{"title":"3D printed shamrock-like electrochemical biosensing tool based on enzymatic inhibition for on-line nerve agent measurement in drinking water","authors":"Ludovica Gullo , Beatrice Brunelleschi , Leonardo Duranti , Luca Fiore , Vincenzo Mazzaracchio , Fabiana Arduini","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2025.117471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bios.2025.117471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Terrorist attacks using chemical warfare agents have been unfortunately well documented in history, and among chemical warfare agents, nerve agents are the preferred ones due to their ease of synthesis and transport. A huge issue is the contamination of drinking water by adding nerve agents into aqueducts, making their on-line monitoring an urgent need to ensure the safety of drinking water. A compact and portable shamrock-like electrochemical inhibitive biosensor was fabricated by 3D printing the entire electrochemical cell and the flow cell for on-line nerve agent measurements. Paraoxon was selected as the nerve agent simulant and detected by harnessing its capability to inhibit irreversibly the butyrylcholinesterase enzyme. This enzyme was chemically immobilized onto the 3D printed electrode previously modified by drop casting with Carbon Black-Prussian Blue nanoparticles to ensure the detection of enzymatic by-product thiocholine at low applied potential (+300 mV vs. Ag/AgCl), with enhanced selectivity and sensitivity. This 3D printed analytical tool demonstrated a detection limit as low as 0.9 ppb and 1.6 ppb with a linear range of up to 20 ppb in standard solution and untreated tap water, respectively. The accuracy was evaluated by the recovery study, obtaining recovery values comprised in the range of 99–105 %. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of the combination of 3D printing technology, nanomaterials, and electrochemical sensing to deliver a customized on-line device able to work as a smart warning system for environmental surveillance and public health protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":259,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","volume":"282 ","pages":"Article 117471"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ju-Hong Yang , Keum-Yong Seong , Mingi Kang , Sangsoo Jang , Seung Yun Yang , Young Ki Hahn
{"title":"Turbulence-enhanced microneedle immunoassay platform (TMIP) for high-precision biomarker detection from skin interstitial fluid","authors":"Ju-Hong Yang , Keum-Yong Seong , Mingi Kang , Sangsoo Jang , Seung Yun Yang , Young Ki Hahn","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2025.117480","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bios.2025.117480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional diagnostic methods for biomarker detection often require invasive procedures and exhibit limited reproducibility and sensitivity. In this study, the turbulence-enhanced microneedle immunoassay platform (TMIP) was designed to enhance the performance and accuracy of biomarker detection in skin interstitial fluid (ISF). TMIP combines a bullet-shaped microneedle (MN) array for minimally invasive biomarker capture, a microfluidic device for MN-mediated immunoassay process simplification, and a star-shaped magnetic stirrer tool (MST) to facilitate efficient washing. By targeting S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B), a diagnostic biomarker for melanoma, TMIP demonstrated substantial improvements in reproducibility, reducing signal deviations by up to 55 % compared to manual operation. The application of nanoporous MNs (NPMNs) achieved a low detection limit of 20 pg/mL with a high linearity (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9758). Validation using a gelatin phantom mimicking human skin confirmed TMIP's ability to achieve improved reproducibility and sensitivity. Furthermore, TMIP successfully detected S100B with high reproducibility in both the phantom (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.97523) and melanoma-expressing mice within a rapid incubation time of 1 min. TMIP enables the detection of biomarkers with remarkable reproducibility and sub-nanogram sensitivity by simplifying the analysis process and enhancing reagent washing through turbulence. These features suggest that TMIP has the potential to serve as an efficient and reliable tool for biomarker detection in skin ISF.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":259,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","volume":"282 ","pages":"Article 117480"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brent Godau , Armando Jardim , Erik Pagan , Zhina Hadisi , Seyed Mohammad Hossein Dabiri , Esfandyar Askari , Tavia Walsh , Alireza Hassani Najafabadi , Karim Manji , Mohammad Rostami , Mostafa Azimzadeh , David G. Armstrong , Ali Khademhosseini , Mohsen Akbari
