Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques最新文献

{"title":"Professional Workstations (Panel Session)","authors":"A. V. Dam, James H. Clark, R. M. Dunn, H. Kriloff, D. Nelson","doi":"10.1145/800064.801261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800064.801261","url":null,"abstract":"Andries van Dam The panel will examine the evolution of the professional workstation from a time shared terminal to powerful graphics-based personal computer connected to a resource-sharing local network. The panelists will speculate on the future evolution of both the hardware/software architecture and end user environment. Workstation development at Stanford James H. Clark Workstation development at Stanford is closely linked with graphics, distributed systems and networking. Two distinct systems have evolved over the last 3 years: the SUN system and the IRIS system. The SUN is a low-cost system based upon an efficient MC68000 processor/memory design and a relatively low-performance, high-resolution bit-map display. The IRIS (Integrated Raster Imaging System) is based upon the same MC68000 design, but the graphics part of the system is a modest- to low-cost, high-performance, high-resolution, color or black and white system that uses the Geometry Engine and several other custom IC parts. Both SUN and IRIS interface to the Stanford Ethernet network, and both are being used for distributed systems research, VLSI design stations, and graphics research. In addition, IRIS will probably be used for mechanical CAD research by the mechanical engineering department and in situations where high-performance graphics is important. Improvement Goals for Workstation Facilities Robert M. Dunn Three major areas of improvement are needed: interaction techniques that are simpler, provide faster reaction, are useful for higher-level inputs, and have user-style-oriented alternatives. The second area is for image rendering based on local capabilities, in varying degrees of image quality as a function of desired “grade of service”. The third area is to provide support to incremental model construction and approximate design evaluation. There must be evaluation techniques that can work on partial models and give one approximate results. Implications of these criteria for workstation architecture will be discussed. The application of network workstations to large-scale engineering Harvey Kriloff The development of computerized analysis procedures during the last twenty years has been largely oriented toward providing increased analytic function. This has meant that considerations of user access to specific capabilities or ease of use of these mammoth programs are only now becoming user concerns. The emerging new technologies for display, input and their interaction, when applied to the professional workstation, will be playing an increasingly important role in satisfying these concerns. A professional workstation can be used both to improve the efficiency by which data is collected for an existing analysis program and to assist the user in the preparation of data for a formal presentation or report. This performance improvement can be accomplished through the development of user-adapted “macro procedures” for data entry, the execution of processes to check program inp","PeriodicalId":276450,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131519756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Color image quantization for frame buffer display","authors":"Paul S. Heckbert","doi":"10.1145/800064.801294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800064.801294","url":null,"abstract":"Algorithms for adaptive, tapered quantization of color images are described. The research is motivated by the desire to display high-quality reproductions of color images with small frame buffers. It is demonstrated that many color images which would normally require a frame buffer having 15 bits per pixel can be quantized to 8 or fewer bits per pixel with little subjective degradation. In most cases, the resulting images look significantly better than those made with uniform quantization. The color image quantization task is broken into four phases: 1) Sampling the original image for color statistics 2) Choosing a colormap based on the color statistics 3) Mapping original colors to their nearest neighbors in the colormap 4) Quantizing and redrawing the original image (with optional dither). Several algorithms for each of phases 2-4 are described, and images created by each given.","PeriodicalId":276450,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125346960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A rectangular area filling display system architecture","authors":"Daniel S. Whelan","doi":"10.1145/800064.801274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800064.801274","url":null,"abstract":"A display system architecture which has rectangular area filling as its primitive operation is presented. It is shown that lines can be drawn significantly faster with this architecture than with a pixel display system. The rendition of filled boxes is also faster showing an O(n2) speed improvement. Furthermore filled polygons can be rendered with an O(n) speed improvement. The design and implementation of this rectangular area filling architecture are discussed and refined. A custom VLSI integrated circuit is currently being designed to implement this rectangular area filling architecture and at the same time reduce the display memory system video refresh bandwidth requirements.","PeriodicalId":276450,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121961704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The