Aquatic Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Unveiling the overlooked environmental risks of organic flotation reagents: Intergenerational toxicity of potassium ethylxanthate to Daphnia magna","authors":"Yuting Zhang ,&nbsp;Qinzi Huang ,&nbsp;Jiacheng Sun ,&nbsp;Ke Li ,&nbsp;Hongxing Chen ,&nbsp;Tao Chen ,&nbsp;Lingtian Xie ,&nbsp;Zemin Li ,&nbsp;Bo Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107656","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The organic flotation reagents are heavily used in mining processes. However, their ecological risk remains largely unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the intergenerational toxicity and mechanisms of a typical flotation reagent in <em>Daphnia magna</em>. The F0 <em>D. magna</em> was chronically exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of potassium ethylxanthate (PEX) at 0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/L for 21 d, while the F1 generation was reared in clean medium. The results showed that PEX inhibited both the growth of <em>D. magna</em> (varying between 17 - 36 %) and the fertility (50 - 60 %) in the F0 generation. In addition, exposure to PEX at 0.1 mg/L led to a decreased heart rate, swimming activity, and locomotor response to changes in light intensity. Notably, PEX showed more pronounced toxicity to the F1 than to the F0 generation, indicating an intergeneration toxicity of PEX. Biochemical and transcriptomic analyses revealed that the toxicity was closely associated with the oxidative stress, and core biological processes regulating metabolism and energy production. This study provides fundamental data on the ecological risk of PEX and the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of PEX to <em>D. magna</em>, which could facilitate the risk assessment of the overlooked mineral flotation chemicals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 107656"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145575495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ROS production-related phenomena and biochemical reactions of the seaweed Ulva rigida in response to the effect of environmentally relevant Bisphenol A concentrations","authors":"Paraskevi Malea ,&nbsp;Maria-Markella Patronia ,&nbsp;Marios Dermentzis ,&nbsp;Alkistis Kevrekidou ,&nbsp;Dimitrios Phaedon Kevrekidis","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107638","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bisphenol A (BPA) is an extensively used synthetic compound that has causes various hazardous effects on aquatic primary producers. Research on BPA impacts on marine macrophytes and especially on <em>Ulva</em> spp. is limited. BPA-induced oxidative stress in <em>Ulva rigida</em> determined even at environmentally relevant concentrations (Low Effect Concentration, LOEC: 0.3 μg L^-1, Terminal Day, TD: 7) and it was higher on 7-11D. Increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidise (APX) activities on specific days and concentrations may suggest the activation of an antioxidant mechanism in response to BPA-induced oxidative stress. On 1-5D, BPA-induced oxidative stress did not sufficiently activate SOD. On 7D at 0.1 μg L^-1, SOD activity decreases the Corrected Total Cell Fluorescence (CTCF) values to the control level, whereas at 0.3 and 1 μg L^-1, both enzymes may not be able to scavenge the oxidative stress. Protein content decreases, from 7D onwards at 0.3–3 μg L^-1, which may indicate oxidative injury in these biomolecules, as the antioxidant mechanism was unable to equilibrate the oxidative stress. Oxidative stress goes hand in hand with lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) at 0.3 on 7D and at 0.3–3 μg L^-1 on 3D The chlorophyll (Chls), pheophytin (Phs) and carotenoid (<em>χ</em>+c) contents decreased on 5D at 0.1–3 μg L^-1 of BPA (LOECs: 0.1 for Chls and <em>χ</em>+c, 1 μg L^-1 for Phs, TD: 5). BPA toxicity, based on the thalli surface area, seemed to be BPA dose-dependent and it was more pronounced at 3D (LOEC: 0.1 μg L^-1, TD: 3). <em>U. rigida</em> is among the most sensitive marine macrophytes against BPA, as it can cause adverse effects on various ‘biomarkers’, even at environmental concentrations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 107638"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145442054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity of bisphenol A alternatives: A study on bisphenol E in two generations of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis","authors":"Gaëtan Y. Tucoo,&nbsp;Jane E. Morthorst,&nbsp;Elvis Genbo Xu,&nbsp;Henrik Holbech","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107641","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107641","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bisphenol E (BPE), a substitute for bisphenol A (BPA), is becoming increasingly prevalent in the market and, consequently, the environment. Yet, the effects of such alternatives on aquatic organisms remain largely unknown. This study focuses on assessing the developmental toxicity of BPE in embryos (1.1 – 11,946 µg/L) from unexposed parents, as well as its reprotoxicity in adults (4.0 – 872 µg/L) of the Great Pond Snail <em>Lymnaea stagnalis</em>. We also examined the effects of BPE on F1 generation embryos (6.6 – 1037 µg/L) from exposed parents. Our study revealed developmental toxicity in embryos from unexposed parents from 5151 µg/L BPE, where the length, the heart rate, and hatching rate were lower than the control group. The embryo rotation was only lower at 11,946 µg/L. Malformations and delays in advancing through developmental stages were also observed. A reproduction test showed no changes in the number of laid egg masses, growth, and weight gain in snails exposed to up to 873 µg/L BPE. Only survival was affected at 187 and 873 µg/L BPE. Exposure of parents did not affect the development