Transportation Planning & Policy eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Can Autonomous Vehicles Solve the Commuter Parking Problem?","authors":"Neda Mirzaeian, Soo-Haeng Cho, Sean Qian","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3872106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3872106","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates how autonomous vehicles (AVs) may change the morning commute travel pattern and improve downtown parking. We develop a continuous-time traffic model that takes into account key economic deterrents to driving, such as parking fee and traffic congestion, and characterize the departure time and parking location (downtown or outside downtown parking area) patterns of commuters in equilibrium. To illustrate our results, our model is calibrated to data from Pittsburgh. For the calibrated model, our analysis shows that all AV commuters choose to park outside downtown, increasing both vehicle hours and vehicle miles traveled as compared to the case with all human-driven vehicles. This change increases the total system cost and suggests a potential downtown land-use change (e.g., repurposing downtown parking spots to commercial and residential areas) in Pittsburgh after mass adoption of AVs. To reduce the total system cost, a social planner may be interested in regulating commuters’ decisions by adjusting parking fees and/or imposing congestion tolls as a short-term measure, or adjusting infrastructure, e.g., converting downtown parking spaces to curbside drop-off spots for AVs. Our results indicate that these measures can reduce the total system cost substantially (e.g., up to 70% in our calibrated model).","PeriodicalId":278996,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Planning & Policy eJournal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121346853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigation and Transfer of Risks: Prevention, Insurance, and Limited Liability","authors":"Michael Fackler","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3806849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3806849","url":null,"abstract":"Modern society mitigates and transfers risks in a variety of ways, which range from catastrophe prevention and insurance solutions through to injustices of a minor and inconspicuous nature. We illustrate that the measures taken depend on the uncertainty about the risks in question, and involve three trade-offs: innovation vs. risk avoidance; liability vs. collective risk sharing; and equity vs. practicable claims settlement. We study two highly instructive examples: nuclear liability and the measures taken in the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attack.","PeriodicalId":278996,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Planning & Policy eJournal","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114730299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of a Decentralised Digital Token Architecture for Public Transport","authors":"O. King, Geoffrey Goodell","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3742053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3742053","url":null,"abstract":"Digitisation is often viewed as beneficial to a user. Where originally people would physically have to identify to a service, pay for a ticket in cash, or go into a library to access a book, people can now achieve all of this through a click of a button. While these actions may seem functionally identical to their analogue counterparts, they come with one important difference. Namely, in the digital case, a user's actions are automatically recorded. The recording of user's interactions presents a problem because this information can be used outside the control of the person whom it concerns. This issue is only exacerbated by the centralisation of these aforementioned services' authentication mechanisms permitting the collection of even more data. \u0000This work aims to motivate the need and establish the feasibility for the application of a privacy-enhancing digital token management service to public transit. A proof-of-concept implementation of the Decentralised Digital Identity Architecture proposed by Goodell and Aste is developed. This implementation was optimised for the public transport use case. Finally, its performance is tested in a local environment to better understand the technical challenges and assess such a system's technical feasibility in a production setting. It was observed that for loads between 1 and 5 requests per second the proof-of-concept performs within acceptable limits with a maximum median response time of 334 milliseconds. Above 5 requests per second response times drastically increase due to hardware bottlenecks. \u0000It was concluded that the demonstrated throughput and latency shows that the system can feasibly compete with solutions currently in use. Yet, further work is needed to demonstrate these performance characteristics in an environment similar to that experienced in production.","PeriodicalId":278996,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Planning & Policy eJournal","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116303331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 Spread and Inter-County Travel: Daily Evidence from the U.S.","authors":"H. Yilmazkuday","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3568838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3568838","url":null,"abstract":"Daily data at the U S county level suggest that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and deaths are lower in counties where a higher share of people have stayed in the same county (or travelled less to other counties) This observation is tested formally by using a difference-in-difference design controlling for county-fixed effects and time-fixed effects, where weekly changes in COVID-19 cases or deaths are regressed on weekly changes in the share of people who have stayed in the same county during the previous 14 days A counterfactual analysis based on the formal estimation