Applied Energy最新文献

{"title":"Uncertain electric vehicle charging flexibility, its value on spot markets, and the impact of user behaviour","authors":"Raviteja Chemudupaty,&nbsp;Ramin Bahmani,&nbsp;Gilbert Fridgen,&nbsp;Hanna Marxen,&nbsp;Ivan Pavić","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Simultaneous charging of electric vehicles (EVs) increases peak demand, potentially causing higher electricity prices and increased procurement costs for charging, making EVs less economically appealing. Smart charging addresses this challenge by utilising EVs as flexible assets, adjusting their charging behaviour in response to both power system conditions and user requirements. In our paper, we take the perspective of an energy provider using smart charging algorithms to reduce their electricity procurement costs (EPC) by charging the EVs when the electricity prices are lower. However, EV usage uncertainties introduce variability in the flexibility EVs provide and subsequently impact the energy providers’ EPC when trading in electricity markets. Our paper considers uncertainties arising due to variable driving patterns and charging preferences. Within the charging preferences, we specifically focus on two charging preferences such as a minimum state of charge (SOC^min) requirement – the percentage of the battery up to which EV needs to be charged immediately at full power when connected to the charging point; and the frequency of EV connection to the charging point – how often EV users connect their EV to the charging point. We develop a flexibility model that quantifies the flexibility in terms of energy and power as a function of time. To calculate the energy provider’s EPC, we develop a scenario-based robust optimisation model, minimising the energy provider’s EPC while trading in German day-ahead and intraday markets. As expected, an increase in SOC^min requirements and a decrease in frequency of EV connections results in reduced EV flexibility and subsequently increases the EPC. However, our cost sensitivity analysis reveals that even with an 80 % SOC^min, EPC can be reduced by up to 33.5 % and 36.9 % for the years 2022 and 2023, respectively, compared to fully uncontrolled charging. When EVs offer full flexibility (0 % SOC^min), the cost reduction is only slightly higher, at around 43.6 % and 49.6 % for the years 2022 and 2023, respectively. Flexible EV charging, even with low flexibility, thus possesses high economic value, allowing energy providers to achieve substantial monetary gains with minimal impact on user convenience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"394 ","pages":"Article 126063"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144154845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpreting full-frequency impedance spectrum for PEM electrolyzers: Distribution of relaxation times-based modeling","authors":"Jian Zuo ,&nbsp;Nadia Yousfi Steiner ,&nbsp;Zhongliang Li ,&nbsp;Daniel Hissel","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126185","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126185","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Among various hydrogen production technologies, proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) are promising thanks to their ability to operate at high and intermittent loads, high efficiency, and high hydrogen purity. The development and application of PEMWEs rely strongly on performance characterization and estimation techniques. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is one of the most important non-invasive characterization tools for electrochemical devices such as PEMWEs. Nevertheless, modeling and interpreting the impedance spectrum remain an open challenge that hinders its application in PEMWEs. To bridge the gaps, a model-free distribution of relaxation times (DRT)-based approach is proposed to analyze EIS measured from in-operation PEMWEs. Moreover, the interpretation of the full frequency range including low-frequency inductive loops is investigated. To this end, experiments have been performed to measure the impedance spectra under different temperatures, cathode pressures, water flow rates, and current loads. Then, the DRT-based approach is applied to analyze the measured spectra. Conclusions have been drawn regarding the influence of various operating conditions on the performance of the PEMWE stack. Especially, the low-frequency inductive loops are systematically investigated for the first time to reveal their influencing factors and possible causes. The temperature is identified as the dominant influencing factor, followed by water flow rate and cathode pressure. This work provides useful insights into the PEMWE functionality through interpreting impedance spectra including low-frequency inductive loops and its application to PEMWEs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"394 ","pages":"Article 126185"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144154848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel stable grand coalition for transactive multi-energy management in an integrated energy system","authors":"Shichang Cui ,&nbsp;Shuang Xu ,&nbsp;Jiakun Fang ,&nbsp;Xiaomeng Ai ,&nbsp;Jinyu Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper focuses on the transactive multi-energy management in an integrated energy system which connects multiple multi-energy microgrids (MEMs). To harness the flexibility of MEMs and to induce their coordination, we propose a cooperative game model considering the implementation of the utility-based integrated demand response. The proposed game model is rigorously proved to satisfy the properties of super-additivity and balancedness, which implies that the MEMs are motivated to form a stable grand coalition. To fairly allocate the social welfare generated by the grand coalition, a nucleolus-based allocation scheme is employed. Since computing the nucleolus traditionally involves an exponentially large number of nested programs is challenging, a novel nested primal–dual algorithm, which can reduce the number of programs needed to be solved to no more than the number of MEMs, is thus designed to efficiently calculate the nucleolus. The results of case studies indicate that the proposed model efficiently increases the social welfare of the system, the proposed nucleolus-based scheme fairly allocates the welfare in a stable way, and the designed algorithm shows better performance on iterations and scalability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"394 ","pages":"Article 126155"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144154843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review on resilience definitions, frameworks, metrics, and enhancement strategies in electrical distribution systems","authors":"K. Victor Sam Moses Babu ,&nbsp;Divyanshi Dwivedi ,&nbsp;Pratyush Chakraborty ,&nbsp;Pradeep Kumar Yemula ,&nbsp;Mayukha Pal","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The importance of resilience in electrical distribution systems (EDS) is emphasized by their susceptibility to natural calamities that cause widespread infrastructure damage and prolonged service interruptions. This review article provides a comprehensive examination of resilience in the area of EDS, with an emphasis on understanding the multifaceted nature of this concept, as evidenced by the breadth of definitions from different organizations and the variety of frameworks proposed for evaluation and enhancement. In recent years, extreme weather events have repeatedly challenged the robustness of electrical distribution systems, bringing to light the limitations of existing infrastructures and the need for enhanced resilience strategies. The devastating impacts of hurricanes, cyclones, and other natural disasters have not only caused immediate disruptions but have also had lingering effects on the affected populations and economies. These events have brought forth a need for a critical assessment of resilience within EDS, propelling the search for metrics and solutions that could withstand and swiftly recover from such adversities. Our exploration begins with a comparison of the concepts of resilience and reliability, highlighting their interconnected yet distinct roles in ensuring the efficacy of EDS. The definitions and frameworks of resilience proposed by various organizations are outlined. This review also discusses existing resilience metrics and their capacity to capture the electrical and topological aspects of EDS. We assess the readiness of these metrics to capture the elements of resilience across different operational and planning scenarios. Moreover, we present the introduction of complex network theory as a tool through which the resilience of EDS could be quantified, revealing critical points and vulnerabilities within network topology. Additionally, the paper examines recent methods for enhancing resilience, encompassing both planning and operational techniques. From the review, existing research gaps and challenges are identified, providing suggestions for future directions to enhance EDS resilience. This comprehensive overview aims to provide guidelines and tools to improve the resilience of distribution systems to endure and recover from extreme events and disruptions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"394 ","pages":"Article 126141"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144154844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The work region and total work capability of integrated energy system: Concepts, models, and mechanisms","authors":"Tianshuo Zhou ,&nbsp;Dan Wang ,&nbsp;Hongjie Jia ,&nbsp;Jun Xiao ,&nbsp;Yizhe Li ,&nbsp;Hao Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exergy is the quantification of the work capability of energy. Accurately characterizing the limits and scope of the work potential within an integrated energy system (IES) is a crucial foundation for achieving energy-quality matching, hierarchical utilization, and enhancing the level of energy utilization. Based on the “region” method, this paper first establishes a work region model for the IES. It demonstrates a linear mapping relationship between the operating point of the work region and that of the operation region, and proves the isometric, similarity, and nonlinear geometric transformation relationships between the work region and the operation region in a multi-dimensional space. Furthermore, an improved dichotomy method is proposed as a solution for determining the security boundary of the work region, balancing both computational accuracy and efficiency. Subsequently, a model for the maximum total work capability (TWC) and the TWC curve of the IES is established. Based on the mathematical relationship between TWC and total supply capability (TSC), three methods for calculating the maximum TWC are proposed. Finally, through three typical case studies, the operation region and TSC were used as comparison benchmarks to validate the accuracy and superiority of the proposed model and method, revealing the phenomenon of local work capability decay under different operating conditions. The research presented in this paper contributes to the collaborative development of energy quantity and quality in IES, providing essential theoretical and technical support for the planning, operation, and energy market transactions of IES.