Applied Energy最新文献

{"title":"Spatiotemporal coordination of electric vehicle traffic and energy flows in coupled power-transportation networks with multiple energy replenishment and vehicle-to-grid strategies","authors":"Haoyu Liu ,&nbsp;Yujian Ye ,&nbsp;Hongru Wang ,&nbsp;Cun Zhang ,&nbsp;Qilin Huang ,&nbsp;Di Huang ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Liu ,&nbsp;Dezhi Xu ,&nbsp;Goran Strbac","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the growing integration of electric vehicles (EVs) and diverse energy replenishment infrastructures, the interdependence between the power distribution network (PDN) and the transportation network (TN) has become increasingly prominent. In this context, efficient spatiotemporal coordination of EV users’ routing decisions in TN and energy replenishment and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) decisions in PDN by virtue of locational dynamic pricing while taking into account the respective network constraints, constitutes a major task in transportation electrification. This paper proposes a bi-level optimization model to achieve coordinated operation of the coupled power-transportation networks (CPTN). To resolve the challenges faced by static and semi-dynamic TN modeling, a novel linear program based dynamic traffic assignment model is proposed in the upper level (UL) to capture the spatiotemporal evolution of EV traffic flows on roads, fast charging and battery-swapping stations, considering EVs’ diversified energy replenishment and V2G strategies for the first time. Subsequently, an energy flow model is constructed for accurate spatiotemporal mapping of EV traffic flows to aggregate EV SoC level. The UL problem is subject to a lower level (LL) problem which employs a second-order cone program to describe PDN operating and endogenously form the distribution locational marginal prices, accounting for the spatiotemporal distribution of EV net charging demand. To analytically solve bi-level problem, the second-order cone constraints of the LL are linearized with polyhedral approximation, equivalent Karush–Kuhn–Tucker optimality conditions of the LL are then derived to convert the bi-level problem to a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints. Case studies on a small-scale and a large-scale test system with real-world data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in accurately characterizing the optimal spatiotemporal distribution of EV flows and charging demand in CPTN, while highlighting the benefits for EV users in terms of traveling cost reduction and V2G economic feasibility, and for CPTN in terms of peak demand reduction, absorption of renewable energy generation and network congestion management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 126291"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From demand to action: Analysing building emissions and refurbishment scenarios towards climate neutrality","authors":"Julia Kirschbaum ,&nbsp;Denis Divkovic ,&nbsp;Henning Meschede","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Germany is endeavouring to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions and become climate-neutral by 2045. There are various approaches and measures to achieve this in different sectors. After the energy sector, industry and transport, the building sector in Germany, with 111.7 million tonnes of CO₂ equivalents emitted in 2022, is a major emitter that offers a high potential for reducing emissions - especially space heating, which accounts for 73 % of carbon dioxide emissions in the residential sector (as of 2020). To decarbonize space heating in residential buildings, the heat supply has to be fully decarbonized. In addition, taking action on the demand side, e.g. heat demand reduction through increased buildings efficiency, will help to reduce efforts on the supply side. Depending on the buildings age and its heat demand, different actions for insulating the building can be realised. In a case study for a German city, various refurbishment steps are analysed to determine the specific costs of the refurbishment and the economically viable reduction in heat demand. Building upon these initial steps, we assess the interconnections and dependencies stemming from actions on the supply side. The outcomes signify the optimal cost configuration for the combination of both activities. The results of the issues analysed also show their impact on building emissions in a reasonable period up to the planned climate neutrality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 126302"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fully flexible temporal resolution for energy system optimization","authors":"Zhi Gao ,&nbsp;Matteo Gazzani ,&nbsp;Diego A. Tejada-Arango ,&nbsp;Abel Soares Siqueira ,&nbsp;Ni Wang ,&nbsp;Madeleine Gibescu ,&nbsp;Germán Morales-España","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126267","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126267","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to achieve a timely transition towards sustainable energy systems within a large landscape of multi-sectors and multi-technologies, decision-makers and industry practitioners can rely on time- and space-discretized energy