Transportation Planning & Policy eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Gasoline Price and New Vehicle Fuel Efficiency: Evidence from Canada","authors":"N. Rivers, B. Schaufele","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2786667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2786667","url":null,"abstract":"Using data on all new vehicles registered in Canada from 2000 to 2010, we estimate the elasticity of the fuel economy of the new vehicle stock with respect to gasoline price. We find that a 10% increase in gasoline price causes a 0.8% improvement in the fuel economy of new vehicles. However, we also show that consumers respond much more strongly to fuel taxes than to other components of the gasoline price. Finally, we provide evidence that consumers in dense urban areas are more responsive to changes in fuel prices than consumers living on the urban periphery.","PeriodicalId":278996,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Planning & Policy eJournal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121927196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Programación simultánea de buses y conductores: caso de estudio en Transantiago, Chile (Simultaneous Vehicle and Crew Scheduling Problem: Case Study Transantiago, Chile)","authors":"César Augusto Henao, Rodolfo Cuevas","doi":"10.22430/24223182.163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22430/24223182.163","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we propose an alternative formulation to solve the simultaneous vehicle and crew scheduling problem. This paper presents a constructive heuristic and a mixed integer linear programming model to address this problem. To substantially reduce solution times, our formulation proposes a way to implicitly construct the optimal set of vehicle schedules. Additionally, the objective function of the model incorporates multiple cost terms that improve the operational quality of the delivered solution. We present the results of the implementation of our methodology for a study case using real instances from one of major private bus operators in Transantiago, Chile. The model results evaluate the trade-off between two extreme solutions from addressed problem: prioritizing minimization of shifts versus prioritizing minimization of vehicle schedules.","PeriodicalId":278996,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Planning & Policy eJournal","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127818480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Theory of Maintenance Expenditures Tested on Automobile Data from Greece","authors":"G. C. Bitros","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2766203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2766203","url":null,"abstract":"This paper derives a model of irregular or unplanned maintenance and repair outlays from an analytical framework based on rational economic behavior in which maintenance, utilization and service life decisions are appropriately integrated and estimates it with the help of data from 433 automobiles imported into Greece from various countries. On the theoretical plain it is shown that the model allows endogenously for most of the variables that have been identified in the relevant literature as important determinants of such expenditures. Also the model yields sharp sign predictions for the included variables and by doing so it sheds considerable light on several issues of theory and applied research in this area. On the empirical plain it is found that: a) there are two behavioral clusters of automobile owners, i.e. one that recommends pooling of the corresponding country data and another that suggests separate estimation of the model at the country level; b) as expected, the reported amounts of these outlays are related positively to the automobile’s age, intensity of utilization, and road accidents, and c) even though the expenditures under consideration for Japanese made cars appear to be relatively more sensitive to road accidents than those of automobiles from all other countries, at least in the years of the sample and on this basis, they offered the best value for the money.","PeriodicalId":278996,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Planning & Policy eJournal","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123157985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Game Model of International Trade, Transport Costs, Invasive Species, and Protocol Compliance","authors":"A. Batabyal, P. Nijkamp","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2759001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2759001","url":null,"abstract":"We study the duopolistic interaction between two monopolists located in two different countries who sell an imperfect substitute good in two markets. The traded good is transported between the two nations on ships using solid wood packing materials (SWPMs) and hence the presence of one or more invasive species is a problem. We use a game model to analyze this interaction in three steps. First, we study the benchmark case of autarky or no trade between the two nations. Second, we introduce transport costs and then study the effect of free trade on the profits of the two monopolists. Finally, we suppose that invasive species are present in the SWPMs. This fact requires compliance with an environmental protocol. We model this compliance by increasing the transport costs associated with trade and then demonstrate that a version of the so called Porter hypothesis holds. In other words, we show that compliance with a cost increasing environmental protocol can give rise to higher profits for the two monopolists under consideration.","PeriodicalId":278996,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Planning & Policy eJournal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129597651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transactional Approach in Assessment of Operational Performance of Companies in Transport Infrastructure","authors":"V. Dubrovsky, N. Yaroshevich, E. Kuzmin","doi":"10.3926/JIEM.1721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3926/JIEM.1721","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Offer an alternative method to assess operational performance of companies in transport infrastructure of a region by making a comparison between transaction costs. The method is supposed to be a cross-functional and possibly applied to an analysis of economic entities of a different order (country, region, sector, companies) while evaluating “viscosity”/complexity of the outside and the inside.Design/methodology/approach: The paper includes an analysis of various methodological approaches to assess a development level of the transport infrastructure in a region. Within the author's approach and for purposed of the research, an index of transaction capacity or the transactionalness index is proposed, which determines a level of transaction costs calculated against the cost of production and revenue. The approach is piloted using the region-wise consolidated financial data of companies involved in the Russian transport infrastructure for 2005/2013.Findings: The proposed alternative way to measure corporate operating efficiency has proved its academic consistency. A specific comparison between the transaction costs using the transactionalness index allows first to identify companies or regions/sectors, where there is excess complexity of economical communication in bargaining. Secondly, the index does not only point out indirectly to a degree of development in the institutional environment, but also the infrastructure (the transport one in the example given). Third, the transactionalness level may say of uncertainty and risks. As an addition to theoretical and methodological aspects of transaction costs, the authors justify an approach to their size estimation, as well as their differentiation dividing them into two groups: those of a natural type and a background type. In a course of their discussion, the authors have concluded that there are such transaction costs in place, which are standard in a manner of speaking.Originality/value: There is a discussion whether it is scientifically reasonable to use an index of transactionalness. There are reasons for applicability of the alternative approach to assess operational performance of companies in transport infrastructure as an indicative criterion of favouring external conditions to execute exchange transactions. According to the authors, a high level of transactionalness is associated with a low development level of transport infrastructure in a region. This says that their competitiveness is specifically less.","PeriodicalId":278996,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Planning & Policy eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122067280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Transportation Systems Through the Lenses of Experimental Economics: A Review","authors":"V. Dixit, A. Ortmann, E. Rutstrom, S. Ukkusuri","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2546881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2546881","url":null,"abstract":"Planning, operation and analysis of transportation systems hinge on theories and assumptions regarding individual choices, traffic flows, and traffic equilibria. Transportation field data collection, however, often lacks sufficient control, and therefore is often not suitable to test theories in transport modelling and their underlying behavioural axioms. With increased pressure on transport planners to deliver efficient, safe and publicly acceptable plans, it is imperative for transport scientists to find alternatives when testing the behavioural axioms that underpin current theories. Transportation scientists have, in response, increasingly used methods from experimental economics to gain insights into behaviour as well as to test theories and policies. Here we review and critically analyse the use of the experimental method in transportation science. Specifically, we synthesize the findings of experimental studies with regard to safety, freight, route choice, departure time choice, and location choice. We also reflect on well-known traffic paradoxes. We find that some of the evidence for traffic paradoxes can be attributed to experimental artefacts and that experimental studies when conducted by engineers tend to lack dominance and when conducted by economists tend to lack salience. Dominance and salience are key precepts of the external validity of studies drawing on methods from experimental economics. This review work also highlights methods that strengthen dominance and salience when using experimental economics in transportation studies.","PeriodicalId":278996,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Planning & Policy eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115358622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"News from Above: First Amendment Implications of the Federal Aviation Administration Ban on Commercial Drones","authors":"Cynthia Love, Sean Lawson, A. Holton","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3211640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3211640","url":null,"abstract":"Unmanned aircraft systems (UASs), commonly referred to as drones, have rocketed to public attention in the last decade, largely as a result of the U.S. military's use of this technology in the \"War on Terror.