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"394 ","pages":"Article 126032"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144134543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The triadic impact of hydrogen production, electricity generation, and policies on hydrogen feasibility","authors":"M.D. Mukelabai,&nbsp;R.E. Blanchard","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126191","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The feasibility of renewable hydrogen is highly debated due to conflicting assessments of cost, scalability, and policy effectiveness. This study applies hydrogen trilism – a framework capturing the interdependencies between hydrogen production, electricity generation, energy demand and poverty, and policy interventions. Conventional post-optimisation ranking tools such as TOPSIS, prioritise cost-efficiency, whereas a data-driven multi-objective strategy (DDMOSSS) yields context-sensitive solutions that align with socio-techno-economic goals. A comparative analysis revealed that while DDMOSSS ranks Pareto solutions similarly to TOPSIS under large-scale configurations, DDMOSSS is better suited for small-scale systems where socio-economic trade-offs are more pronounced. The financial analysis revealed that non-islanded large-scale hydrogen systems using imported electricity can achieve competitive hydrogen selling prices of approximately $7/kg. This finding contributes to the debate on islanded versus non-islanded and non-trade islanded configurations, showing that non-islanded solar PV systems outperform islanded and non-trade islanded configurations. A 50 % CAPEX reduction lowers costs from $1.85/kg to $0.92/kg, while a $3/kg production tax credit (PTC) reduces LCOH and NPC by over 113 %. However, PTCs primarily consolidate industry profits rather than benefiting consumers. Furthermore, while Investment Tax Credits provide upfront cost savings, Carbon Credits offer sustained financial benefits by aligning revenue streams with hydrogen consumption. The results also showed that achieving hydrogen market competitiveness requires scaling demand, incorporating policy incentives, and driving technological advancements. For instance, hydrogen must reach around $1/kg to compete with charcoal in Zambia or $5/kg to compete with LNG. These findings evidence the necessity of context-specific deployment strategies over purely cost-driven approaches for sustainable hydrogen adoption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"394 ","pages":"Article 126191"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144154842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data envelopment analysis to determine reliability targets for power distribution systems","authors":"Amin Moghimy Fam ,&nbsp;Amir Safdarian ,&nbsp;Mahmud Fotuhi-Firuzabad ,&nbsp;Matti Lehtonen ,&nbsp;Mahdi Pourakbari-Kasmaei","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Distribution system (DS) reliability has the greatest impact on customer service availability. Enhancing the reliability level of a DS is a costly task, thus, determining an efficient and economical target levels for reliability indices is of high importance. To achieve this goal, this paper proposes a comprehensive Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) based method (DBM). DBM integrates the effect of technical factors in the target determination process for the level of reliability indices in addition to including the conventional average method as one of its steps. By introducing a reliability–cost curve, DBM becomes capable of setting reliability targets based on the practical effect of investment in the system. Furthermore, this feature enables the estimation of the additional investment required to meet the targets. The results indicate the superiority of the proposed method in comparison with the conventional average method from the economic aspect and show the value of integrating the technical factors into it. The determined reliability targets are at least 2.85 % more cost-efficient and technically sounder for the feeders with a high value of reliability. The proposed method, due to its general features, can be applied in the benchmarking of other engineering systems where similar units are being operated and a relation between the unit’s inputs and outputs can be established.