Aquatic Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Metabolic disruptions induced by low concentrations of DMSO in RTgill-W1 fish cells: The importance of solvent controls in in vitro studies","authors":"Thao V. Nguyen ,&nbsp;Ali Alfarsi ,&nbsp;Huong Thanh Nguyen ,&nbsp;Georgia Davidson ,&nbsp;Natoiya D.R. Lloyd ,&nbsp;Anu Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107354","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107354","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a widely used solvent in biological research due to its ability to enhance membrane permeability, facilitating drug delivery and molecular transport across cellular membranes. However, its effects on cellular metabolism, especially at low concentrations, remain insufficiently understood. This study investigated the metabolic disruptions induced by 0.1–10 % DMSO in the RTgill-W1 fish cell line, focusing on changes in cell viability, oxidative stress, and key metabolic pathways. Results revealed that DMSO exposure caused dose-dependent declines in cell viability at 0.5 % DMSO and increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) at 4 % and higher, indicating elevated oxidative stress. Metabolomic profiling revealed altered levels of numerous metabolites and significant impacts on 41 metabolic pathways belonging to five major functional groups: amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, vitamin and co-factor metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism. The effects were observed across all exposure concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1, 4, and 8 %), with more pronounced impacts at higher concentrations. These findings highlight that DMSO, even at low concentrations (≤ 0.5 %), can have widespread effects on cellular metabolism, impacting experimental outcomes in <em>in vitro</em> studies. This study provides valuable insights into the biochemical impacts of DMSO on fish cell lines and emphasizes a caution in using DMSO in biological research to minimize unintended cellular effects. Additionally, it highlights the critical need to include solvent controls at matching concentrations to accurately distinguish solvent-induced effects from those caused by experimental treatments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 107354"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Broflanilide induces zebrafish neurobehavioral defects by interfering with synaptic homeostasis","authors":"Kai Wang ,&nbsp;Xiyan Mu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Liu ,&nbsp;Lu He ,&nbsp;Chengju Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Broflanilide is a novel bisamide insecticide that is extensively used. Previous study reported that broflanilide induced neurotoxicity during zebrafish embryonic development, however, its behavior impact and the involved neural cell heterogeneous mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we performed a series of neuro-behavior test for adult zebrafish that were exposed to 5 and 25 μg/L broflanilide for 30 days. We found that 25 μg/L broflanilide could induce abnormal locomotion and cognitive defect. These changes were accompanied by synaptic homeostasis inference (decreased number of synaptic knobs), and neuron loss. Simultaneously, a targeted metabolomic assay showed that the glutathione metabolism and GABAergic synapses in brain were significantly altered, indicating an altered synaptic transmission, which is consistent with the synaptic injury. Single-cell RNA sequencing of zebrafish brain showed changed cell composition after exposure, including a decreased ratio of neuron and oligodendrocyte, and an increased proportion of astrocytes. Meanwhile, genes involved in synaptic functional pathways were altered in neuron, astrocyte and oligodendrocytes, which partly explained the disruption of synaptic homeostasis. These findings reveal the long-term risk of broflanilide toward neural health of aquatic organisms and suggest an across-cell types transcriptional regulation in mediating the neurotoxicity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 107355"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure and tissue distribution analyses of brominated flame retardants in Neophocaena phocaenoides through physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) modeling","authors":"Kendric Aaron Tee ,&nbsp;Meng-Yi Xie ,&nbsp;Linjie Jin ,&nbsp;Brian C.W. Kot ,&nbsp;Martin T.K. Tsui ,&nbsp;Kenneth M.Y. Leung ,&nbsp;Paul K.S. Lam ,&nbsp;Yuefei Ruan","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Pearl River Delta region in southern China, as a major urban and manufacturing center, receives an elevated burden of brominated flame retardant (BFR) pollution, with its estuary acting as an important sink. Resident cetacean species like Indo-Pacific finless porpoise (<em>Neophocaena phocaenoides</em>) can serve as a bioindicator for the spatiotemporal dynamics of BFRs in the Pearl River Estuary because of their susceptibility to bioaccumulation, but prohibitions on sample collection from living individuals necessitates the development of non-invasive exposure assessment methods. In this study, physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) modeling was used as a non-intrusive tool for assessing the exposure