\" As UASs have come home and have been put to a growing number of uses in domestic airspace, the Federal Aviation Administration has attempted to ban their commercial use. Efforts to enforce this ban have included sending dozens of cease-and-desist letters to UAS operators and even one attempt to levy a $10,000 fine. Most often, these UAS operators have been engaging in aerial photography, sometimes for news-gathering purposes. To date, little attention has been paid to the First Amendment implications of the ban. This article argues that aerial photography with UASs, whether commercial or not, is protected First Amendment activity, particularly for news-gathering purposes. The FAA must take First Amendment?protected uses of this technology into account as it proceeds with meeting its congressional mandate to promulgate rules for domestic UASs.","PeriodicalId":278996,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Planning & Policy eJournal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128328502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Motorcycle Kuznets Curve","authors":"Shuhei Nishitateno, Paul J. Burke","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2423617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2423617","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of motorcycle ownership is a crucial issue for road safety, as motorcyclists are highly vulnerable road users. Analyzing a panel of 153 countries for the period 1963-2010, we document a motorcycle Kuznets curve which sees motorcycle dependence increase and then decrease as economies develop. Upswings in motorcycle ownership are particularly pronounced in densely populated countries. We also present macro-level evidence on the additional road fatalities associated with motorcycles. Our results indicate that many low-income countries face the prospect of an increasing number of motorcycle-related deaths over coming years unless adequate safety initiatives are implemented.","PeriodicalId":278996,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Planning & Policy eJournal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129833602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Welfare Impact of Indirect Pigouvian Taxation: Evidence from Transportation","authors":"Christopher R. Knittel, Ryan Sandler","doi":"10.3386/W18849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W18849","url":null,"abstract":"A basic tenet of economics posits that when consumers or firms don't face the true social cost of their actions, market outcomes are inefficient. In the case of negative externalities, Pigouvian taxes are one way to correct this market failure, where the optimal tax leads agents to internalize the true cost of their actions. A practical complication, however, is that the level of externality nearly always varies across economic agents and directly taxing the externality may be infeasible. In such cases, policy often taxes a product correlated with the externality. For example, instead of taxing vehicle emissions directly, policy makers may tax gasoline even though per-gallon emissions vary across vehicles. This paper estimates the implications of this approach within the personal transportation market. We have three general empirical results. First, we show that vehicle emissions are positively correlated with vehicle elasticities for miles traveled with respect to fuel prices (in absolute value)--i.e. dirtier vehicles respond more to fuel prices. This correlation substantially increases the optimal second-best uniform gasoline tax. Second, and perhaps more importantly, we show that a uniform tax performs very poorly in eliminating deadweight loss associated with vehicle emissions; in many years in our sample over 75 percent of the deadweight loss remains under the optimal second-best gasoline tax. Substantial improvements to market efficiency require differentiating based on vehicle type, for example vintage. Finally, there is a more positive result: because of the positive correlation between emissions and elasticities, the health benefits from a given gasoline tax increase by roughly 90 percent, compared to what one would expect if emissions and elasticities were uncorrelated.","PeriodicalId":278996,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Planning & Policy eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115356885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Costly is Modern Maritime Piracy to the International Community?","authors":"S. Bensassi, I. Martínez‐Zarzoso","doi":"10.1111/roie.12000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12000","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the impact of maritime piracy on international trade. Piracy increases the cost of international maritime transport through an increase in insecurity regarding goods deliveries. Bilateral trade flows between the main European and Asian countries over the 1999 to 2008 period are used to estimate an augmented gravity model that includes various measures of piracy acts. We found robust evidence indicating that maritime piracy reduces the volume of trade; the effect of ten additional vessels hijacked being associated to an 11% decrease in exports. Using these results, the international cost of piracy in terms of trade destruction is estimated to be 28 billion dollars. Finally, we compare the cost of low intensity conflict like Somalia, to the cost of a full scale conflict (Afghanistan) and to the cost of an autarkic state (North Korea) for the international community in the year 2008.The results indicate that the cost of war more than doubles the cost of low intensity conflict.","PeriodicalId":278996,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Planning & Policy eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133932064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}