Applied Energy最新文献_第2页

Explainable multi-fidelity Bayesian neural network for distribution system state estimation 配电系统状态估计的可解释多保真贝叶斯神经网络

IF 10.1 1区工程技术

Applied Energy Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125972

Jinxian Zhang , Junbo Zhao , Gang Cheng , Alireza Rouhani , Xiao Chen

{"title":"Explainable multi-fidelity Bayesian neural network for distribution system state estimation","authors":"Jinxian Zhang , Junbo Zhao , Gang Cheng , Alireza Rouhani , Xiao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125972","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125972","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Distribution System State Estimation (DSSE) is frequently constrained by limited real-time measurements, the uncertainties introduced by distributed energy resources, and the presence of bad data. To address them, this paper proposes an enhanced Multi-Fidelity Bayesian Neural Network (MFBNN) DSSE approach. A low-fidelity layer based on a Deep Neural Network (DNN) is first pre-trained on pseudo-measurement data to learn fundamental state features. Subsequently, a high-fidelity Bayesian Neural Network (BNN) layer leverages limited but high-quality real-time measurements to refine these features, thereby achieving accurate DSSE. In addition, the deep SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) is developed to quantify the influence of measurement data on DSSE through dual perspectives of global feature importance and local nodal contributions, establishing a hierarchical explainability framework for machine learning-based DSSE. Comparative studies conducted on the IEEE 13-bus system and a real-world 2135-node system from Dominion Energy demonstrate that the proposed method excels in estimation accuracy, even under situations of high noise levels, bad data, and missing data. Further comparisons with Weighted Least Squares (WLS) and other machine learning-based DSSE approaches verify that the proposed framework offers higher accuracy, improved interpretability, and enhanced robustness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"392 ","pages":"Article 125972"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143887875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Energy-carbon pricing-guided collaborative optimization for local integrated energy communities with multi-vector electrification consumers 能源-碳定价引导下的多向量电气化消费者的地方综合能源社区协同优化

IF 10.1 1区工程技术

Applied Energy Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125946

Yufei Xi , Lujie Zuo , Meng Chen , Jiansheng Zhang , Lin Cheng , Ioannis Lestas

{"title":"Energy-carbon pricing-guided collaborative optimization for local integrated energy communities with multi-vector electrification consumers","authors":"Yufei Xi , Lujie Zuo , Meng Chen , Jiansheng Zhang , Lin Cheng , Ioannis Lestas","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125946","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125946","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of multi-energy services and <span><math><msub><mtext>CO</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span> reduction measures is crucial for advancing the transition to low-carbon energy. This study proposes a novel Integrated Energy Community (IEC) framework that synergizes Electric Vehicles (EVs), Power-to-Chemical (P2C), and Power-to-Heat (P2H) electrification consumers to optimize renewable energy utilization and carbon management. The framework incorporates Electrochemical <span><math><msub><mtext>CO</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span> Reduction (ECO2R) and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies, enabling carbon trading and chemical product commercialization. Meanwhile, an energy-carbon pricing-guided collaborative optimization model is developed, utilizing Nash bargaining game theory to coordinate electricity, gas, and heat operations under limited communication. Case studies validate the model’s effectiveness, with numerical results demonstrating its superior performance in operational efficiency, renewable energy utilization, and carbon reduction compared to conventional community systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"392 ","pages":"Article 125946"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dynamic simulation of a subcritical coal-fired power plant with the emphasis on flexibility 以柔性为重点的亚临界燃煤电厂动态仿真