of <em>N. phocaenoides</em> to legacy and novel BFRs. Model-generated data were compared to concentrations detected in various tissue samples collected from stranded individuals (during 2013−2022) for further validation. Temporal trends in prey species concentrations were approximated through modeling-based approaches and observed data from blubber samples. The models were able to approximate the relative tissue distribution patterns of both legacy and novel BFRs, with the highest concentrations found in adipose tissue. Sensitivity analysis indicates that parameters relating to adipose tissue are most likely to affect model outcomes due to its function as the main reservoir of BFRs in vivo. Our PBTK modeling further supports the use of <em>N. phocaenoides</em> as a bioindicator for temporal trends of BFR releases from the Pearl River Delta region. Overall, the developed PBTK modeling can be used to assess the exposure and tissue distribution of legacy and novel BFRs for <em>N. phocaenoides</em> in the Indo-Pacific region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 107353"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in the swimming behavior of Temora turbinata (Copepoda, Calanoida) in response to sub-lethal concentrations of caffeine and triclosan","authors":"Gelaysi Moreno-Vega,&nbsp;Luciana Rocha Frazão,&nbsp;Leandro Ticlia De-La-Cruz,&nbsp;Rubens M. Lopes","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Caffeine (CAF) and triclosan (TCS) are contaminants of emerging environmental concern due to their widespread presence in marine environments and their potential biological effects on non-target organisms. Despite growing efforts to assess the toxicity of CAF and TCS in aquatic organisms, knowledge of their impacts on marine zooplankton remains limited, particularly regarding physiological aspects such as swimming behavior, a key component of copepod ecology. As the most abundant group of zooplankton, copepods play a crucial role in pelagic food webs and biogeochemical carbon cycles. This study presents findings from microcosm experiments designed to evaluate the immediate effects of two sub-lethal concentrations of CAF and TCS on the three-dimensional swimming behavior of the marine calanoid copepod <em>Temora turbinata</em>. Using 3D horizontal optical system, we analyzed the displacement patterns and swimming speeds of adult <em>T. turbinata</em> individuals before, during, and after exposure to 50 µg L⁻¹ and 100 µg L⁻¹ concentrations of CAF and TCS. Results indicate that both CAF and TCS immediately affect copepod free-swimming behavior, with CAF exposure inducing hyperactivity and TCS exposure leading to hypoactivity. By addressing knowledge gaps concerning the effects of emerging contaminants on marine zooplankton, this study supports the use of copepod kinematics as a sensitive indicator of short-term responses to sub-lethal chemical exposure, providing a predictive tool for assessing contaminant effects on planktonic communities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 107352"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature matters: Acute and latent toxicity of diluted bitumen to developing salmon is potentiated by a modest increase in water temperature","authors":"Derin M. Çalık ,&nbsp;Feng Lin ,&nbsp;Mackenzie Edgar ,&nbsp;Anthony P. Farrell ,&nbsp;Christopher J. Kennedy ,&nbsp;Todd E. Gillis ,&nbsp;Sarah L. Alderman","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107347","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107347","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heavy crude oil, like bitumen, is used globally for plastics, petrochemicals and road surfacing. Canada's oil sands are the world's third largest crude oil reserve, and diluted bitumen (dilbit) is transported across North America primarily <em>via</em> pipeline and rail. Two environmentally-relevant concentrations of dilbit were used with a suite of toxicological endpoints to determine if a 3 °C increase in ambient temperature (<em>T_a</em>) water modulated the effects of dilbit to coho salmon (<em>Oncorhynchus kisutch</em>) when exposed from fertilization to swim-up. The 10–20 % increase in mortality and 25 % reduction in hypoxia tolerance with dilbit exposure was magnified by 18 % and 40 %, respectively, in warmer water. Consequences of dilbit exposure persisted after 6 weeks of additional rearing in clean <em>T_a</em> water but were greatest in fish exposed to dilbit at elevated temperature: additional 20 % mortality and 30 % decrease in mass relative to controls, and a residual 20 % reduction in hypoxia tolerance not seen with dilbit exposure alone. Relatively lower induction of the Phase I biotransformation enzyme <em>cyp1a</em> and greater tissue PAC content in warm-exposed coho suggests reduced PAC metabolism as a mechanism for the observed potentiation. Thus, seasonal fluctuations and baseline increases in water temperature from climate change can exacerbate the adverse effects of oil spills on developing fish.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 107347"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of nano- and micro- fibers derived from surgical face masks in Danio rerio","authors":"A. Masseroni ,&nbsp;M. Ribeiro ,&nbsp;A. Becchi ,&nbsp;F. Saliu ,&nbsp;C.M. Granadeiro ,&nbsp;S. Villa ,&nbsp;C. Urani ,&nbsp;M.M. Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The massive use of surgical face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic has compounded the challenge of plastic waste. Surgical face masks are made of polypropylene (PP) and tend to release nano- and micro- fibers (NMFs). The present study aims to provide insights into the impacts of NMFs in aquatic organisms by evaluating the effects of PP-NMFs derived from the artificial photodegradation of surgical face masks on the model species <em>Danio rerio</em> (zebrafish). The impact of NMFs on embryonic and larval developmental stages has been evaluated by investigating the effects of low (0.2 mg/L), medium (1 mg/L), and high (5 mg/L) NMF levels. Alterations in apical endpoints and transcriptomic analysis were investigated. After 6 days, a significant reduction in the eye area was observed. The upregulation of genes related to the negative regulation of developmental processes could explain the observed alterations, while the downregulation of genes involved in energy-related metabolic processes suggests an energy stress state. Increased mortality occurred between 9 and 12 days, a period when zebrafish make the transition from endogenous to exogenous feeding, suggesting an impairment in foraging behaviour due to NMF exposure. The presented findings demonstrate that environmental levels of NMFs may pose a hazard to aquatic organisms, suggesting the potential for an ecotoxicological risk associated with the improper disposal of surgical face masks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 107349"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the implicit effects of 16S rRNA gene databases on microbial bioindicator studies","authors":"Vitória da Silva Pereira Domingues,&nbsp;Lucy Seldin,&nbsp;Diogo Jurelevicius","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Analysis of the presence and the abundance of microorganisms related to diseases can be used to monitor marine environmental health. Our study evaluated the interference of taxonomic databases (SILVA, Greengenes v13.8, Greengenes2, and RDP) to monitor the distribution of bacterial genera potentially related to diseases in marine organisms (BGPRDs) from low- (Dois Rios Beach-DR), medium- (Abraão Beach-AB) and high (Guanabara Bay-GB) impacted marine environments. The frequency, richness, diversity, and composition of BGPRDs present in DR, AB and GB were significantly influenced by the different databases (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Consequently, the analyses revealed that the use of different databases resulted in controversial results regarding the distribution of BGPRDs in the DR, AB and GB. While Greengenes v13.8 and RDP showed that GB had the highest frequency of BGPRDs (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05), analysis based on Greengenes2 and SILVA revealed a greater frequency of BGPRDs in AB (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Additionally, there was no congruence of BGPRDs detected by each taxonomic database in DR, AB and GB. In highly-impacted GB, <em>Arcobacter</em> was the main BGPRD obtained with the Greengenes2 and RDP databases, whereas <em>Synechococcus</em> and <em>Alteromonas</em> represented the main BGPRD according to the Greengenes v13.8 and SILVA databases, respectively. Our results showed we cannot determine the exact composition and abundance of BGPRDs in low-, medium- and highly-impacted marine environments. These findings emphasize the critical influence of database choice on microbial community characterization and its implications for effective environmental monitoring and management strategies. Interestingly, alpha diversity indices of BGPRDs obtained from DR, AB and GB were consistent among the different databases and showed greater congruence than did the frequency, richness, distribution and abundance of BGPRDs. The use of diversity indices of BGPRDs can be an alternative to overcome the limitations caused by the bias of taxonomic annotations for biomonitoring marine environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 107351"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lycopene Regulates Nrf2 to Ameliorate Sulfamethoxazole -Induced Renal Injury and Apoptosis via Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress","authors":"Hongjing Zhao ,&nbsp;Yingxue Zhang ,&nbsp;Yufei Cao ,&nbsp;Boran Zhou ,&nbsp;Mingwei Xing ,&nbsp;Yu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The overuse and long-term existence of Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) in aquatic system have led to adverse effects on non-target organisms, remaining a challenge for aquaculture and human health. This study investigated whether the natural carotenoid lycopene (LYC, 10 mg/kg B.W.) could be used as a candidate to alleviate SMZ (0.3 μg/L)-induced kidney injury in grass carps; the underlying mechanisms were deciphered <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in vitro</em>. Transmission electron microscopy and TUNEL were observed to detect renal injury, structure and function. Various indexes belong to apoptosis (Bcl-2 and caspase families) and its upstream cellular processes, including endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy and the Nrf2 pathway were detected in kidney to suggest the alleviating effect of LYC on SMZ-induced renal toxicity. The same renal protection of LYC against SMZ-induced autophagic activation, apoptotic cell death, and Nrf2 blockage, were further confirmed in cultured grass carp kidney cells (CIK). Nrf2 siRNA abrogated LYC-dependent protection of the nephrocytes against SMZ-induced higher production of ROS and apoptosis level. LYC is demonstrated as a potential feed additive for both preventing and alleviating SMZ-induced renal toxicity in aquatic organisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 107348"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of polypropylene microparticles ingestion on the growth and physiology of Piaractus brachypomus, and its accumulation and tissue damage","authors":"Camila Gomes de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Túlio Pacheco Boaventura ,&nbsp;Fabio Aremil Costa dos Santos ,&nbsp;André de Sena Souza ,&nbsp;Sidney dos Santos Silva ,&nbsp;Camila Silva Brey Gil ,&nbsp;Ronald Kennedy Luz ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Lambert Oréfice","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The presence of microplastics in aquatic environments is a growing concern due to their impacts on fish health. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different concentrations of polypropylene microparticles (PPMs) added to the diet of juvenile <em>Piaractus brachypomus</em>, on their growth, survival, physiology and tissue health. A total of 280 juveniles weighing 13.45 ± 2.07 g were divided into five treatments (0, 10, 100, 1000 and 5000 mg PPMs per kg of feed) with four replicates each. The juveniles were cultivated for 60 days in recirculating aquaculture systems. Biometrics and blood and tissue collections were performed after 10 and 60 days of the experiment. Juvenile performance was affected by the presence of PPMs in the diet within 10 days, with a reduction in final weight for the different concentrations. No differences were observed in juvenile growth after 60 days compared to the control. Total protein, hematocrit, and the enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) changed significantly for the juveniles of the different treatments in both periods. No changes were observed in liver tissue histology; however, the presence of PPMs and damage to microvilli were verified in intestinal tissue. Although PPMs were observed in the intestine of juveniles in both periods, there was no migration of PPMs to the muscle. The addition of PPMs to juvenile diet caused growth disturbances within 10 days and blood and histological alterations in the intesine, without resulting in severe consequences leading to mortality in both periods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 107338"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-biomarker analysis of sub-chronic PAH mixture effects in fish at environmentally relevant levels","authors":"B. Matos ,&nbsp;I. Bramatti ,&nbsp;C.D. Santos ,&nbsp;V. Branco ,&nbsp;M. Martins","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent pollutants in aquatic ecosystems, occurring as complex mixtures with unpredictable toxicity. Although PAHs are procarcinogenic, their harmful effects require metabolic activation, leading to reactive metabolites and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can cause DNA damage.</div><div>This study assessed the toxic effects of individual PAHs (Phenanthrene and Benzo[a]pyrene) and their mixtures (1:2 and 2:1 ratios) on juvenile seabream (<em>Sparus aurata)</em> after 42 days of exposure at 0.2nmol.L⁻¹ . Biomarkers related to oxidative stress, detoxification, and lipid peroxidation were analysed in the liver and gills (e.g., glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), lipoperoxidation (LPO). Liver gene expression (Cytochromes P450 (CYP1A), GST3, tumour protein p53 (TP53) and blood cell DNA damage were also studied. Correlation analyses and Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) were used to relate treatments and biomarkers.</div><div>Results suggested differences in organ responses, with the gills generally showing the most significant changes in GSH levels, GST activity, and LPO compared to the control group. DNA repair mechanisms appeared to prevent significant genotoxicity as assessed by the comet assay. However, erythrocytic nuclear anomalies (ENAs) were notably higher in fish exposed to Phe, B[a]P, and the 2:1 B[a]P:Phe mixture compared to the control group. Interestingly, the 2:1 Phe:B[a]P mixture appeared to have an enhanced effect, showing a marked upregulation of GST3 mRNA (up to 7-fold), possibly influenced by the higher proportion of Phe. MDS analysis proved to be a valuable tool in identifying patterns among biological responses, offering insight into how fish cope with PAH exposure and helping to uncover the unpredictable effects of chemical mixtures.</div><div>This study highlights the need for further research into the interactions of PAH mixtures, employing multi-analysis approach and underscores the importance of revising environmental guidelines to account for their effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 107350"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}