system optimization models. However, such models are often burdened by the computational costs arising from the growing problem complexity, which is especially due to the time discretization. The common strategy to lower the computational cost is to uniformly reduce the temporal resolution, sacrificing the quality of the solution. In light of this, we propose the concept and a formulation of fully flexible temporal resolution, wherein each decision variable and constraint can have a separate temporal resolution. After introducing the formulation in detail, we demonstrate its capability by applying it to an EU-wide case study optimizing both capacity investment and operation decisions of the inter-connected energy system across the different countries. We show that the proposed flexible formulation allows us to flexibly remove variables and constraints that are not needed without losing accuracy, and to simplify the time discretization (e.g., in space) while pushing the Pareto front by simultaneously speeding up computation and limiting losses in accuracy. In conclusion, we highlight the promise of adopting fully flexible temporal resolution and encourage future research to explore further temporal resolution configurations beyond our examples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 126267"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing thermally regenerative battery performance by mitigating ammonia crossover","authors":"Yun Mo Ko ,&nbsp;Sunghun Lee ,&nbsp;Seonggon Kim ,&nbsp;Yong Tae Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of low-grade heat sources (&lt;130 °C) for energy conversion is crucial in various industries facing rising energy demands. Thermally regenerative batteries (TRBs) have emerged as a promising solution for converting heat into electricity while also enabling energy storage. However, ammonia crossover and self-discharge considerably compromise the long-term stability and efficiency of ammonia-based TRBs. In this study, a buffer chamber is introduced to mitigate ammonia crossover, improve system stability, and extend the discharge duration. Experimental results demonstrate that the buffer system effectively reduces ammonia permeation into the catholyte, minimizes pH fluctuations, and enhances overall performance. In the present study, the maximum power density of 53.1 W/m² was obtained. The discharge period was extended to 800 min from 330 min with the buffer system, resulting in stable total energy output. In this case, although the power density decreased, the addition of the chamber increased the total energy output by 0.201 kWh/m² compared to the 330 min operation case. The highest heat-to-electric conversion efficiency achieved was 1.18 % using a Cu(BF₄)₂/NH₄BF₄ electrolyte pair. Additionally, a Z index based on concentration gradients was developed to assess TRB efficiency, offering a more accurate evaluation metric than conventional thermoelectric figures of merit. These findings suggest that the integration of a buffer chamber and the optimization of electrolyte compositions can significantly enhance TRB performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 126337"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-driven assessment of the varied effects of the peak time rebate on household electricity usage","authors":"Jeongseop Hwang ,&nbsp;Hana Kim ,&nbsp;Desy Caesary ,&nbsp;Jiyong Eom","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent shifts toward demand-side electricity management have brought increased attention to Peak Time Rebate (PTR) initiatives, which aim to reduce household electricity use during peak hours by offering financial incentives. However, previous studies often overlook the heterogeneity in household responses—that is, differences in how individual households react to these incentives—and the long-term effects of behavioral changes triggered by PTR programs. To address this research gap, this study employs machine learning techniques to analyze hourly electricity consumption for 125 households participating in the People Demand Response (DR) program, a PTR initiative in Korea. First, households are clustered based on their hourly electricity consumption patterns. Machine learning is then used to learn consumption patterns, and a predictive model is applied to evaluate the impact of DR events by estimating the counterfactual condition. The findings indicate varying effects of DR interventions across these clusters. Moreover, learning effects emerged over time within specific clusters, highlighting the need for personalized targeting strategies. This study disputes the universality of PTR impacts and offers guidance for designing more effective and enduring PTR programs by service providers and policymakers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 126329"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From input to output: Unraveling the Spatio - temporal pattern and driving factors of the coupling coordination between wind power efficiency and installed capacity in China","authors":"Pihui Liu ,&nbsp;Mengdi Li ,&nbsp;Chuanfeng Han ,&nbsp;Lingpeng Meng ,&nbsp;Zhiguo Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a clean and renewable energy utilization mode, wind power's status in