IF 10.1 1区工程技术

Applied Energy Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125976

Congyu Wang , Fangfang Chen , Pengjiang Xu , Hongmei Cao , Wei Wang , Qie Sun

{"title":"Dynamic simulation of a subcritical coal-fired power plant with the emphasis on flexibility","authors":"Congyu Wang , Fangfang Chen , Pengjiang Xu , Hongmei Cao , Wei Wang , Qie Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125976","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing integration of intermittent renewable energy sources necessitates greater flexibility from coal-fired power plants. However, limited research has been conducted on the effect of thermal inertia on the ramp rates and the transient fuel consumption of subcritical power plants, when they are used as flexible power sources. Therefore, this study developed a system-level, high-fidelity dynamic model of a subcritical coal-fired power plant to fill the knowledge gap. The model's accuracy is validated against real-world plant data. The load-variation processes between 30 %P<sub>N</sub> and 100 %P<sub>N</sub> were simulated, where ramp rates and transient fuel consumption in different load ratio intervals were evaluated. Due to the effects of thermal inertia, the highest ramp rate that the subcritical power plant could provide is below 2 %P<sub>N</sub>/min. Unlike supercritical power plants, the power deviation in subcritical power plants is the critical limitation to ramp rates rather than the deviation in main or reheated steam temperature. Moreover, a large disparity in fuel consumption between the dynamic model and a steady-state model is observed. Compared to the steady-state model, the dynamic model predicts 4.92 % lower fuel consumption during the load-decrease process and 5.29 % higher fuel consumption during the load-increase process. In addition, the system's responses to automatic generation control (AGC) commands were investigated. The results demonstrate that the load-reciprocating stage exhibits the lowest comprehensive performance indicator <em>K</em><sub>p</sub> of 0.51, significantly lower than the load-increase (<em>K</em><sub>p</sub> = 1.78) and load-decrease (<em>K</em><sub>p</sub> = 1.62) stages, due to the effects of thermal inertia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"392 ","pages":"Article 125976"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143887878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Holistic planning framework for multi-energy microgrids: A multi-objective perspective on system optimization 多能微电网整体规划框架：系统优化的多目标视角

IF 10.1 1区工程技术

Applied Energy Pub Date : 2025-04-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125953

Sai Sasidhar Punyam Rajendran, Alemayehu Gebremedhin

{"title":"Holistic planning framework for multi-energy microgrids: A multi-objective perspective on system optimization","authors":"Sai Sasidhar Punyam Rajendran, Alemayehu Gebremedhin","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multi-energy microgrids provide a sustainable and efficient solution for meeting energy demand across sectors. However, determining the optimal capacities of distributed energy resources (DERs) is challenging due to renewable generation variability and the intricate coupling of energy systems. This study developed a multi-objective planning framework to balance system costs, renewable energy integration, and curtailment reduction in cold-climate regions like Norway. The optimization problem is solved using the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), which enables decision-makers to select the best configuration based on predefined criteria.</div><div>Sensitivity analysis revealed a 70 % threshold for renewable energy share, beyond which curtailment and system costs increase significantly. Wind energy systems significantly affect renewable energy share and curtailment, while the role of energy storage and heat pumps in mitigating curtailment was also analyzed. The post-optimization analysis incorporated relative grid size (RGS) as an additional criterion to study the impact of electrical and heating system interdependence on system planning. The results emphasize the importance of optimizing relative grid size for improved system resilience under input variability, with <span><math><mtext>RGS</mtext><mo>=</mo><mn>1.11</mn></math></span> achieving the most balanced performance across objectives and performance metrics. The potential for extending the developed model to other climatic regions and networks is also discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"392 ","pages":"Article 125953"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Control-oriented thermal management strategies for large-load fluctuation PEM fuel cell systems 面向控制的大负荷波动PEM燃料电池系统热管理策略

IF 10.1 1区工程技术

Applied Energy Pub Date : 2025-04-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125915

Yuhan Li , Zhifeng Zheng , Yangge Guo , Xiaojing Cheng , Xiaohui Yan , Guanghua Wei , Shuiyun Shen , Junliang Zhang

{"title":"Control-oriented thermal management strategies for large-load fluctuation PEM fuel cell systems","authors":"Yuhan Li , Zhifeng Zheng , Yangge Guo , Xiaojing Cheng , Xiaohui Yan , Guanghua Wei , Shuiyun Shen , Junliang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125915","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125915","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal management control is of great significance to the performance and durability of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), which is challenging under large-load fluctuations due to its strong nonlinearity and variable time delay. Therefore, we employ cascade internal model control (IMC) to achieve better tracking performance under wide-range load variation and robustness against delayed disturbances, combining with current feedforward to reduce the time delay. Additionally, a double inner-loop cascade IMC for both thermostat and fans is proposed here to further improve the robustness, and a modified Smith predictor is introduced to ameliorate time-delay disturbance rejection. Firstly, the responsiveness and robustness of these proposed control strategies are evaluated by step tests and white noise disturbance tests, respectively. The results show that the cascade IMC of thermostat with the current feedforward control of fans (CS3) has the best responsiveness under load steps due to the time-delay reduction by current feedforward, while the double-inner loop cascade IMC with modified Smith predictor (CS2) exhibits the best responsiveness under ambient-air-temperature steps as well as the best robustness under either voltage interference or ambient temperature disturbances, indicating the effectiveness of its robust improvement and delayed disturbance rejection. Moreover, these control strategies are also validated under large-load fluctuation. CS3 is found to strictly keep the temperature tracking the target within ±0.6 °C, while CS2 shows a slightly worse convergence but presents the strongest temperature tracking under large-load fluctuations with voltage decay and disturbances, which shows practical value in automotive PEMFC systems, especially for long-term operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"392 ","pages":"Article 125915"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Techno-economic feasibility of pipeline and mobile thermal energy storage for liquid desiccant transport 液体干燥剂输送管道及移动式蓄热的技术经济可行性