challenge of CAD/CAM education","authors":"M. Melkanoff, F. Puhl, Victor Langer, D. Greenberg, Mark S. Shepard, H. Voelcker","doi":"10.1145/800064.801282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800064.801282","url":null,"abstract":"Colleges and universities are not meeting industry needs for graduates trained in the use or implementation of computer-aided design and manufacturing systems since few schools have experience in teaching CAD/CAM. Furthermore, many Bachelor's-level graduates are going directly into industry, rather than pursuing graduate degrees, thereby compounding this problem. Members of this panel represent both schools and industry and together attempt to outline approaches to developing more extensive CAD/CAM emphasis in education, including - the role colleges and universities can or should play in addressing industry needs in this area - user- and implementor-oriented CAD/CAM education - CAD/CAM education as an integral part of university engineering curricula - problems encountered in organizing and implementing CAD/CAM curriculum - universities' relationships with industry. It is our hope that panelists' experiences will help guide schools in structuring CAD/CAM programs to best insure that the United States remain at the forefront of technology and compete industrially world-wide. Frank Puhl Victor Langer Donald P. Greenberg Mark S. Shepard Herb Voelcker Universities' Relationships With Industry Frank Puhl American industry needs engineers who have been brought up with the realization that computers are intimately involved in all aspects of design, analysis, and manufacturing. Industry, of course, needs engineers who are already trained in fundamental CAD/CAM principles and in solving real world problems using computers, as well as those who have been taught to be productivity- and cost-conscious. To help meet these needs, we must now provide answers to several significant questions: What part should industry play in encouraging and sponsoring research and education in CAD/CAM? How can we resolve conflicts between industries' “trade secrets” and universities' “open research”? How can industry and educational institutions work together to increase U.S. productivity so as to regain our competitive edge? Lockheed Corporation and CADAM, Inc. are addressing these issues by supporting selected schools, installing CADAM systems, and providing fellowships for education and research at upperclass and graduate levels. In addition, we are involved in various joint research projects with universities, and we look optimistically toward continuing these projects. CADD CAM User EducationCADD CAM User Education Victor Langer General Electric Medical Systems Division in Milwaukee experienced a severe shortage of CADD CAM operators and encouraged MATC to develop a training program which started in 1980. A three-year NSF- CAUSE grant and a partial donation of a Computervision CADDS 3 (now CADD 4 Designer V six-station) system resulted in a program for upgrading employed designers and for two-year associate degree full-time students. The program enrolls 200 students per semester, with 70% continuing education students and 30% full-time students. Before students can effect","PeriodicalId":276450,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116954378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A morphological study of the form of nature","authors":"Y. Kawaguchi","doi":"10.1145/800064.801284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800064.801284","url":null,"abstract":"A process of recreating some forms of nature, including shells, horns, tusks, claws, and spiral plants, is herein described. The forms of nature based on spirals and ramification are generated not through the use of object data calculated by measurement, but through the use of an algorithmic structure based on the laws of nature. Although there are a myriad of forms to the shapes of nature, they are represented on the basis of one common principle, which can be expressed by means of the same mathematical expressions. The graphic software which is called “GROWTH” (Growth Rationale Object Work THeorem) has now been designed to create these forms automatically. GROWTH incorporates the rational, common principle of geometrical series which are found in the structute of biological objects.","PeriodicalId":276450,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122676965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An inversion algorithm for geometric models","authors":"M. Mäntylä","doi":"10.1145/800064.801262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800064.801262","url":null,"abstract":"Instead of storing boundary models of solids directly into a data base, it would be advantageous to map them first into a simpler form. This approach calls for a procedure called in this paper the inversion algorithm of a geometric model. We present and analyze an inversion algorithm which constructs a sequence of Euler Operators capable of creating a given boundary representation. The algorithm is completely based on the use of Euler Operators enabling us to keep the algorithm simple and to hide implementation and data structure details.","PeriodicalId":276450,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"61 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128936386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A conceptual model of raster graphics systems","authors":"J. Acquah, J. Foley, J. Sibert, P. Wenner","doi":"10.1145/800064.801298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800064.801298","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present