic procedures</h3><div>This study used network analysis to explore the interconnections between PTSS and suicidality in a treatment-seeking veteran sample. The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQR) were used to assess 19 nodes, including 18 PTSS and one suicidality, in both partial-correlation and Bayesian networks.</div></div><div><h3>Main findings</h3><div>Key findings revealed that negative emotions, intrusive memories, loss of interest in activities, and physiological reactivity were the most central symptoms in the partial-correlation network. Bayesian analysis further identified negative emotions as the primary causal driver of pathways leading to sleep disturbances, amnesia, and suicidality. Three symptom clusters emerged: intrusion-avoidance-sleep, negative affect-externalization-suicidality, and anhedonia. Results emphasize the importance of targeting negative emotions and related symptoms to disrupt cascading effects and reduce suicidality in veterans.</div></div><div><h3>Principal conclusions</h3><div>These findings underscore the value of network analysis in identifying clinically actionable insights, enabling more precise and transdiagnostic approaches to PTSD treatment. Future research should incorporate longitudinal designs and additional variables, such as trauma type and resilience, to refine interventions for this high-risk population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 3","pages":"Article 100547"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144131031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hibuki therapy as a method of psychological support for war trauma in Ukrainian children","authors":"Dafna Maksimov Sharon ,&nbsp;Tetiana Melnychuk ,&nbsp;Lesia Inzhyievska ,&nbsp;Alona Sadykina ,&nbsp;Valeriia Shynkarova","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This comprehensive study delves into the effectiveness of Hibuki therapy, a unique psychological intervention blending psychoanalytic principles and art therapy techniques, in supporting children who have suffered trauma due to the ongoing war in Ukraine. In this comprehensive study conducted from September 2022 to March 2023, we evaluated the efficacy of Hibuki therapy across a diverse cohort of 400 Ukrainian children, each affected by PTSD due to the war in Ukraine. These children, representing a wide range of regions within Ukraine, were methodically divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group, with each group consisting of 200 children. The study scrutinizes the impact of Hibuki therapy, a psychological intervention uniquely combining psychoanalytic principles with art therapy techniques. This approach was specifically tailored to assist children who have endured the trauma associated with the ongoing conflict. By integrating sensory integration and other neuropsychological methods, the study enhanced the scope of traditional art therapy to address the complex needs more effectively of traumatized children. Our findings indicate significant progress in the children's emotional expression, stress management capabilities, and social engagement. These improvements highlight the potential of Hibuki therapy as an efficacious tool in aiding the trauma recovery process. Crucially, the involvement of parents emerged as a pivotal factor in the healing journey, emphasizing the necessity of a supportive and nurturing environment. The study underscores the value of bespoke therapy approaches that acknowledge the varied responses and healing trajectories of children. These insights make a substantial contribution to the ongoing discourse in child-centered, innovative, and holistic trauma therapy approaches, especially pertinent in areas plagued by conflict. The outcomes of this research pave the way for developing adaptable, culturally attuned trauma therapies, emphasizing the importance of continuous innovation in child psychology and trauma treatment methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 3","pages":"Article 100546"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144099706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grief, trauma and pain: A conceptual framework and empirical investigation","authors":"Cyrille Kossigan Kokou-Kpolou ,&nbsp;Manuel Fernández-Alcántara ,&nbsp;Mathieu Piché","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100549","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100549","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 3","pages":"Article 100549"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144123253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between state/trait dissociation and cognitive function: a study combining cross sectional and experimental demonstration among general population and PTSD patients","authors":"Alexis Vancappel ,&nbsp;Emma Guillard ,&nbsp;Rania Chkili ,&nbsp;David Clarys ,&nbsp;Wissam El-Hage","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100543","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100543","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>It is often proposed that dissociation would be associated to cognitive disruption. However, the studies exploring the relationship between dissociation and cognition are incongruent. Some authors suggest that this is due to 1) the tools used to measure trait-dissociation, 2) the absence of measure of state-dissociation, 3) the absence of emotional material in cognitive evaluation and 4) the absence of experimental studies. The study will therefore (<em>i</em>) explore the association between state-dissociation and multiple cognitive functions in neutral condition (<em>ii</em>) evaluate the impact of emotional activation on cognitive performance and its association dissociation, (<em>iii</em>) induce dissociation using experimental induction and (<em>iv</em>) change the tools evaluating trait-dissociation.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>We recruited 100 participants form the general population (57 women) and 56 patients suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (52 women) who undertook several evaluations of dissociation, PTSD, emotion regulation and cognitive complaints. They performed a neuropsychological battery evaluating executive function, denomination, reaction time and memory. Half of the participants undertook a detection task after a dissociative induction while the other half performed the same task without induction.