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"394 ","pages":"Article 126175"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144154840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-term optimal scheduling of hydro–wind–PV and multi-storage complementary systems based on opposition-based learning PSO algorithm","authors":"Yaoyao He ,&nbsp;Ning Xian","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The introduction of energy storage systems in multi-energy complementary systems ensures efficient energy use and distribution, enhancing the system’s economic benefits. However, current research not only lacks the application of energy storage in large-scale hydro–wind–PV hybrid systems, but also uses only one type of energy storage system in the complementary system, neglecting the synergistic effect between various energy storage systems. To address this research gap, this study proposes a hydro–wind–PV joint scheduling model that considers the coordinated optimization of pumped storage and battery storage. Through this synergy, the energy storage systems can further optimize the exploitation of energy storage potential and improve energy utilization. Additionally, a particle swarm optimization algorithm based on opposite-based learning (PSO-OBL) is proposed, tailored for short-term optimization. The model and algorithm are validated through their application to a power grid in the southwest region of China. The results demonstrate that the integration of pumped storage and battery storage significantly enhances the system’s economic efficiency, and the PSO-OBL algorithm outperforms traditional algorithms in both convergence and solution quality. By analyzing 4 typical days, the findings show that multiple energy storage systems can effectively cooperate under varying environmental conditions, further improving energy self-sufficiency and maximizing the benefits of energy storage. Compared with the traditional model, the system’s economic efficiency can be improved by a maximum of 3.01 %, and the load self-sufficiency rate is increased by 2.32 %. This study provides practical reference for optimal scheduling of multiple energy storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"394 ","pages":"Article 126125"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144154841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of local current density, temperature, and mechanical pressure distributions in an operating PEMFC under variable compression","authors":"El Mahdi Khetabi ,&nbsp;Khadidja Bouziane ,&nbsp;Xavier François ,&nbsp;Remy Lachat ,&nbsp;Yann Meyer ,&nbsp;Denis Candusso","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126187","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126187","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article investigates the impact of mechanical compression on local phenomena within an operating PEMFC with a large active area (225 cm²). It explores the distributions of current density, temperature, and mechanical pressure, building on previous global characterisations (cell voltage, polarisation curves, and EIS). The study finds that mechanical compression (0.35–1.55 MPa) enhances the uniformity of current density and temperature distribution, reducing the risk of hotspots that can impair PEMFC performance and durability. The spatial analysis reveals that this homogenisation effect is mainly due to improved pressure distribution with increased compression. The regions with higher mechanical pressure correlate with higher local current density and temperature, which improves performance by reducing ohmic resistance. However, excessive compression at high current density and relative humidity can lead to water management issues. Overall, the results support the positive effect of pressure homogenisation on PEMFC performance, as observed in previous studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"394 ","pages":"Article 126187"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144134545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlock the flexibility for cooperative operation of hydrogen providers under transportation delay","authors":"Xu Yang ,&nbsp;Bo Yang ,&nbsp;Zhaojian Wang ,&nbsp;Sicheng Liu ,&nbsp;Xinping Guan","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen provides a pathway to the clean transition of the future energy mix, rendering hydrogen energy service providers (HESPs) an important role in hydrogen supply. Additionally, collaborative operation through vehicle-based hydrogen transportation exhibits great potential for mitigating source–load fluctuations of HESPs. However, current collaborations on hydrogen transportation primarily focus on route selection while neglecting delay risks, which may precipitate abrupt energy deficits during the scheduling of energy receivers. This work proposes a multi-HESP cooperative game that considers a deadline assignment mechanism to ensure the robustness of hydrogen delivery while fully unlocking the scheduling flexibility supported by the road network. Considering the transportation-time uncertainty, the distributionally robust joint chance constraint (DRJCC) is introduced to model delay uncertainties effectively and improve hydrogen delivery reliability. A customized approximation method is proposed to reformulate the DRJCC model into a tractable approximation with low conservatism while enhancing flexibility in decision-making under transportation delay uncertainty. Case studies verify that the proposed framework can improve the flexibility and enthusiasm of multi-HESP cooperation under the electricity–hydrogen transmission network.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"394 ","pages":"Article 126152"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144154839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}