the global energy system is increasingly prominent. Understanding the relationship between its production inputs and generation efficiency is crucial for optimizing the industrial layout. However, existing research often struggles to address the spatio-temporal mismatch and influencing factors of these two aspects. This research uses the SBM - DDF model to assess the wind power generation efficiency across 31 Chinese provinces from 2015 to 2023. The standard deviation ellipse model analyzes the spatio - temporal evolution of wind power generation efficiency and installed capacity, while an improved coupling coordination degree (CCD) model evaluates their interrelationship. Additionally, a spatio-temporal geographically weighted regression model investigates the factors influencing the CCD. The results show that between 2015 and 2023, China's provincial wind power generation efficiency steadily steadily, though regional differences widened. Western and eastern provinces exhibited higher efficiency than central provinces, while wind power installed capacity was concentrated in the southeast-northeast direction, with significant growth in the east. Overall, the CCD between wind power generation efficiency and installed capacity strengthened, particularly in northwest, north China, and eastern regions, with the central region's coordination improving significantly in 2022, forming a “center-periphery” radiation pattern. Initially, factors such as the added value of secondary and tertiary industries, scientific and technological expenditures, and government intervention negatively impacted the CCD, while financial variables and social electricity consumption had a positive effect. By 2023, the impact of government intervention turned positive, while the influence of financial institutions became negative. Regionally, the western region was more significantly affected by these factors than the eastern region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 126320"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular dynamics simulation on hydrate-based hydrogen storage: A review from the perspective of hydrate nucleation and growth","authors":"Xiaoyang Liu ,&nbsp;Zheyuan Liu ,&nbsp;Na Wei ,&nbsp;KeHan Li ,&nbsp;Binlin Dou ,&nbsp;Mingjun Yang ,&nbsp;YongChen Song","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126346","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126346","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen holds a prominent place in the future energy structure due to its high energy density, environmental friendliness, and wide range of production pathways. However, the optimal hydrogen storage and transportation method have not been discovered. Hydrate-based hydrogen storage technology has gained substantial attention owing to its advantages of safety, nonpollution, and easy release. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is a vital approach for exploring its underlying mechanisms. Based on MD simulation techniques, we can monitor the process of hydrate nucleation and growth at the molecular level. Here, we systematically reviewed the existing studies on hydrogen hydrate formation from a microscopic perspective. We initially explore the microstructure, basic properties, and phase equilibrium characteristics of hydrogen hydrates. Subsequently, we summarize the research progress in pure hydrogen systems and hydrogen-additive binary systems. In addition, we illustrate various key factors affecting the formation of hydrogen hydrates, including cage occupancy ratio, guest concentration, and diffusion. Based on these findings, the development of hydrogen storage technology in the MD simulation area has been further summarized. Furthermore, the hydrogen storage density, hydrogen storage rate and nano confinement effect under different systems have been presented. According to the recent study, the restrictions and future directions of MD simulation on hydrogen hydrates are discussed. This review provides theoretical guidance and insights for the future development of hydrate-based hydrogen storage technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 126346"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel solar spectrum splitting PV-CPT hybrid conversion system based on linear Fresnel filter-concentrator structure: Experimental device and application analysis","authors":"Jialu Tian,&nbsp;Guijia Zhang,&nbsp;Haojin Wu,&nbsp;Shiquan Shan,&nbsp;Leyi Miao,&nbsp;Ziying Cheng,&nbsp;Zhijun Zhou,&nbsp;Kefa Cen","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the solar energy efficient conversion of photovoltaic-concentrated photothermal (PV-CPT), integrating the multilayer selective filter into a Linear Fresnel concentrating structure for full-spectrum splitting and residual-spectrum concentration. The optical filter designed for Si PV cell achieves high transmittance in the respond waveband, transmitting 60.7 % solar energy for PV power generation. The residual spectrum is reflected and concentrated by the Linear-Fresnel selective filter field to the thermal receiver. Three typical thermal utilization methods, Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), Methanol Decomposition (MD) and coupling with Steam Rankine Cycle (SRC) are analyzed