results suggests that staying in the same county has the potential of reducing total weekly COVID-19 cases and deaths in the U S as much as by 139,503 and by 23,445, respectively","PeriodicalId":278996,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Planning & Policy eJournal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114122286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of HDM-4 Model in the Structural, Functional, and Economic Variations using Road Maintenance Alternatives: A Case Study at Selected Road Sections in Addis Ababa City","authors":"Million Demie, Emer Tucay Quezon, Alemayehu Feyissa","doi":"10.37896/jxu14.9/084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37896/jxu14.9/084","url":null,"abstract":"Roadway is one of the most crucial transportation modes to cater to inland movement within a country. The agency mandate is to design, construct, and maintain the road to sustain the traffic up to its design life without further strengthening. However, some factors are affecting the performance of the pavement. Most pavements start to show some traces of deterioration after construction and opening to traffic, but once neglected, the distress portions would be aggravated with corresponding increasing maintenance cost. Thus, the road's maintenance has to be carried out at the place, right schedule, right quality, and at the least cost. Since there are different maintenance alternatives, the best strategy has to be chosen following the road's condition and the severity of the damage. To select the best maintenance alternative, calculations on the pavement layer's property are performed. The Highway Development and Management (HDM-4) tool can do such measures to help decide which option is the best by evaluating the economic and structural conditions. This paper contains two significant areas that are studied. First, it was assessed the procedures followed by the city's road authority to develop the appropriate road maintenance strategies. Questionnaire surveys and interviews are used to collect information from the city's road maintenance departments. Second, the project analysis was performed for structural and economic comparison of different maintenance alternatives using HDM-4. In the analyses, three selected road segments are considered and collected important input data like road condition data, road network data, vehicle fleet data, estimated AADT, and International Roughness Index (IRI). There were five maintenance alternatives have been defined, and proposed maintenance alternatives are compared. The selection is based on the deteriorated pavement, which showed the average roughness for every section of the road network, considering an analysis period of 20 years and cost stream ranking for their Net Present Value and IRR. Results indicated that using a mill and replace, and routine maintenance schedule for the selected road networks is economically viable and structurally significant. Hence, the city's road authority is recommended to apply the different maintenance strategies, providing an economical and better performance for the city's road network.","PeriodicalId":278996,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Planning & Policy eJournal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127911634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Congestion and Incentives in the Age of Driverless Cars","authors":"F. Boffa, A. Fedele, A. Iozzi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3600019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3600019","url":null,"abstract":"Following the development of autonomous vehicles (AVs) and GPS systems, fleets will gain prominence over private vehicles. We analyze the welfare effects of the transition from a fully decentralized regime, in which all travelers are atomistic and do not internalize the congestion externality, to a centralized regime, where all travelers are supplied by a fl eet of AVs controlled by a monopolist. In our model, heterogeneous individuals differing in the disutility from congestion may travel on one of two lanes, which may endogenously differ in the level of congestion, or they may not travel. We show that the monopolist sorts travelers across the two lanes differently than the decentralized regime. Moreover, depending on the severity of congestion costs, it may also exclude some travelers. We find that centralization is always welfare detrimental when the monopolist does not ration travel. If instead rationing occurs, centralization may be welfare beneficial, provided that congestion costs are sufficiently high. We then analyze how to restore first best with road taxes. While congestion charges are optimal under decentralization, taxes differ markedly in a centralized regime, where restoring first best may require subsidizing the monopolist.","PeriodicalId":278996,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Planning & Policy eJournal","volume":"205 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116749982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19 or 2019-nCoV) on Nepalese Economy","authors":"Jyoti Koirala, Suman Acharya","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3560638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3560638","url":null,"abstract":"Expert analysis shows that there is direct impact of Novel Corona Virus outbreaks on Nepalese Economy as Nepal is fully dependent on other countries and imports. The economic and social isolation cost will be higher. Country substantially dependent on remittance flow so impact will be seen till next 5 years. Labour Market and Education system have also been affected. Unemployment will be higher in tourism related industry in days to come. This is true that just calculating the impact on tourist trips, hotels, declines in retail trade, decline in remittance, close down of education centre are not enough to get the real picture of impact on economy in Nepal. There are some linkages in economy across various sectors both direct and indirect impact need to be calculated as economic shock of one