Aquatic Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Ecotoxicological impact of the fungicide tebuconazole on fish: a historical review, global trends and challenges","authors":"Bianca Leite Carnib ,&nbsp;Felipe Cirqueira ,&nbsp;Jerusa Maria de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Thiago Lopes Rocha","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107398","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107398","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tebuconazole (TBZ) is a triazole fungicide broadly used to control fungal diseases in agricultural crops, fruit-bearing plants and forestry plantation<strong>s</strong>. However, its increasing use and release into aquatic environments has raised concerns about its hazardous effects on the health of fish. Thus, the aim of the present study was to review the scientific literature on the ecotoxicological effects of TBZ and TBZ-based commercial formulations on fish. Historical review data (publication year and geographical distribution), TBZ type, experimental design, fish species, habitat, life stage, tissue/organ, lethal concentration (LC₅₀), concentration and exposure time, biomarkers and effects were compiled and critically analyzed. Studies were mainly conducted with freshwater species at adult and larval stages, whereas no data were find for marine fish species. Zebrafish, (<em>Danio rerio</em>) was the most assessed species. Both TBZ and TBZ-based commercial formulations induced oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, histopathologies, behavior impairments and mortality on fish. TBZ can induce synergistic and antagonistic effects on fish when it is combined to other pesticides. Overall, the current study has shown the potential hazardous effects of TBZ and TBZ-based commercial formulations on the health of fish.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"284 ","pages":"Article 107398"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid induces olfactory toxicity to crucian carp by disrupting olfactory function and olfactory-mediated behavior","authors":"Shimin Zeng ,&nbsp;Changlun Tong ,&nbsp;Fangxing Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid (HFPO-TA), an emerging substitute for perfluorooctanoic acid, has been widely detected in aquatic environment and received extensive attentions of research due to its potential toxicity. However, the olfactory toxicity of HFPO-TA remains unknown yet. In the study, the effects of HFPO-TA on the olfactory epithelium (OE) and olfactory bulb (OB) were investigated in crucian carp as well as the behavioral response to olfactory stimulants. The results show that exposure to HFPO-TA inhibited the expression of genes encoding olfactory G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), reduced the activities of ion transporter enzymes Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺-ATPase, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), increasing the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), inducing the activities of caspase-1 and caspase-3, and causing tissue damage in the OE of crucian carp. Similarly, exposure to HFPO-TA also induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the OB. Moreover, the levels of neurotransmitters including 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), glutamate (Glu), acetylcholine (Ach), and the appetite regulator neuropeptide Y (NPY) were depressed in the OB. The behavioral test indicates that HFPO-TA altered the preference of crucian carp for food stimulants. Therefore, HFPO-TA poses olfactory toxicity to crucian carp by disrupting olfactory function and olfactory-mediated behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"284 ","pages":"Article 107391"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143922274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of carbendazim, either alone or combined with benzophenone-3, on testicular development in Xenopus laevis","authors":"Jie Li ,&nbsp;Hai-Ming Xu ,&nbsp;Xing-Hong Li ,&nbsp;Yuan-Yuan Li ,&nbsp;Zhan-Fen Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107393","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fungicide carbendazim (CBZ), widely present in aquatic environments, has been reported to disrupt testicular development in rodents, yet its impacts on amphibians remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of environmentally-relevant concentrations of CBZ (1, 10, 100 μg/L) on early testicular development in <em>Xenopus laevis</em> following exposure from Nieuwkoop-Faber (NF) stages 45/46 to 52 in Experiment I. While all the concentrations of CBZ inhibited tadpole development, 10 and 100 μg/L CBZ caused retarded testicular development, which was characterized by morphological abnormality, suppressed cell proliferation and reduced germ cells, along with downregulation of testis-biased genes and upregulation of ovary-biased genes in certain concentration groups. Although 1 μg/L CBZ did not lead to significant changes in these testicular parameters, their declining trends are of concern, especially when considering its combined exposure with other contaminants. Thus, we conducted Experiment II to address the combined effects of 1 μg/L CBZ with the UV filter benzophenone-3 (BP-3), which was reported to affect testicular development in <em>X. laevis</em>, on testicular development from stages 45/46 to 66. As expected, we found that co-exposure to 1 μg/L CBZ and 2.28 μg/L BP-3 produced