{"title":"In vivo validation of a smart sensor-enabled dressing for remote wound monitoring","authors":"Brent Godau , Armando Jardim , Erik Pagan , Zhina Hadisi , Seyed Mohammad Hossein Dabiri , Esfandyar Askari , Tavia Walsh , Alireza Hassani Najafabadi , Karim Manji , Mohammad Rostami , Mostafa Azimzadeh , David G. Armstrong , Ali Khademhosseini , Mohsen Akbari","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2025.117474","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bios.2025.117474","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Every second, a person with diabetes develops a foot ulcer. At least half of these wounds become infected, which dramatically increases the risk of hospitalization, amputation, and death. Wound environment pH is a possible marker of infection, however, clinical application has yet to be achieved. Herein, we introduce a hydrogel sheet dressing made out of a transparent calcium alginate body, which is embedded by a pH-sensitive color changing dye named α-naphtholphthalein that equilibrates to wound pH and can classify wound infection risk. We evaluated the moisture handling properties, conformability, and ability to function as an effective barrier to external pathogens. A literature meta-analysis was employed to define pH thresholds associated with risk of wound infection and the smart dressing's sensors were formulated to display easily interpretable colors that contrast with the wound bed and are not impacted by varying backgrounds. The sensors facilitate a machine learning enabled smartphone application that objectively classifies the wounds and can be used for remote wound monitoring. The safety profile of the device was extensively evaluated <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> using 2D cell culture and a robust porcine wound healing model. Finally, <em>in vivo</em> performance validation in mice and pigs demonstrated the impact of bioburden on wound pH and the ability of the smart dressing to indicate states of infection. Images of the smart dressing on mouse wounds were used in a survey to showcase how infection risk classification can be used to triage patients and reduce the burden of wound care on the healthcare system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":259,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 117474"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Construction of engineered cardiac tissue on a heart-on-a-chip device enables modeling of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy","authors":"Kai-Yun Qu , Hong-Yi Cheng , Li Qiao , Jin-Cheng Jiao , Shi-Qi Chang , Xia-Feng Peng , Chang Cui , Feng Zhang , Ning-Ping Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2025.117478","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bios.2025.117478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a progressive cardiac disorder characterized by the replacement of the right ventricular myocardium with fibrofatty tissue, with an incidence rate of approximately 1 in 5000. To advance our understanding of its pathology and facilitate drug screening, there is an urgent need for myocardial models that closely replicate human physiological conditions. In this study, we developed an engineered cardiac tissue (ECT) model on a chip using cardiomyocytes differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from ARVC patients. The disease ECT model successfully recapitulated key phenotypic features of ARVC, including reduced contractility, arrhythmic events, and abnormal calcium transients. We further assessed the drug responses of the model to isoproterenol and amiodarone, confirming increased sensitivity to isoproterenol in the ARVC model, while amiodarone effectively alleviated the arrhythmic events. In conclusion, our ECT model successfully reproduced ARVC phenotypes, providing a novel platform for drug screening and pathological studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":259,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 117478"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143839232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yongbin Cao , Yaxiong Tang , Jianzhong Ai , Jian Peng
{"title":"Wireless detection of dual prostate cancer biomarkers using ferrocenecarboxylic acid-functionalized mesoporous carbon nanospheres without electrode modifications","authors":"Yongbin Cao , Yaxiong Tang , Jianzhong Ai , Jian Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2025.117477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bios.2025.117477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To enhance the accuracy of early prostate cancer diagnosis, we developed an electrochemical sensor based on synthesized mesoporous carbon nanospheres functionalized with ferrocenecarboxylic acid and encapsulated hemoglobin (HMCNs-FCA-Hb). This sensor enables the simultaneous detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and sarcosine (SAR) as dual biomarkers. Unlike traditional electrochemical detection methods that frequently necessitate multiple electrode modifications, our sensor operates without the need for such modifications, thereby significantly simplifying the detection process. Under alkaline conditions, HMCNs-FCA-Hb can release ferrocenecarboxylic acid to generate an electrical signal for PSA detection. The linear range for PSA detection is from 0.001 to 30 ng/mL, with a detection limit of 0.11 pg mL<sup>−1</sup> (S/N = 3). Additionally, HMCNs-FCA-Hb with excellent peroxidase-like activity allows for indirect detection of SAR with the linear range of 0.01–25 μM and a detection limit of 0.003 μM (S/N = 3). Specifically, we have integrated a micro electrochemical workstation and mobile smart devices to achieve portable and wireless detection of PSA and SAR in clinical serum samples with satisfactory results. The results can be visually and promptly displayed, highlighting the sensor's potential for clinical application in the early diagnosis of prostate cancer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":259,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 117477"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143833711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nikolay Mukhin , Andreas Dietzel , Vadim Issakov , Liubov Bakhchova
