{"title":"Light reflection functions for simulation of clouds and dusty surfaces","authors":"J. Blinn","doi":"10.1145/800064.801255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800064.801255","url":null,"abstract":"The study of the physical process of light interacting with matter is an important part of computer image synthesis since it forms the basis for calculations of intensities in the picture. The simpler models used in the past are being augmented by more complex models gleaned from the physics literature. This paper is another step in the direction of assimilating such knowledge. It concerns the statistical simulation of light passing through and being reflected by clouds of similar small particles. (It does not, however, address the cloud structure modeling problem). By extension it can be applied to surfaces completely covered by dust and is therefore a physical basis for various theories of diffuse reflection.","PeriodicalId":276450,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134449737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An algorithm and data structure for 3D object synthesis using surface patch intersections","authors":"Wayne E. Carlson","doi":"10.1145/800064.801288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800064.801288","url":null,"abstract":"There are several successful systems that provide algorithms that allow for the intersection of polygonal objects or other primitive shapes to create more complex objects. Our intent is to provide similar algorithms for intersecting surface patches. There have been contributions to this concept at the display algorithm level, that is, computing the intersection at the time the frame is generated. In an animation environment, however, it becomes important to incorporate the intersection in the data generation routines, in order that those parts of the intersected object that never contribute to an image are not processed by the display algorithm. This only increases the complexity of the object unnecessarily, and subsequently puts an additional burden on the display algorithms. An algorithm is described which uses a modified Catmull recursive subdivision scheme to find the space curve which is the intersection of two bicubic patches. An associated data structure is discussed which incorporates this curve of intersection in the patch description in a way suitable for efficient display of the intersected object. Sample output of these intersections are shown which serve to illustrate the capabilities and limitations of the described procedures.","PeriodicalId":276450,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131150889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Richard J. Beach, J. C. Beatty, K. Booth, D. A. Plebon, E. Fiume
{"title":"The message is the medium: Multiprocess structuring of an interactive paint program","authors":"Richard J. Beach, J. C. Beatty, K. Booth, D. A. Plebon, E. Fiume","doi":"10.1145/800064.801292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800064.801292","url":null,"abstract":"An innovative design for an interactive paint program has been developed based on multiple processes and message passing. Traditional paint programs combine interrupt-driven support of a graphical input device, such as a mouse or tablet, with the coloring of pixels in a raster display. We advocate a different design methodology which is illustrated in our implementation. The multiple processes and message passing primitives provided by some real-time operating systems encourage the design of parallel-program architectures and anthropomorphic programming structures, analogous to artist procedures and the metaphors of Smalltalk. The Thoth operating system was used to experiment with such an anthropomorphic design. Thoth provides a hospitable environment in which to investigate the distribution of algorithms between software and microprogrammed hardware processes, the performance and responsiveness of a multiple-process interactive program, and experimental user interfaces using an Ikonas 3000 frame buffer. The paint program consists of processes which handle the graphics tablet, track an iconic cursor, paint a selection of brushes, fill regions of the image, draw lines, and implement the user interface. Some processes have been implemented both in software and microcode.","PeriodicalId":276450,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134066114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Generation and display of geometric fractals in 3-D","authors":"Alan Norton","doi":"10.1145/800064.801263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800064.801263","url":null,"abstract":"We present some straightforward algorithms for the generation and display in 3-D of fractal shapes. These techniques are very general and particularly adapted to shapes which are much more costly to generate than to display, such as those fractal surfaces defined by iteration of algebraic transformations. In order to deal with the large space and time requirements of calculating these shapes, we introduce a boundary-tracking algorithm particularly adapted for array-processor implementation. The resulting surfaces are then shaded and displayed using z-buffer type algorithms. A new class of displayable geometric objects, with great diversity of form and texture, is introduced by these techniques.","PeriodicalId":276450,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132951859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel E. Lipkie, S. R. Evans, Jack Newlin, Robert L. Weissman
{"title":"Star graphics: An object-oriented implementation","authors":"Daniel E. Lipkie, S. R. Evans, Jack Newlin, Robert L. Weissman","doi":"10.1145/800064.801270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800064.801270","url":null,"abstract":"The XEROX Star 8010 Information System features an integrated text and graphics editor. The Star hardware consists of a processor, a large bit-mapped display, a keyboard and a pointing device. Star's basic graphic elements are points, lines, rectangles, triangles, graphics frames, text frames and bar charts. The internal representation is in terms of idealized objects that are displayed or printed at resolutions determined by the output device. This paper describes the design and implementation of a graphics editor using an object-oriented technique based on a Star-wide subclassing method called the Trait Mechanism.","PeriodicalId":276450,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114758341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A more flexible image generation environment","authors":"F. Crow","doi":"10.1145/800064.801253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800064.801253","url":null,"abstract":"A supervisory process is used to distribute picture-generation tasks to heterogeneous subprocesses. Significant advantages accrue by tailoring the subprocesses to their tasks. In particular, scan conversion algorithms tailored to different surface types may be used in the same image, a changing mixture of processors is possible, and, by multiprogramming, a single processor may be used more effectively. A two-level shape data structure supports this execution environment, allowing top-level priority decisions which avoid comparisons between surface elements from non-interfering objects during image construction.","PeriodicalId":276450,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124962307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Anti-aliasing through the use of coordinate transformations","authors":"Ken Turkowski","doi":"10.1145/800064.801254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800064.801254","url":null,"abstract":"The use of the point-line distance in evaluating the 2-dimensional anti-aliasing convolution is studied. We derive transformations of the point-spread function (PSF) that give the effective convolution in terms of the point-line distance when the class of object space primitives is limited to lines and polygons. Because the quality of filtering is embedded in a table indexed by the point-line distance, this approach allows one to use arbitrarily complex PSF's, only the width and not the shape of the PSF affects the amount of computation. We apply the CORDIC algorithm to point-line distance evaluation, and show its merits. Also, we show the more standard use of the CORDIC algorithm for coordinate rotation, polar-to-rectangular and rectangular-to-polar conversion, and calculating the norm of a vector. Rounded end points can be achieved by using the point-segment distance, computational methods are given, including CORDIC implementation. The CORDIC algorithms for the aforementioned geometric operations are prime candidates for VLSI implementation because of their inherent parallel/pipeline nature.","PeriodicalId":276450,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132233959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Graphical tools for interactive image interpretation","authors":"D. McKeown, J. L. Denlinger","doi":"10.1145/800064.801280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800064.801280","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes BROWSE, an interactive raster image display facility which is a major component of a larger integrated Map Assisted Photo-interpretation System (MAPS), being developed as a prototype interactive aid for photo-interpretation. Application areas for this research include image cartography, land use studies and reconnaissance, as well as image database organization, storage, and retrieval. BROWSE is a window-oriented display manager which supports raster image display, overlay of graphical data such as map descriptions and image processing segmentations, and the specification and generation of 3D shaded surface models. Digitized imagery from black and white and color aerial mapping photographs is displayed by BROWSE at multiple levels of resolution and allows for dynamic positioning, zooming, expansion or shrinking of the image window. Map data represented as vectors and polygons can be superimposed on the imagery through image-to-map registration. Access to collateral map databases and terrain models may be accomplished using the BROWSE graphical interface. Finally, the window representation gives a convenient communication mechanism for passing image fragments to image interpretation programs, which generally run as separate processes. The results of such processing can be returned to BROWSE for further processing by the user. We will discuss the rationale behind the design of BROWSE as well as its application to domains including aerial photo-interpretation and 3D cartography.","PeriodicalId":276450,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132321368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","authors":"","doi":"10.1145/800064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800064","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":276450,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124348525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}