of embryos transferred to clean water but lowered the LOEC to 218 µg/L for F1 embryos kept exposed to BPE, compared to 5151 µg/L for exposed embryos from unexposed parents. BPE quantification using UHPLC-MS/MS revealed significant concentration variations, exceeding 20 % of the nominal concentrations, highlighting the importance of chemical analysis in chronic studies. The increased sensitivity of F1 embryos to BPE emphasizes the need for multigenerational approaches in refining ecotoxicological risk assessments of BPA alternatives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 107641"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145478143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An evaluation of transcriptomic points of departure and gene expression profiles for larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to 22 chemicals with known modes of action","authors":"Camille G. Baettig ,&nbsp;Jenna E. Cavallin ,&nbsp;Kendra Bush ,&nbsp;Alex Kasparek ,&nbsp;Peter Schumann ,&nbsp;Kevin Flynn ,&nbsp;Daniel L. Villeneuve","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107650","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107650","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Generation of hazard information for chemicals already in production can be costly and time consuming. High-throughput techniques offer a method to define the hazard potential posed by chemicals and facilitate risk assessment activities in a rapid manner. Transcriptomic points of departure (tPODs), derived from the concentration at which global gene expression significantly differs from controls, are expected to precede concentrations that cause apical toxicity, suggesting tPODs could serve as an alternative point of departure for use in screening level hazard assessment. The present study extends previous work with a larval fathead minnow high-throughput transcriptomics assay but employs a targeted transcriptome rather than whole transcriptome approach to generate tPODs for 22 chemicals (pesticides and pharmaceuticals), expanding the diversity of chemical modes of action evaluated. One-day-post-hatch fathead minnows were exposed to eight concentrations of two piscicides, three herbicides, four insecticides, seven fungicides, two statins, and four PPAR agonists for 24 h. Following exposures, RNA from whole body homogenates were sequenced using TempO-Seq. Concentration-response modeling, using measured concentrations where feasible, was applied to all sequencing results to estimate benchmark concentrations and derive tPODs. To investigate the relationships of chemicals within the same mode of action (MoA), differentially expressed genes were visualized using Euler diagrams, sscMap, and exploratory principal component analysis using the sequencing counts for each chemical from the first concentration above the derived tPOD value was used. The targeted transcriptome approach produced results similar to what is expected from a whole transcriptome approach which suggests that if appropriate genes are selected, a targeted approach is sufficient to derive protective tPODs. In most cases, the derived tPODs were lower than concentrations associated with apical endpoints from fish data collected from the ECOTOX Knowledgebase. However, this was not the case when tPODS were compared to apical effects in other taxa (crustaceans, insects, algae). Our results showed that the individual genes impacted by chemical exposure rarely clustered within the same MoA. Overall, the results of this study provide additional data that can be used to examine the applicability of high-throughput assays for possible use in ecological hazard screening.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 107650"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145553890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-exposure effects of arsenite and bisphenol A on zebrafish: A focus on gut microbiota’s role in arsenobetaine biosynthesis-related toxicity","authors":"Le Zhang,&nbsp;Weitian Liu,&nbsp;Yingying Tang,&nbsp;Peng Zhang,&nbsp;Huosheng Li,&nbsp;Jianyou Long,&nbsp;Wei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107639","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107639","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The biotransformation of arsenite (As(III)) into the less toxic or nontoxic form arsenobetaine (AsB) is crucial for mitigating arsenic (As)-induced toxicity. Co-contaminants like bisphenol A (BPA) could interfere with this process, although their precise roles and underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that BPA co-exposure in zebrafish disrupts the gut microbiota, thereby inhibiting AsB biosynthesis and exacerbating As toxicity. After 28 days of co-exposure to As(III) and BPA, total As and As(V) levels increased significantly, while AsB concentrations in muscle tissue markedly decreased. This was accompanied by pronounced intestinal damage, which was strongly and positively correlated with As(V) accumulation. Mechanistically, BPA-induced gut microbial dysbiosis suppressed AsB production, resulting in elevated toxic As(V) burden, impaired intestinal barrier integrity, and enhanced inflammatory responses. Transcriptomic analysis further revealed that BPA upregulated pathways related to drug metabolism–cytochrome P450 and arachidonic acid metabolism, which may act synergistically with microbiota dysbiosis to amplify toxicity. Overall, our findings demonstrate that BPA potentiates As toxicity by disrupting its gut microbiota-mediated detoxification, revealing a novel ‘metabolic interference’ mechanism with important implications for chemical mixture risk assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 107639"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145442023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol exposure affects immune-related gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","authors":"L. Polke-Pedersen,&nbsp;K. Kumas,&nbsp;R. Jaafar,&nbsp;P.W. Kania,&nbsp;A.M. Karami,&nbsp;K. Buchmann","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107646","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107646","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The terpenoid compounds geosmin (GSM) and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), produced by a wide range of microorganisms, are abundant in many aquatic environments. Both compounds are easily detectable by humans (&lt;5 ng/L), and they are often associated with an earthy and musty unpleasant odor in drinking water and aquatic food products (such as fish and shellfish, blue food), which are costly to circumvent. These compounds are well known to bioaccumulate in larger organisms, such as fish, but the interactions between immune responses and these off-flavor compounds are not well known. We evaluated if prior exposure to these compounds can affect immune gene expression in trout. Juvenile (∼9 g) rainbow trout (<em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em>) were exposed to geosmin and MIB in environmentally relatable concentrations as well as a high concentration (10, 50, 500, 1000 ng/L) for 24 h before IP injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) eliciting inflammatory reactions in trout. Following another 24 h fish were euthanized and liver and spleen were sampled for gene expression measurements (qPCR). Both geosmin and MIB significantly altered expression of several immune-related genes in a tissue- and concentration-dependent manner. Geosmin exposure was associated with a dosage dependent down-regulation in the liver of genes encoding cytokines (IL-4/13a, IL-12, TNFα), acute phase proteins (SAA, precerebellin), antimicrobial peptides (cathelicidin 1 and 2), T cell markers (TCR, CD 8), and B cell marker (IgDm). This may have implications for fish in general, but is particularly notable for those living in eutrophicated waters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 107646"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145515555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Domoic acid production by a Pseudo-nitzschia australis strain under zinc and copper exposure","authors":"Marie Bassez,&nbsp;Hélène Hégaret,&nbsp;Jean-François Maguer,&nbsp;Yoann Asquoët,&nbsp;Marie Legain,&nbsp;Lucie Vannier,&nbsp;Gabriel Dulaquais","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The diatom species <em>Pseudo-nitzschia australis</em> can produce domoic acid (DA), a neurotoxin- responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning. Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) are essential trace metals for marine phytoplankton, but they can become either limiting or toxic at pico- to subnanomolar ionic concentrations—levels that are can be reached in coastal ecosystems. The effect of exposure to these metals on DA production remains unclear for Cu and is largely unknown for Zn. In this study, we investigated the effects of toxic picomolar concentrations of Cu²⁺ and four non-limiting concentrations of Zn²⁺ on the metabolism and physiology of a toxic <em>P. australis</em> strain isolated from the coastal waters of North Biscay (France). Using principal component analysis, we observed changes in cell populations over time depending on metal exposure. Cu²⁺ toxicity was marked by a 35 % decrease in maximum cell density and a reduction in growth rate (µ₊_Cu = 0.55 µₐₓ). DA production was differentially modulated by the two metals: toxic Cu²⁺ levels stimulated DA synthesis (+200 %), while elevated Zn²⁺ bioavailability significantly decreased it (by up to –85 %), including when Zn²⁺ was combined with toxic levels of Cu²⁺ (–65 %). We further discuss DA production by <em>P. australis</em> as a potential protective mechanism against oxidative stress. Additional data on intracellular glutathione (GSH) quotas—an important reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger and Cu²⁺ chelator— are presented and linked to Zn²⁺ bioavailability. GSH cell quotas were significantly correlated with DA production (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) further supporting existing links between metal exposition, oxydative stress and DA production. This study suggests that ambient concentrations of Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ are critical factors regulating DA production in coastal marine systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 107616"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145383286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochemical and molecular stress responses to enrofloxacin in Mytilus galloprovincialis: transient or lasting effects?","authors":"J. Giannessi ,&nbsp;C. Pretti ,&nbsp;V. Meucci ,&nbsp;L. Intorre ,&nbsp;L. De Marchi ,&nbsp;B. Gabbrielli ,&nbsp;M. Baratti","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107626","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107626","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antibiotic contamination is an emerging threat in marine environments due to its potential to alter key physiological processes in non-target organisms. Among veterinary antibiotics, enrofloxacin (ENR), a widely used fluoroquinolone, is frequently detected in coastal waters. This study investigated the biological effects of ENR exposure in the Mediterranean mussel <em>Mytilus galloprovincialis</em> using an integrated approach combining gene expression, biochemical, and bioenergetic endpoints. Mussels were exposed to two environmentally relevant concentrations of ENR (5 and 500 ng/L) for 7 days (EXP7) and 14 days (EXP14), followed by a 14-day recovery period (REC). Gill tissues were analyzed for transcriptional changes in genes related to detoxification, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and energy