Effects of legacy and emerging antimicrobial compounds to early-life stages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

IF 4.3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Aquatic Toxicology Pub Date : 2025-07-07 DOI:10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107487

Mawuli Amekor , Evan Kohlman , Catherine Roberts , Alper James Alcaraz , Niteesh Jain , Ahmad Al-Dissi , Markus Hecker , Markus Brinkmann , Natacha Hogan

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Antimicrobial compounds enter freshwater systems via municipal wastewater, potentially affecting aquatic life. While the toxicity of triclosan (TCS), a legacy antimicrobial, is well-documented, less is known about emerging alternatives such as chloroxylenol (PCMX) and methylisothiazolinone (MIT). This study evaluated the developmental and molecular effects of these compounds on early-life stage rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Embryos were exposed to nominal concentrations of 0.39–400 µg/L from hatch to 28 days post-hatch (dph). Mortality and sublethal endpoints (edema, spinal curvature, jaw deformities, swim-up time) were assessed, and transcriptomic responses were measured at 96 h using the EcoToxChip RT-qPCR platform. TCS and PCMX reduced survivability, with 28-d LC50 values of 107 and 254 µg/L, respectively. TCS increased jaw deformities and edema, while PCMX induced spinal deformities and edema at ≥241 µg/L. MIT had no observable effects on survival or development. No significant changes were detected in swim-up time or histopathology of gill, liver, or intestine across treatments. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 55, 25, and 3 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to TCS, PCMX, and MIT, respectively. TCS and PCMX shared regulation of 19 genes linked to metabolic, endocrine, and reproductive pathways, suggesting similar modes of action. These findings indicate that TCS and PCMX exert low but distinct sublethal and molecular toxicity, while MIT showed minimal effects. The EcoToxChip effectively detected early transcriptomic responses, supporting its application in rapid chemical hazard assessment of both legacy and emerging antimicrobials.

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遗留和新出现的抗菌化合物对虹鳟鱼早期生命阶段的影响

抗菌化合物通过城市污水进入淡水系统，可能影响水生生物。虽然三氯生（TCS）的毒性是一种传统的抗菌剂，但对氯二酚（PCMX）和甲基异噻唑啉酮（MIT）等新兴替代品的毒性知之甚少。本研究评估了这些化合物对早期虹鳟鱼（Oncorhynchus mykiss）的发育和分子效应。胚胎从孵化到孵化后28天（dph）暴露在0.39-400µg/L的标称浓度中。评估死亡率和亚致死终点（水肿、脊柱弯曲、下颌畸形、游泳时间），并使用EcoToxChip RT-qPCR平台在96 h时测量转录组反应。TCS和PCMX降低了存活率，28 d LC50值分别为107和254µg/L。TCS增加颌骨畸形和水肿，PCMX诱导脊柱畸形和水肿≥241µg/L。MIT对生存和发展没有可观察到的影响。在游泳时间或鳃、肝脏或肠道的组织病理学上，没有发现明显的变化。转录组学分析显示，分别有55个、25个和3个差异表达基因（deg）对TCS、PCMX和MIT有反应。TCS和PCMX共同调控19个与代谢、内分泌和生殖途径相关的基因，表明它们的作用模式相似。这些研究结果表明，TCS和PCMX具有低但明显的亚致死和分子毒性，而MIT的影响很小。EcoToxChip有效地检测了早期转录组反应，支持其在传统和新兴抗菌素的快速化学危害评估中的应用。

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来源期刊

Aquatic Toxicology 环境科学-毒理学

CiteScore

7.10

自引率

4.40%

发文量

250

审稿时长

56 days

期刊介绍： Aquatic Toxicology publishes significant contributions that increase the understanding of the impact of harmful substances (including natural and synthetic chemicals) on aquatic organisms and ecosystems. Aquatic Toxicology considers both laboratory and field studies with a focus on marine/ freshwater environments. We strive to attract high quality original scientific papers, critical reviews and expert opinion papers in the following areas: Effects of harmful substances on molecular, cellular, sub-organismal, organismal, population, community, and ecosystem level; Toxic Mechanisms; Genetic disturbances, transgenerational effects, behavioral and adaptive responses; Impacts of harmful substances on structure, function of and services provided by aquatic ecosystems; Mixture toxicity assessment; Statistical approaches to predict exposure to and hazards of contaminants The journal also considers manuscripts in other areas, such as the development of innovative concepts, approaches, and methodologies, which promote the wider application of toxicological datasets to the protection of aquatic environments and inform ecological risk assessments and decision making by relevant authorities.