smaller testis size accompanied with fewer germ cells compared to the control, while alone exposure had no significant effects on the two parameters, exhibiting a synergistic effect on testicular development. Besides, their combined exposure also exerted synergistic effects with regard to metamorphic delay, increased liver weight and hepatic histological changes. Our findings emphasize the impacts of environmentally relevant concentrations of CBZ alone or in combination with UV-filters on testicular development, highlighting the ecological risk of these contaminants especially their mixtures for amphibians, which warrants continued attention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"284 ","pages":"Article 107393"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143901881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BDE-47 induces apoptosis and ferroptosis in Pseudosciaena crocea kidney (PCK) cells by disrupting mitochondrial energy metabolism","authors":"Sai Cao ,&nbsp;Xiaocheng Wang ,&nbsp;Qian Liu ,&nbsp;Mengxue Xu ,&nbsp;Zhaoning Wang ,&nbsp;Yongshun Jiang ,&nbsp;You Wang ,&nbsp;Zhongyuan Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107387","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107387","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>2,2′,4,4′-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), an emerging contaminant (EC), is widely used in the production of brominated flame retardants and is biotoxic to marine organisms. However, our understanding of the mechanism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)-induced toxicity remains incomplete. In this study, BDE-47 cytotoxicity after short-term exposure was investigated in PCK cells. BDE-47 significantly decreased cell viability, and morphological alterations were observed. Moreover, BDE-47 exposure induced apoptosis and ferroptosis, a newly described form of iron-mediated cell death, as demonstrated by transcriptomic analysis and physiological/biochemical tests. The observed cell death was associated with mitochondrial damage and a decrease in ATP production. Pharmacological intervention of cytotoxicity via 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), an activator of the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) protein, a regulator of energy, strongly confirmed the causal relationship between cell death and energy metabolism dysfunction. Furthermore, lipidomic analysis revealed lipid metabolism disorders resulting from the accumulation of triglycerides (TGs) and glycerophospholipids (GPs) and the suppression of β-oxidation, ultimately inhibiting ATP synthesis. Molecular docking analysis revealed the binding potential of BDE-47 with energy metabolism checkpoints AMPK and Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1). Thus, our study broadens the understanding of the toxicity of BDE-47 and provides a new potential cellular and molecular mechanism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"284 ","pages":"Article 107387"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143922180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiotic resistance genes in aquatic systems: Sources, transmission, and risks","authors":"Tingting Zhang ,&nbsp;Linyi Fan ,&nbsp;Ya-Nan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread use of antibiotics has significantly contributed to the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which have become a major challenge to global ecological and public health. Antibiotic resistance not only proliferates in clinical settings but also persists in aquatic systems, where its residues and cross-domain spread pose a dual threat to both ecosystems and human health. ARGs spread rapidly within microbial communities through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and vertical gene transfer (VGT). Aquatic systems are the key transmission medium. This review summarizes recent studies on the <em>Source-Transport-Sink</em> dynamics of ARGs in aquatic environments, along with their environmental and health risk assessments, with a particular focus on the potential ecotoxicity of ARGs transmission. It also examines the distribution characteristics of ARGs across different regions and the ecological risk assessment methods employed, highlighting the limitations of existing models when addressing the complex behaviors of ARGs. By analyzing the potential hazards of ARGs to aquatic ecosystems and public health, this article aims to provide a scientific foundation for future research and the development of public policies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"284 ","pages":"Article 107392"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143894804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are polylactic acid (PLA) microplastics a risk to marine organisms? Acute and chronic effects on the amphipods Gammarus aequicauda","authors":"Francesca Biandolino ,&nbsp;Giovanni Libralato ,&nbsp;Loredana Manfra ,&nbsp;Alice Rotini ,&nbsp;Ermelinda Prato","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional plastics have become a major environmental concern due to their persistence and accumulation in marine ecosystems. Recently, the development of bio-based polymers, such as polylactic acid (PLA), has gained particular attention as an alternative to limit plastic pollution, as these materials can be degraded under certain conditions. This study investigated the ecotoxicity of polylactic acid (PLA) microplastics (38–220 μm) in the marine amphipod <em>Gammarus aequicauda</em>. To achieve this, juvenile amphipods (2–4 mm) were exposed to PLA in acute toxicity tests to assess mortality after 96 hours. In addition, the effects of chronic exposure (60 days) to PLA microplastics were assessed on the growth and fertility (reproduction, embryonic development and aborted eggs). The results showed a low acute effect with a LC₅₀ of 91.57 mgPLA/L, but exposure to sublethal concentrations (5 and 10 mgPLA/L) of MPs resulted in lower growth and reproduction success compared to control ones. The mean time spent by males and females of <em>G. aequicauda</em> in the precopulation and the time of appearance of the first ovigerous females were not affected by PLA exposure. However, the total number of ovigerous females and the total number of neonates per female were significantly reduced at sublethal concentrations of MP-PLA. Finally, reproductive failures (aborted eggs) were higher at 5 and 10 mgPLA/L.</div><div>The results provide interesting food for thought and underline that although PLA is known as an innovative biodegradable polymer, its impact on marine biota should not be minimized and the use of biodegradable plastics should be strongly cautioned.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"284 ","pages":"Article 107389"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143904262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating stress: Impacts of temperature, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals on the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii adapted to tropical waters of the Gulf of Guinea","authors":"Rael Adhiambo ,&nbsp;Paul Kojo Mensah ,&nbsp;Albert Koomson ,&nbsp;Emmanuel Acheampong","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107388","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the individual and combined impacts of temperature, pyrene, and cadmium on the coastal diatom <em>Thalassiosira weissflogii</em> under conditions representative of the Gulf of Guinea. In the individual stressor experiments, time, rather than temperature or individual pollutants, was the primary factor influencing growth parameters. Specifically, temperature modulated diatom growth with optimal performance at 28 °C, while 24 °C and 32 °C conditions reduced cell density, chlorophyll-<em>a</em> content, and dry biomass. On the other hand, pyrene significantly affected cell density and dry biomass, while cadmium elicited minimal effects on all measured parameters. In combined stressor experiments, the negative impacts of pyrene and cadmium combinations were more exacerbated at 24 °C and 32 °C, whereas optimal thermal conditions (28 °C) provided partial mitigation from exposure to stressors. These findings highlight the crucial role of temperature in modulating the effects of pollutants on <em>Thalassiosira weissflogii</em>, with combined stress having the greatest impact under non-optimal temperature conditions. Additionally, the study underscores the temperature sensitivity of <em>Thalassiosira weissflogii</em> in tropical ecosystems and offers insights into how the simultaneous stressors of rising ocean temperatures and increasing pollution may affect tropical phytoplankton dynamics and primary productivity. Lastly, the study emphasizes the importance of incorporating thermal thresholds into marine ecosystem models to more accurately predict shifts in coastal and oceanic food webs under climate change scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"284 ","pages":"Article 107388"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143894690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Size over substance: Microplastic particle size drives gene expression and fitness loss in a freshwater insect","authors":"Halina Binde Doria ,&nbsp;Nida Sohal ,&nbsp;Barbara Feldmeyer ,&nbsp;Markus Pfenninger","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics (MP) are a diverse class of contaminants for which it is challenging to assess their effects on freshwater biota. As polyamide (PA) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are two of the most abundant microplastic materials in natural environments, the present study investigated whether their chronic presence, particle size (&lt; 100 μm and &gt; 100 μm) and their mixture influenced gene transcription patterns and inclusive fitness of <em>C. riparius.</em> Transcriptome data as the lowest phenotypic trait level suggested that MP exposure impacted a range of organismic processes like oxidative stress and inflammations, leading to an innate immune response, downregulation of metabolism in organs directly exposed to the particles and triggered premature molting, regardless of the MP material or their mixture. A life-cycle fitness assessment was performed using PA, PVC and a mixture of both in, respectively. The integration of the fitness components survival, developmental time and fertility into the daily population growth rate as comprehensive fitness parameter on the highest trait level showed that any chronic microplastic exposure led to a considerable fitness loss. Partitioning the effects of substance and size class showed that microplastic exposure as such and size played an important role, while the MP material was of minor importance. The observed decrease in daily population growth rates between 2.3 and 7.6 % upon chronic MP exposure suggested a dramatic reduction of the species’ population size and thus for freshwater ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"284 ","pages":"Article 107386"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143887672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The potential of microplastics acting as vector for triclosan in aquatic environments","authors":"Naveen Chand ,&nbsp;Stefan Krause ,&nbsp;Sanjeev Kumar Prajapati","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107381","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107381","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is increased evidence of the co-occurrence of microplastics (MPs) with other co-pollutants in surface water globally, leading to ecological and environmental concerns. The risks and toxicity of co-occurring pollutants largely depend on the mechanisms controlling the activation of their various sources, their fate and transport in different environmental media. Due to their size-specific surface area, MPs in the environment can have a strong affinity for interactions with hydrophobic compounds and have a high sorption capacity for various emerging contaminants (ECs). ECs like the antibacterial and antifungal agent such as Triclosan (TCS) are persistent in the environment. Moreover, TCS in aquatic environments has a low solubility, and high octanol–water partitioning co-efficient which raises the possibility of TCS to interact with other environmental pollutants such as MPs. The interactions of TCS with MPs in the environment are controlled by a range of mechanism such as hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, π-π interactions as well as electrostatic interactions. The interacting behaviour of these driving forces needs to be fully understood to determine how the co-occurrence of TCS and MPs may lead to adverse effects on the biological functioning of aquatic ecosystems. Hence, here we conduct a systematic review of the current state-of-the-art and synthesize the available knowledge of how MPs can act as vectors for TCS in aquatic environments. This review reveals MP and TCS interactions in aquatic ecosystems, their individual and collective fate, and toxicological impacts on aquatic organisms, evidencing that MPs can act as potential vectors for transporting TCS across different trophic levels. This review also reveals critical limitations in the research of the combined toxicity and interactions of co-occurring MPs and TCS. Based on the rigorous review of the current knowledge base, we propose that multifactorious investigations along with long-terms monitoring are crucial to fully understand the impacts of co-occurring MPs and TCS in aquatic systems to underline future mitigation policies and management plans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"284 ","pages":"Article 107381"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143887671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generalized additive modeling as a tool for the analysis of the time course of tail coiling behavior in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos – A proof-of-concept study with nicotine, a known developmental neurotoxicant","authors":"Maria Fischer ,&nbsp;Raoul Wolf ,&nbsp;Robin Hannemann ,&nbsp;Thomas Braunbeck","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The early detectable tail coiling behavior of zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>) embryos is receiving increasing attention in the context of (developmental) neurotoxicity testing and may be used as a rapid screening tool for compounds with unknown or suspected neurotoxic potential. The observation of this behavior over a longer period of time already offered advantages such as the possibility of detecting effects that only occur after a few hours of development. The two major parameters, duration and frequency of coiling, allow a detailed characterization of the movements. However, this approach usually leads to complex data sets, which are often heavily simplified to allow for simpler analysis of the effects on an hourly basis. In this study, the suitability of generalized additive modeling (GAM) for the analysis of coiling behavior was tested in order to obtain an integrated impression of the trends in movement patterns. To this end, nicotine, a known potent developmental neurotoxicant, was used in a proof-of-concept study. The main advantage of GAM for biological data lies in the relaxation of assumptions, such as effect monotony, data distribution and homogeneity of variances and is, therefore, more flexible in describing different trends over time. The possibility to consider replicates and individuals as additional sources of (biological) variance is a further benefit, as highly variable data are common in behavioral studies. Here, the modeling approach demonstrates a monotone reduction of movement duration as a direct consequence of nicotine exposure. Additional pathomorphological studies revealed structural damage in secondary motoneurons and skeletal muscles as potential underlying mechanisms of changes in movement patterns. The GAM proved well-suited to illustrate and analyze complex non-linear behavioral data with high natural variability. The model also allows to reliably extract no observed effect (NOEC) and lowest observed effect concentrations (LOEC) from complex data sets, which may be of relevance in a regulatory context.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"284 ","pages":"Article 107373"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}