{"title":"Balancing performance and stability characteristics in organic electrochemical transistor","authors":"Nikolay Mukhin , Andreas Dietzel , Vadim Issakov , Liubov Bakhchova","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2025.117476","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bios.2025.117476","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nowadays organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are becoming a promising platform for bioelectronics and biosensing due to its biocompatibility, high sensitivity and selectivity, low driving voltages, high transconductance and flexibility. However, the existing problems associated with degradation processes within the OECT during long-term operation hinder their widespread implementation. Moreover, trade-offs often arise between OECT transconductance and speed, fast ion transport and electron mobility, electrochemical stability and sensitivity, cycling stability and signal amplification, and other metrics. Ensuring high performance characteristics and achieving enhanced stability in OECTs are distinct strategies that do not always align, as progress in one aspect often necessitates a trade-off with the other. This dynamic arises from the need to find a balance between reversible and irreversible processes in the behavior of OECT active layers, and providing simultaneously favorable conditions for ion and electron transport and their efficient charge coupling. This review article systematically summarizes the phenomenological and physical-chemical aspects associated with factors and mechanisms that determine both performance and long-term stability of OECT, paying special attention to the consideration of existing and promising approaches to extend the OECT lifespan, while maintaining (or even increasing) high effectiveness of its operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":259,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 117476"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143839230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A comparative review of organ-on-a-chip technologies for micro- and nanoplastics versus other environmental toxicants","authors":"Safiyah Abdessalam , Trinity J. Hardy , Darya Pershina , Jeong-Yeol Yoon","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2025.117472","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bios.2025.117472","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, organ-on-a-chip (OOC) technology has emerged as a groundbreaking platform to simulate complex physiological processes. Concurrently, the global presence of micro and nano-plastics (MNPs) in the environment and their ingestion has raised concerns about their impact on human health, specifically organs such as the lungs, liver, kidneys, and blood vessels. There is an added concern about their ability to cross even the blood-brain barrier (BBB). While numerous papers have been published assessing various environmental toxicants with OOCs, those for MNPs are relatively small. To ascertain current trends in methodologies and catalog the types of toxicants explored, we have gathered and analyzed papers that used OOCs to assess various environmental toxicants' impacts on these organs. Various platforms assessing MNPs were analyzed and compared to those for other environmental toxicants. Our results show that few articles have been published that used OOCs to assess MNPs' toxicity to human organs. Specifically, certain organs, such as the heart and skin, have little representation in this collection. OOC-based evaluation methods for MNP's toxicity have many advantages over the current methods – <em>in vitro</em> tests with 2D human cell cultures and animal studies – including lower cost, faster results, and greater physiological relevance. This review summarizes the current OOC techniques for assessing environmental toxicants and laboratory methods for evaluating MNPs' toxicity to humans. A systematic comparison of these methods provides a deeper understanding of the current techniques and suggests the optimized use of OOCs for assessing MNPs' and other pollutants' toxicity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":259,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","volume":"282 ","pages":"Article 117472"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143848414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mengjiao Li, Chao Wang, Zhiwei Tang, Si Zhang, Guijun Li, Huangxian Ju
{"title":"Enhanced electrochemiluminescence of mixed-ligand metal-organic framework with suppressed non-radiative transitions for “signal-off” biosensing of β-galactosidase","authors":"Mengjiao Li, Chao Wang, Zhiwei Tang, Si Zhang, Guijun Li, Huangxian Ju","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2025.117470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bios.2025.117470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organic molecular emitters usually suffer from the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect, which significantly decreases their electrochemiluminescence (ECL) efficiency. This work designed a straightforward strategy to alleviate the ACQ effect and thus improve the ECL efficiency by employing a donor-acceptor (D-A) type ligand containing benzothiadiazole group and another ligand with identical connectivity to assemble a mixed-ligand zirconium-based metal organic framework (m-Zr-MOF). Upon the formation of a reticular structure and the distance increase between two ligands, the m-Zr-MOF exhibited alleviating ACQ effect