nation will be directly linked to other nation in this global world. The impact illustrated through the qualitative data is far greater than the cost to a health budget of treatment of the cases involved. The more persistent shock is Corona lasting for longer than anyone hopes in this increased globalization. There is need of global monitoring and coordination mechanisms in containing both economic and microbial epidemics as the impact is higher than expected. \u0000 \u0000Further study is required understanding the impact on each economic indicators in Nepal.","PeriodicalId":278996,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Planning & Policy eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129875743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sharing Economy: A Comprehensive Literature Review","authors":"Mokter Hossain","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3536188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3536188","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The objective of this study is to review the extant sharing economy (SE) literature. Applying a systematic literature review approach, this study thematically synthesizes the findings of 219 articles on sharing economy. It explores the definitional dilemma, sharing economy as a phenomenon and key theories used in the literature. It analyses the stakeholders and their motivations for participating in SE, which is mainly present in the accommodation and transportation sectors. We discuss various facets of these two sectors. The study shows how SE firms operate with novel business models with unique revenue streams. It synthesizes the challenges that SE faces. This study points out SE’s economic, social, and environmental impacts. It highlights the lack of regulations and policies for SE around the world. Finally, we provide the implications of this work and suggest future research avenues.","PeriodicalId":278996,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Planning & Policy eJournal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121557384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Fast You Can Actually Fly: A Comparative Investigation of Flight Airborne Time in China and the U.S.","authors":"Kecheng Liu, Zhe Zheng, Bo Zou, M. Hansen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3522744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3522744","url":null,"abstract":"Actual airborne time (AAT) is the time between wheels-off and wheels-on of a flight. Understanding the behavior of AAT is increasingly important given the ever growing demand for air travel and flight delays becoming more rampant. As no research on AAT exists, this paper performs the first empirical analysis of AAT behavior, comparatively for the U.S. and China. The focus is on how AAT is affected by scheduled block time (SBT), origin-destination (OD) distance, and the possible pressure to reduce AAT from other parts of flight operations. Multiple econometric models are developed. The estimation results show that in both countries AAT is highly correlated with SBT and OD distance. Flights in the U.S. are faster than in China. On the other hand, facing ground delay prior to takeoff, a flight has limited capability to speed up. The pressure from short turnaround time after landing to reduce AAT is immaterial. Sensitivity analysis of AAT to flight length and aircraft utilization is further conducted. Given the more abundant airspace, flexible routing networks, and efficient ATFM procedures, a counterfactual that the AAT behavior in the U.S. were adopted in China is examined. We find that by doing so significant efficiency gains could be achieved in the Chinese air traffic system. On average, 11.8 minutes of AAT per flight would be saved, coming from both reduction in SBT and reduction in AAT relative to the new SBT. Systemwide fuel saving would amount to over 300 million gallons with direct airline operating cost saving of nearly $1.3 billion nationwide in 2016.","PeriodicalId":278996,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Planning & Policy eJournal","volume":"487 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125229124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic Indicators for Automobile Claim Frequencies","authors":"E. Boj, Anna Castañer, M. M. Claramunt, Teresa Costa, Oriol Roch","doi":"10.4067/s0718-52862019000200245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-52862019000200245","url":null,"abstract":"espanolResumen: Este articulo examina la relacion entre las frecuencias de siniestralidad ob- servadas en la linea de seguros de automoviles y la evolucion de magnitudes economicas seleccionadas. A partir de una variedad de variables economicas, nuestro objetivo es identificar los principales factores que afectan a las frecuen- cias de siniestralidad, controlando al mismo tiempo otros factores legislativos y demograficos. A traves de un modelo de regresion dinamica, el analisis se realiza para tres categorias diferentes de vehiculos y para distintas coberturas. Se utiliza una base de datos de las principales companias de seguros espanolas para calibrar el modelo. La evidencia podria ayudar a las empresas a mejorar su tarificacion. EnglishAbstract: This article examines the relationship between observed claim frequencies in the automobile insurance line and the evolution of selected economic magnitudes. From a variety of economic variables, we aim to identify the main factors affecting claim frequencies, while controlling for other legislative and demographic factors. Through a dynamic regression model, the analysis is conducted for three different categories of vehicles and for a variety of coverages. A comprehensive dataset from the main Spanish insurance companies is used to calibrate the model. The evidence might assist companies to improve ratemaking.","PeriodicalId":278996,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Planning & Policy eJournal","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132771687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}