metabolism. In addition, energy reserves, mitochondrial activity, and indicators of genotoxicity and antioxidant responses were measured. Results showed that ENR exposure modulated the expression of several genes, including early upregulation of <em>abcb</em> and <em>cyp4y1</em>, and downregulation of <em>pkpyr and icdh</em>, indicating activation of detoxification pathways and energy metabolism shifts. Biochemical analyses revealed increased mitochondrial activity (ETS), mobilization of energy reserves, and sustained elevation of GST activity, while DNA strand break levels confirmed a potential genotoxic effect. Despite the removal of the contaminant, most stress responses did not fully revert during recovery. These findings demonstrate that even low concentrations of ENR can disrupt mussel physiology at multiple levels, with effects persisting beyond exposure. The study underscores the importance of incorporating sub-lethal biomarkers into environmental risk assessments and supports the inclusion of veterinary antibiotics like ENR in marine monitoring programs to protect coastal ecosystem health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 107626"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145383277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactions between cyanobacteria and emerging contaminants in aqueous environments","authors":"Yichen Yang ,&nbsp;Xiaohan Zhang ,&nbsp;Lingshen Tan ,&nbsp;Rui Xin ,&nbsp;Yongzheng Ma ,&nbsp;Zhiguang Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cyanobacteria, prevalent in aquatic environments, are key contributors to the Earth's primary productivity and have historically transformed the planet's surface from anaerobic to aerobic conditions. However, due to improper disposal, a large number of emerging contaminants (ECs) were released into water bodies, which influenced the growth and physiological activities of cyanobacteria. Given the biological representativeness of cyanobacteria, their response to ECs serves as a model for understanding the impact of environmental stressors on other organisms. Thus, this review summarized the effects of ECs, including antibiotics, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and microplastics (MPs) on cyanobacterial growth, morphology, and toxin production. It also explored the effect of cyanobacteria on ECs and reviewed their interactions with EC-related compounds. Additionally, the study highlighted that cyanobacteria could produce endocrine-disrupting toxins and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), while their secondary metabolites could also treat ECs by adsorption and settlement. Compared to the previous ones, this review innovatively focused on the bidirectional perspective. It not only examined the impact of ECs on cyanobacteria but also investigated the influence of cyanobacteria on ECs, particularly in terms of biosorption, biodegradation, and biotransformation. Consequently, this review offered a more balanced and holistic understanding of the interactions between cyanobacteria and ECs in aquatic systems, providing valuable insights into their coexistence and suggesting the potential of using cyanobacteria as an eco-friendly approach for EC remediation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 107621"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145383838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commercial formulation containing 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) induces cellular damage, tissue injury, and antioxidant disruption in zebrafish Danio rerio","authors":"Breno Raul Freitas Oliveira ,&nbsp;Aline Guimarães Pereira ,&nbsp;Rafael Kremer ,&nbsp;Gabriel Da Rocha Zurchimitten ,&nbsp;Daniele Hummel Moreira ,&nbsp;Lucas Cezar Pinheiro ,&nbsp;Carmen Simioni ,&nbsp;Luciane Cristina Ouriques ,&nbsp;Geison Souza Izídio","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107647","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is one of the oldest and most widely used herbicides globally. Although effective as a pesticide, increasing evidence suggests it may exert toxic effects on non-target aquatic organisms. This study aimed to evaluate morphological, ultrastructural, and biochemical changes in the gills of adult zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>) following short-term exposure to commercial formulation containing 2,4-D. Fish were exposed to 0 (control), 0.03, 0.3, and 3.0 mg/L of the herbicide for seven days. After exposure, gills were collected for analysis. Histological examination revealed cellular alterations in the secondary lamellae, including hyperplasia, hypertrophy of pavement and mitochondria-rich cells (MRCs), and epithelial lifting. Histopathological assessment indicated mild damage at 0.3 mg/L and moderate damage at 3.0 mg/L. Ultrastructural analysis showed mitochondrial disruption in MRCs and damage to pillar cells at the highest concentration. Biochemical analyses revealed decreased levels of both reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), along with increased nitrite concentrations in the group exposed to 3.0 mg/L. No lipid peroxidation was detected following herbicide exposure. The combination of elevated nitrite levels, reduced GSH and GSSG, vascular dilation, mitochondrial damage, and inflammatory cell infiltration strongly supports a link between nitric oxide (NO)-mediated inflammation and the vascular lesions observed in the 3.0 mg/L group. These findings demonstrate that the herbicide can compromise gill structure. Taken together, our results underscore the need for stricter environmental regulations and highlight the potential ecological risks associated with the use of commercial formulations containing 2,4-D.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 107647"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145515601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}