for CPT conversion. The exergy efficiencies of these processes are evaluated to understand the mechanism of irreversible losses. The power generation efficiencies of hybrid systems based on ORC, MD, and coupling with SCR are 31.56 %, 31.73 % and 32.65 %, respectively. The coupling with SRC method achieves a higher CPT exergy efficiency of 21 % while having the highest hybrid system efficiency, making it the optimal for residual-spectrum CPT conversion. An experimental device and a thermo-physical model of the system are developed to evaluate system performance, with the receiver tube reaching 435 K at a concentration ratio of 9.8. This study provides valuable insights for the implementation of high-efficiency solar full-spectrum energy conversion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 126300"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144281158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncertain operation region of electricity-hydrogen virtual power plant: Concept and description method","authors":"Hong Tan ,&nbsp;Ao Yang ,&nbsp;Zhenjia Lin ,&nbsp;Leijiao Ge ,&nbsp;Qiujie Wang ,&nbsp;Yuan Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Electric-Hydrogen Virtual Power Plant aggregates internal distributed energy resources to achieve joint electricity and hydrogen output, providing a new pathway for accommodating surplus renewable energy generation. However, precise modeling methods for the uncertain operating region of EH-VPP remain challenging. In this regard, this paper first defines the uncertain operating region of EH-VPP and constructs its internal optimization model. Then, based on multi-parameter programming theory and the cutting-plane method, the mapping relationship of the EH-VPP electricity‑hydrogen joint output curve is analytically derived. Based on this, the probability density function of the projection points of the electricity‑hydrogen joint curve onto the hydrogen production rate axis is derived, incorporating the known probability distributions of input random variables, thereby enabling probabilistic modeling of the uncertain operating region boundary. Finally, the opportunity constraint method is applied to construct the uncertain operating region of EH-VPP, which is then used in the coordinated scheduling optimization of the electric‑hydrogen integrated energy system. Simulation results show that the proposed method efficiently characterizes the uncertain operating region with an error of less than 0.05 %, supports flexible modeling based on confidence levels, and ensures both scheduling security and computational efficiency in large-scale collaborative scheduling scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 126210"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144281162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synerging closed-loop sustainable waste legislation with turquoise hydrogen in electric supply chain","authors":"Binoy Krishna Giri ,&nbsp;Sankar Kumar Roy","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The indisputable concerns about the environment are compelled the rapid spread of electric vehicles (EVs), turquoise hydrogen (TH) and renewable energy facilities (REFs). TH production is environmentally friendly and less harmful than conventional hydrogen, but further research is needed to make its eventual use feasible. Thus, this study explores India’s potential organic waste for pyrolysis, highlighting potential challenges in maintaining supply–demand equilibrium in the electric distribution system (EDS) due to unpredictable and variable sources. The study proposes a distributionally robust optimization approach for waste legislation-based multi-objective mixed-integer sustainable closed-loop supply chain in integrated natural gas and electricity distribution networks (INEDNs) in order to overcome these issues. The method not only simplifies waste separation in TH manufacturing but also significantly diverts recyclable waste to recycling facilities. Furthermore, EDS utilizes demand response activities (DRAs) to prevent peak load hours from overlapping with natural gas distribution system (NGDS), and utilizes linepack technology to store natural gas in NGDS pipes for short-term versatility. Next, the proposed multi-objective model is solved using a novel approach called utility function based multi-volition conic goal programming. A 123-EDS and a 40-NGDS are used for the simulations. The analysis of hydrogen’s closed-loop supply chain using flexible energy sources, DRA, linepack technology, and smart charging simulations shows potential for an 11.22 % reduction in emissions. Linepack technology reduces operating expenses for natural gas pipelines by 6.5 % in <span><math><msub><mi>S</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span>, to EDS responsive loads 4.2 % in <span><math><msub><mi>S</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></math></span>, and 9.49 % in <span><math><msub><mi>S</mi><mn>4</mn></msub></math></span> lower than those of <span><math><msub><mi>S</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></math></span> when all energy sources are used.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 126250"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}