IF 10.1 1区工程技术

Applied Energy Pub Date : 2025-04-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125975

Alessandro Giampieri, Taylor Ittner, Janie Ling-Chin, Anthony Paul Roskilly

{"title":"Techno-economic feasibility of pipeline and mobile thermal energy storage for liquid desiccant transport","authors":"Alessandro Giampieri, Taylor Ittner, Janie Ling-Chin, Anthony Paul Roskilly","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125975","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125975","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of desiccant solutions for heat recovery, transport and use offers an alternative to conventional district heating and cooling networks, providing heating, cooling, moisture control and drying in one multi-service system. Desiccant solutions are appealing to various industrial, residential and commercial applications and allow the utilisation of low-grade heat from industrial processes and low-temperature renewable energy. This manuscript presents a techno-economic assessment of liquid desiccant systems applied to district networks via pipelines and mobile thermal energy storage (M-TES). By using aqueous solutions of calcium chloride (CaCl<sub>2</sub>), lithium chloride (LiCl) and potassium formate (HCO<sub>2</sub>K), this study evaluates their potential to efficiently connect heat sources with end users requiring humidity control, removal, or drying. Evaluations of three use cases (a cleanroom, an indoor swimming pool and an industrial drying process) and comparisons to conventional operation demonstrated the feasibility of liquid desiccant technology for recovering low-temperature heat and reducing energy consumption for temperature and humidity control. While pipeline transport of desiccants, particularly aqueous CaCl<sub>2</sub>, is suitable for shorter distances and large-scale applications, M-TES offers flexibility for long-distance transport without extensive infrastructure. Favourable conditions, such as reduced transportation schedule, extended operating hours and high electricity prices, could enable M-TES over distances exceeding 10 km. This study offers critical insights into optimising liquid desiccant systems for sustainable energy networks, highlighting their scalability, adaptability and economic viability in stationary and mobile applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"392 ","pages":"Article 125975"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143876987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study on two-phase transport and performance characterization in orientational structure proton exchange membrane fuel cells at high water content 高含水量取向结构质子交换膜燃料电池的两相输运及性能表征研究

IF 10.1 1区工程技术

Applied Energy Pub Date : 2025-04-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125970

Zi Rui Guo, Hao Chen, Hang Guo, Fang Ye

{"title":"Study on two-phase transport and performance characterization in orientational structure proton exchange membrane fuel cells at high water content","authors":"Zi Rui Guo, Hao Chen, Hang Guo, Fang Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125970","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125970","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With advances in catalyst technology, the power of commercial fuel cells has generally enhanced, imposing higher demands on water management. Clarifying the gas-liquid flow and performance characteristics under high water content is critical for improving the dynamic stability and lifetime of the fuel cell. In this study, the evolutions of gas-liquid flow and the performance of fuel cells at high water content are investigated using water injection. Differences in gas-liquid distribution and performance between the orientational and straight channels under high water content are discussed. Results show that the liquid water distribution of the orientational channels is more uniform compared to straight channels. The orientational plate has a blocking effect on the liquid droplets, and droplets first fill the channel and then flow downstream. Water mist dissipates faster in the orientational channels after switching to high voltages due to increased gas velocity induced by the orientational plate. In the cathode, the liquid water mainly forms film flow because of the low oxygen velocity, and the droplets in the orientational channels enable rapid movement driven by the upstream droplet pushing forces. Anode water injection improves membrane wettability and cell performance, suggesting anode water injection potential as a humidification method. The orientational channel demonstrates superior water retention, with the highest performance improvement observed during upstream water injection and achieving up to 95 % net power improvement. However, cathode water injection may degrade performance due to water flooding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"392 ","pages":"Article 125970"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The vehicle charging problem with renewable energy sources in freight transport: Model and application 货运中可再生能源车辆充电问题：模型与应用

IF 10.1 1区工程技术

Applied Energy Pub Date : 2025-04-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125945