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We found a significant association between trait and state dissociation with multiple tasks: Stroop tasks, go/no go task, detection task and denomination tasks. We found a significant effect of dissociative induction on both reaction time and dissociative state.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This argues in favor of Vancappel and El Hage’s model suggesting that the relationship between cognitive function and dissociation is bidirectional. First, poor cognitive abilities tend to be predictive of dissociative symptoms. Second, dissociative state tend to alter attentional abilities. Further explorations are now required on larger clinical samples.</div></div><div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Il est souvent proposé que la dissociation soit associée à une perturbation cognitive. Cependant, les études explorant la relation entre la dissociation et la cognition sont incongruentes. Certains auteurs suggèrent que cela est dû à: 1) les outils utilisés pour mesurer la dissociation-trait, 2) l’absence de mesure de la dissociation-état, 3) l’absence de matériel émotionnel dans l’évaluation cognitive et 4) l’absence d’études expérimentales. Cette étude vise donc à: (i) explorer l’association entre la dissociation-état et plusieurs fonctions cognitives en condition neutre, (ii) évaluer l’impact de l’activation émotionnelle sur la performance cognitive et son association avec la dissociation, (iii) induire expérimentalement un état dissociatif et (iv) modifier les outils d’évaluation de la dissociation-trait.</div></div><div><h3>Méthode</h3><div>Nous","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 2","pages":"Article 100543"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An exploratory study of painful and provocative events and suicidality: The mediating role of physical dissociation and body insensitivity","authors":"Rui C. Campos ,&nbsp;Ronald R. Holden ,&nbsp;Madeleine T. D’Agata","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research study examined physical dissociation and body insensitivity as sequential mediators in the relationship of painful and provocative events with suicidality. A sample of 290 American community adults (150 men, 140 women) participated. Mean age of participants was 37.24 years (<em>SD</em> = 11.51). We tested statistical mediation effects, using path analysis in structural equation modeling. Physical dissociation and body insensitivity fully mediated the relationship between painful and provocative events and suicide motivation and partially mediated the relationship between painful and provocative events and suicide preparation. For both models (suicide motivation and suicide preparation), body insensitivity partially mediated the relationship between physical dissociation and suicidality. Results align closely with Orbach’s (1994) hypothesis that, to die by suicide, an individual must overcome the pain and horror of death and that this can be facilitated through physical dissociation and numbness that result from an individual being exposed to painful and traumatic events. Based on these findings, clinical interventions that focus on addressing dissociation or body indifference may have the potential to break the link between traumatic experiences and suicidality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 2","pages":"Article 100544"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychology of stress and adaptation during complex crises: Practical aspects of assisting people in difficult circumstances","authors":"Oksana Oliinyk ,&nbsp;Dilzatbek Zholdoshbaev ,&nbsp;Saltanat Koshonova ,&nbsp;Yuriy Kravtsov ,&nbsp;Vitalii Bocheliuk","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100541","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100541","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The difficult living conditions caused by the hostilities have a significant impact on the destruction of people’s mental health. The research relevance is determined by the aforementioned impact and the necessity for a scientific basis for designing effective assistance programmes.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The study aims to address the impact of military operations on the mental health of the civilian population in Ukraine.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>To achieve this goal, theoretical research methods (analysis and synthesis, classification, generalisation) and empirical research methods (surveys, statistical analysis of data) were used.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The main results of the study: Many civilians in Ukraine are facing complex crises due to the hostilities and need assistance. Individual resilience to stress is determined by their characteristics and how these characteristics can interact with the factors of influence (four levels: individual, family, community, and societal levels). The impact of hostilities on the mental health of civilians is significant and negative. People who have been exposed to war or its aftermath experience high levels of stress symptoms, leading to post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and other mental health problems. The level of mental health problems is higher among people who have experienced more traumatic events, such as loss of loved ones, violence, and loss of home. There are several key areas in which practical assistance can be provided, including psychosocial support, which can be provided through information support, emotional support, psychological counselling, trauma therapy, and medication.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The practical significance of the study is determined by the contribution to understanding the impact of war on people’s mental health. The results of the study can be used to improve the lives of people affected by the war. Namely, to develop and implement effective assistance programmes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 2","pages":"Article 100541"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dari version of international trauma questionnaire-child and adolescent version (ITQ-CA): In a sample of Afghan children and adolescents exposed to trauma","authors":"Mohammad Sajjad Afsharzada ,&nbsp;Sajjad Saadat ,&nbsp;Mohammad Ershad Afsharzada ,&nbsp;Lisa Lindström ,&nbsp;Mohammad Farid Fahiz ,&nbsp;Fazel Rahman Fazel","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) introduced two related stress disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) which highlights the need for brief and reliable assessment for both adults and youth. The International Trauma Questionnaire – Child and Adolescent Version (ITQ-CA) is the only which assesses both PTSD and CPTSD in children and adolescents in accordance with ICD-11 guidelines, but it has not yet been translated into Dari.