a conceptual model of raster graphics systems which integrates, at a suitable level of abstraction, the major features found in both contemporary and anticipated graphics systems. These features are the refresh buffer; the image creation (scan-conversion) system; the single address-space architecture which integrates the address space of the refresh buffer with those of the image creation system and the associated general-purpose computer; the RasterOp or BitBlt instructions found in some single address-space architectures; the video look-up table, and refresh buffer to screen transformations. Also included are the major components from the conceptual model of vector graphics systems which are embodied in the ACM/SIGGGRAPH/GSPC Core System. Using the conceptual model as a base, we proceed to sketch out the capabilities we have defined in a substantial addition to the Core System. The capabilities are currently being implemented as part of the George Washington University Core System.","PeriodicalId":276450,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125335153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D Galatea: Entry of three-dimensional moving points from multiple perspective views","authors":"S. A. MacKay, R. Sayre, M. J. Potel","doi":"10.1145/800064.801283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800064.801283","url":null,"abstract":"We describe an interactive graphics system for the entry of three-dimensional moving points from multiple perspective views. This work represents a major extension of Galatea, our system for graphics-assisted 2D motion analysis. 3D Galatea permits reconstruction of 3D time-dependent positions from 2D entries in two or more perspective views. The system supports a general approach for calibrating perspective views. This method, based on work of Sutherland, uses a known 3D reference object to calibrate completely arbitrary perspective projections. A somewhat restricted class of perspective views may be calibrated without an explicit calibration object using another approach developed from photogrammety. In 2D Galatea, we have used an animated graphics overlay onto the source image to give the analyst feedback regarding current and previous data entries. This capability is extended in 3D Galatea by overlaying auxiliary lines, which are the backprojections of previous 2D entries from one view into other views. This concept amounts to a fourth interpretation of the well-known Roberts homogeneous matrix equation describing perspective projections of 3D space into a 2D image. The auxiliary line is useful in locating a point which is obscured in one of the images, or in determining the correspondence of projected points as seen in different views, which may be ambiguous or easily confused.","PeriodicalId":276450,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122980713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scanline rendering of parametric surfaces","authors":"D. Schweitzer, E. S. Cobb","doi":"10.1145/800064.801289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800064.801289","url":null,"abstract":"A scanline algorithm is described which renders bicubic patches directly from the parametric description without producing a polygonal approximation. The algorithm is partially based on earlier work by Whitted. A primitive object, called a “curved-edge polygon”, is defined, and an algorithm for breaking down a bicubic patch into the primitive objects is described. A general surface intersection method is employed to provide a robust silhouette edge detector. Shades are computed by calculating a cubic approximation to the normal surface and performing either a cubic or a linear interpolation of the bounding edge normals across the scanline. Subdivision of parametric surfaces is used to reduce the complexity of the surfaces being rendered, providing dramatic improvement in the results of both the silhouette detector and the shading methods.","PeriodicalId":276450,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130347857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Business graphics(Panel Session): What is it?","authors":"D. Luther, I. Jarett, Jack Russell, Howard Johnson, John Thompson","doi":"10.1145/800064.801291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800064.801291","url":null,"abstract":"Much has been written about the explosive growth occurring and forecast for business graphics. Users and vendors alike are excited by these prospects. But, what is business graphics? Is it narrowly confined to slide making? Some with a broad view have suggested it is an extension of a management information system. Users search through journals and marketing literature eager to prove a salesman's claim that “a pretty color picture is really worth a thousand words” or at least several pages of numbers in a computer printout. Vendors seek the clues to developing a product strategy that will allow them to cash in on the forecasted shipments. One study [1] indicated 58,000 graphic terminals will be used in business graphics applications in 1986 sales, including computer graphics—capable personal computers, and dedicated computer graphics systems. This panel will present the thoughts and views of four business graphics practitioners—one associated with a large computer company, another a user from a large industrial concern, the third associated with an independent software company and the last, an industry consultant.","PeriodicalId":276450,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125654194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}