Paraskevi Dimitriou, Konstantinos Gkiotsalitis

{"title":"The vehicle charging problem with renewable energy sources in freight transport: Model and application","authors":"Paraskevi Dimitriou, Konstantinos Gkiotsalitis","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125945","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125945","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transportation sector is responsible for more than 30 % of the total energy consumption in most countries, making it necessary to promote and develop green and sustainable methods in order to eliminate the air pollution and the climate change caused by it. Electromobility is developing rapidly, with the aim of reducing the environmental footprint in transport, given that the freight transport sector is responsible for the biggest portion of the CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. However, it should be investigated whether the electric vehicles (EVs) are truly low-carbon, especially during their charging process. To this end, this paper studies the integration of renewable energy sources (RES) in the charging of freight vehicles. It analyzes the penetration of RES, such as solar energy and wind energy in charging systems, with the aim of (a) reducing the supply of electricity for charging from the grid, and (b) maximizing the use of RES. Moreover, this study formulates the electric vehicle charging problem for freight transport to minimize the power derived from the grid for charging uses. It also strives to minimize the charging costs and maximize the satisfaction related to delivery services. The developed model is a bi-objective mixed-integer nonlinear model, which is reformulated as a mixed-integer linear model. Experimental tests are conducted, exploring the trade off between the increase in charging from RES and the reduction in vehicle running costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"392 ","pages":"Article 125945"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143877015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Risk-informed resilience planning of transmission systems against ice storms 基于风险的输电系统抵御冰暴的韧性规划

IF 10.1 1区工程技术

Applied Energy Pub Date : 2025-04-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125801

Chenxi Hu , Yujia Li , Yunhe Hou

{"title":"Risk-informed resilience planning of transmission systems against ice storms","authors":"Chenxi Hu , Yujia Li , Yunhe Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125801","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125801","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ice storms, known for their severity and predictability, necessitate proactive resilience enhancement in power systems. Traditional approaches often overlook the endogenous uncertainties inherent in human decisions and underutilize predictive information like forecast accuracy and preparation time. To bridge these gaps, we proposed a two-stage risk-informed decision-dependent resilience planning (RIDDRP) model for transmission systems against ice storms. The model leverages predictive information to optimize resource allocation, considering decision-dependent line failure uncertainties introduced by planning decisions and exogenous ice storm-related uncertainties. We adopt a dual-objective approach to balance economic efficiency and system resilience across both normal and emergent conditions. The first stage of the RIDDIP model makes line hardening decisions, as well as the optimal siting and sizing of energy storage. The second stage evaluates the risk-informed operation costs, considering both pre-event preparation and emergency operations. Case studies demonstrate the model’s ability to leverage predictive information, leading to more judicious investment decisions and optimized utilization of dispatchable resources. We also quantified the impact of different properties of predictive information on resilience enhancement. The RIDDRP model provides grid operators and planners with valuable insights for making risk-informed infrastructure investments and operational strategy decisions, thereby improving preparedness and response to future extreme weather events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"392 ","pages":"Article 125801"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Combining direct and indirect free cooling for data centers via transformation into a building-scale heat exchanger 将数据中心的直接和间接自由冷却结合起来，改造成一个建筑规模的热交换器

IF 10.1 1区工程技术

Applied Energy Pub Date : 2025-04-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125973

Sajad Kargar , Jeffrey L. Moran

{"title":"Combining direct and indirect free cooling for data centers via transformation into a building-scale heat exchanger","authors":"Sajad Kargar , Jeffrey L. Moran","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125973","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125973","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Data centers are pivotal to the global digital infrastructure but are responsible for substantial energy consumption and environmental impact, with cooling systems accounting for over 40 % of their energy use. This research addresses these challenges by proposing a novel dual-loop free cooling system that reduces reliance on traditional refrigeration-based cooling equipment, such as chillers or compressors. The system is designed to minimize capital and operational costs while maintaining an attractive power usage effectiveness across diverse climates. The proposed design transforms the data center structure into a counter-flow heat exchanger in which the hot and cold air streams are separated by a thermally and electrically conductive layer. The modular and scalable design can be incorporated into existing data center infrastructure, optimizing thermal management while reducing environmental footprint through a simplified, low-maintenance system. Using a combination of computational fluid dynamics simulations and theoretical models, we quantified the performance of the system under various climate conditions, including all 50 of the United States and several cities in other countries. The system consistently achieves a power usage effectiveness below 1.2 in cooler climates and maintains competitive performance in warmer, more humid regions. This research offers a sustainable, energy-efficient cooling solution that abides by industry standards and shows promise for broad application in data centers across the globe.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"392 ","pages":"Article 125973"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143876986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0