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The aim of this study was to translate and validate the ITQ-CA among Afghan Children and Adolescents Exposed to Trauma.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A sample of 235 trauma-exposed Afghan adolescents completed the ITQ-CA in Dari. Reliability and validity were analyzed using internal consistency, test-retest stability, and confirmatory factor analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The present study results showed that the self-report ITQ-CA in Dari had good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the scale was 0.82) and retest reliability (two-week retest correlation coefficient was 0.71). CFA supported the ICD-11 CPTSD symptom structure as a two-factor model with PTSD and Disturbances in Self-Organization (DSO) as correlated factors with a very good model fit. And the single-factor model also had a good fit.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study confirms the psychometric properties of the Dari version of the ITQ-CA, which is designed to identify symptoms of PTSD and Disturbance in Self-Organization among children and adolescents. The findings confirm its effectiveness and validity in Dari in this context.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 2","pages":"Article 100540"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secondary traumatic stress among war refugee helpers in lithuania: The Role of burnout, compassion satisfaction, and social support","authors":"Adelė Petravičiūtė,&nbsp;Momina Khalid Butt,&nbsp;Jonas Eimontas,&nbsp;Neringa Grigutytė","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><strong>Background:</strong> Assistance providers who support war refugees are at risk of experiencing secondary traumatic stress related to the aid recipient trauma. Therefore, it is crucial to identify the risk and protective factors associated with this phenomenon. The cross-sectional study examined the role of burnout, social support, and compassion satisfaction as potential predictors or mitigators of STS among refugee helpers in Lithuania.</div><div><strong>Method:</strong> The study included 120 professionals and volunteers who provided various types of help to war refugees; their ages ranged from 18 to 74 years (<em>M</em> = 42.5, <em>SD</em> = 12.7), and 90.8 % of the sample were female. Secondary traumatic stress was evaluated by the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS), the Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL) was used to measure burnout and compassion satisfaction, and social support was measured by self-constructed questions.</div><div><strong>Results:</strong> It was found that 19,17 % of participants experienced secondary traumatic stress. The level of secondary traumatic stress was positively related to burnout and negatively associated with compassion satisfaction and social support. Furthermore, burnout was a key prognostic factor of secondary traumatic stress, and higher compassion satisfaction and social support predicted lower secondary traumatic stress indirectly - through a lower level of burnout.</div><div><strong>Conclusions:</strong> These results provide more insight into the possible direction of secondary traumatic stress prevention and intervention among war refugee helpers. Burnout should be given the most attention to prevent war refugee helpers‘ secondary traumatic stress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 2","pages":"Article 100542"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disentangling the knowledge and abilities to be targeted in patients suffering from dissociation: Development and validation of the knowledge and abilities about dissociation scale (KADS)","authors":"Alexis Vancappel ,&nbsp;Lyna Chami ,&nbsp;Arnaud Leroy ,&nbsp;Hala Kerbage ,&nbsp;Wissam El-Hage","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100536","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100536","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Recently, Dissociation-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (DF-CBT) has emerged as a new field of research, showing promising results. However, there is a lack of theoretical conceptualization regarding how patients develop specific knowledge and abilities to manage dissociation during this therapy. The aim of this study is to identify the knowledge and abilities that should be targeted within DF-CBT to reduce dissociation and its functional impact by validating a scale to measure them: the Knowledge and Abilities about Dissociation Scale (KADS).</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>We recruited 515 participants online through social media. They completed several self-reported questionnaires, including the KADS, the Dissociation Questionnaire (DIS-Q), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ), the Dissociative Beliefs Scale (DBS), and a visual analog scale measuring the functional impact of dissociation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We identified four factors composing the KADS: (F1) the ability to stop dissociation, (F2) the ability to accept and identify alters, (F3) the ability to identify dissociation, and (F4) knowledge about dissociation. We found good internal consistency for F1 and F2, acceptable consistency for F3, and low consistency for F4. F1 was associated with lower levels of psychopathology, while results for F2 and F3 were mixed. In contrast, F4 was associated with higher levels of psychopathology.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The KADS demonstrates acceptable psychometric properties and can be used in clinical practice. It differentiates four dimensions that could be targeted in psychotherapy. However, the ability to accept and identify alters (F2) requires further investigation to determine its potential clinical relevance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 2","pages":"Article 100536"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143923314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}