due to the suppressed non-radiative transitions, which was confirmed by the improvements of both quantum yield and fluorescence lifetime. At the molar ratio of <strong>3:1</strong> for two ligands the obtained m-Zr-MOFs displayed the optimal ECL performance, and thus an ECL imaging method was developed for “signal-off” detection of β-galactosidase (β-Gal) by combining its enzymatic property to catalyze the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside, which generated p-nitrophenol to quench the ECL emission through resonance energy transfer. The proposed method showed a detectable range of 5.0 to 2 × 10<sup>4</sup> mU/L with a detection limit of 1.92 mU/L, much lower than those of reported fluorescence and electrochemical methods. The designed m-Zr-MOF introduced an innovative concept for the development of mixed-ligand MOFs and their application in ECL imaging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":259,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","volume":"282 ","pages":"Article 117470"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ling Wang , Yuping Wei , Xingpei Liu , Jingshuai Chen , Changjie Mao , Baokang Jin
{"title":"Electrochemiluminescence biosensor based on gold nanoparticles modulated cathode AIE-activated metal-organic frameworks for the ultrasensitive detection of CA15-3","authors":"Ling Wang , Yuping Wei , Xingpei Liu , Jingshuai Chen , Changjie Mao , Baokang Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2025.117465","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bios.2025.117465","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In traditional metal-organic framework (MOF) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) systems, the organic luminescent ligands commonly exhibit aggregation-induced quenching (ACQ), which restricts both the efficiency and detection sensitivity of ECL. In this study, we employed the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminescent material 4′,4″,4‴,4‴′-(ethene-1,1,2,2-tetrayl)tetrabiphenyl-4-carboxylic acid (H<sub>4</sub>ETTC) as a ligand and successfully synthesized a highly efficient ECL emitter (named as PCN-94) <em>via</em> a straightforward hydrothermal reaction. Compared to H<sub>4</sub>ETTC monomer, PCN-94 had better ECL emission, mainly due to the ECL enhancement induced by the framework. However, the luminescence of individual metal-organic framework (MOF) was unstable. To address this problem, the cathode aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence (AIECL) performance of MOF was modulated by synthesizing two different sizes of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). Through the tests of ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption and ECL spectra and the simulation of density functional theory (DFT) calculation, it was found that Au NPs with the size of 20 nm can enhance and stabilize the luminescence of PCN-94. On this basis, a novel “on-off” ECL biosensor was constructed, using PCN-94 as the energy donor and Fe-MIL-88 as the energy acceptor, which realized the ultra-sensitive detection of CA15-3. Therefore, this study provided a simple and effective strategy to improve the stability of AIECL materials by adjusting the size of Au NPs, which laid a solid foundation for the subsequent development and practical applications of high-performance biosensors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":259,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","volume":"282 ","pages":"Article 117465"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143845197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yannick Stulens , Rebekka Van Hoof , Karen Hollanders , Inge Nelissen , Michal Szymonik , Patrick Wagner , Guy Froyen , Brigitte Maes , Jef Hooyberghs
{"title":"Hybridization-based sensor with large dynamic range for detection of circulating tumor DNA in clinical samples","authors":"Yannick Stulens , Rebekka Van Hoof , Karen Hollanders , Inge Nelissen , Michal Szymonik , Patrick Wagner , Guy Froyen , Brigitte Maes , Jef Hooyberghs","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2025.117342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bios.2025.117342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In a liquid biopsy approach, targeted mutation analysis of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is a valuable tool for diagnosis, monitoring and personalization of therapy. The ctDNA usually makes up only a small fraction of the total circulating free DNA (cfDNA), and ctDNA often only differs from cfDNA at a single nucleotide. This sets strong requirements on the analytical performance of hybridization-based biosensors, which is the focus of this paper. We use clinical samples and apply the concept of wild-type target depletion. Along with this, we develop an accurate thermodynamic theory for the competitive hybridization and use it for selecting optimal experimental conditions and for data analysis. The result is a biosensor with improved quantification of ctDNA mutations, both the sensitivity and dynamic range are improved by an order of magnitude. As reference techniques, we used a clinically-validated real-time PCR assay and digital PCR for absolute quantification. Our approach can be applied to a broad range of hybridization-based biosensors, providing a robust and effective method to improve the performance of existing biosensors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":259,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 117342"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}