Applied Energy最新文献

{"title":"Hybrid power purchase agreements for flexible 24/7 Energy delivery – A comprehensive review of current practices and research pathways","authors":"Dongwei Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhi Zhou ,&nbsp;Daniel Boff ,&nbsp;Alisha Fernandez","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) are becoming increasingly preferred among large energy consumers, such as data centers, to secure cost-effective energy and meet accelerating demand growth. Traditionally, variable renewable energy (VRE)-based PPAs operate on a pay-as-produced basis, balancing supply and demand for a relatively longer duration (e.g., annually). However, the focus is shifting toward matching supply and demand on an hourly basis to fully meet energy needs. This shift requires the integration of flexible energy resources, such as hydropower, thermal generation, and energy storage, to complement VRE sources like wind and solar, forming the foundation for 24/7 PPA. This work contributes by: (i) reviewing emerging market trends and current practices in PPA procurement, supported by data on PPA prices and technology portfolios; (ii) synthesizing the existing literature on modeling approaches for contract pricing, quantities, hybrid resource procurement, and risk management in 24/7 PPA design, while identifying key research gaps; and (iii) proposing an integrated 24/7 PPA design framework along with two contracting mechanisms from the perspectives of both PPA providers and consumers. The proposed framework highlights critical modeling challenges, risk-allocation issues, and future research opportunities for 24/7 PPA design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"410 ","pages":"Article 127509"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intermediate temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells: a systematic review of recently electrochemically evaluated materials","authors":"Martina Butori ,&nbsp;John Petrovick ,&nbsp;Björn Eriksson ,&nbsp;Marcus Liljenberg ,&nbsp;Marcus Ringström ,&nbsp;Patric Jannasch ,&nbsp;Pontus Svens ,&nbsp;Carina Lagergren ,&nbsp;Göran Lindbergh ,&nbsp;Rakel Wreland Lindström","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) in heavy-duty vehicles and other demanding applications, such as aviation, would be simplified if the stacks could operate above 100 °C instead of the traditional low temperature (LT, up to 80 °C), thereby allowing a reduction in cooling system in size and power. This review offers a comprehensive compilation of experimental studies reported in the literature on PEMFCs operated in the intermediate temperature (IT)-range, here defined as above 80 °C and up to 120 °C, which represented the targeted upper temperature for PEMFCs. Membranes, electrodes and gas diffusion layers for IT-PEMFCs are discussed. Particular attention is paid to polymers in membranes and catalyst layer ionomers. Results from current state-of-the-art perfluorosulfonic acids and alternatives, including hydrocarbon polymers, are evaluated considering their properties and limitations. Further, system benefits and drawbacks of IT- compared to the traditional LT-operation are discussed, such as the interplay between vapour and oxygen pressure, hydrogen crossover and water management. We report on the lack of consistency between ex-situ and in-situ studies and underline the importance of in-situ tests, proposing guidelines to evaluate novel materials. For IT-operation, the development of stable polymers, which are the weakest components of the PEMFCs, is the most urgent challenge. As degradation happens faster at higher temperatures, further long-term tests are needed above 80 °C and accelerated stress tests should be specifically designed for IT-operation according to the polymer chemistries. We conclude that, compared to LT-, IT-operation requires improved materials and additional research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"410 ","pages":"Article 127499"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel bi-level optimization scheduling framework for electricity-carbon-water Nexus in power systems","authors":"Yiyi Zhang,&nbsp;Yilang Zhao,&nbsp;Xianfu Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sustainable development of water-efficient and low-carbon power systems has become an increasingly urgent priority. Existing research primarily utilizes provincial-level power trade data to model the nexus between virtual water and carbon emissions. However, these studies often lack an integrated approach to power flow analysis, limiting their effectiveness in guiding power scheduling decisions. Furthermore, optimization efforts in power systems have focused primarily on carbon reduction, overlooking the need for a holistic optimization that addresses both water conservation and carbon reduction within the electricity-water-carbon nexus. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a bi-level scheduling model for power systems that synchronously optimizes water conservation, carbon reduction, and economic efficiency. The model integrates the coordination of generation, load, and energy storage. In the upper-level optimization, the model determines the optimal generation strategy for water and carbon savings. By accounting for carbon emission flow and virtual water flow, the power grid operator calculates electricity-water-carbon coupling prices at load nodes, based on water and carbon intensities. In the lower-level optimization, load aggregators (LAs) and energy storage operators respond to price signals by formulating optimal load-shifting and energy storage charging/discharging scheduling. To reduce computational complexity, the lower-level problem is transformed into Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) optimality conditions using the Lagrange multiplier method, enabling the bi-level optimization to be converted into a single-level problem. This is then solved using the Branch-and-Bound method to determine the optimal power flow for the system. Case studies using the improved IEEE 33-node model demonstrate that the proposed optimization model reasonably allocates the water consumption and carbon emission responsibilities to each node, relieving water stress in water-scarce areas, reducing the system's total water consumption and total carbon emissions, reducing wind and photovoltaic curtailment compared to the existing methods. Particularly, the model reduces the system's total water consumption by 29.64% and carbon emissions by 10.68% compared to Scenario 1. It supports the sustainable development of power systems by leveraging flexibility resources on both the load and storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"410 ","pages":"Article 127567"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduced-order multi-particle model of lithium-ion batteries capturing electrochemical heterogeneity at subzero temperatures","authors":"Chong Zhu ,&nbsp;Jingbo Han ,&nbsp;Guodong Fan ,&nbsp;Kang Li ,&nbsp;Bangjun Guo ,&nbsp;Xi Zhang ,&nbsp;Kailong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127488","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127488","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under low-temperature conditions, lithium-ion batteries exhibit aggravated diffusion limitations, intensified polarization, and highly non-uniform electrochemical reactions, posing critical challenges to accurate state estimation and control. Two key features of lithium-ion batteries at subzero temperatures, temperature-dependent diffusion and spatially varying reaction rates, cannot be simultaneously captured by existing simplified control-oriented battery models, whereas high-fidelity physics-based models lack the real-time computational efficiency required for practical implementation. To address these challenges, this study develops a Krylov-subspace interpolated parameterized multi-particle reduced-order (KIpmor) model, which achieves real-time execution while preserving key electrochemical heterogeneity. By leveraging orthogonal basis alignment and low-order matrix interpolation, the proposed KIpmor method uniquely enables real-time adaptation to varying diffusion coefficients without costly solving large-scale systems. Furthermore, a multi-particle representation with piecewise-linear flux distributions accurately resolves spatial reaction variations through coupled Butler-Volmer equations, capturing significant electrochemical heterogeneity across electrodes. Extensive simulations and experimental validations at subzero temperatures demonstrate that the proposed model maintains voltage prediction errors below 50 mV, accurately tracks internal lithium concentrations within 3%, and achieves over 350 times computational speedup relative to the full-order electrochemical models. These outcomes provide a robust foundation for accurate, real-time battery management systems under challenging cold-weather conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"410 ","pages":"Article 127488"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147385938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"60 years of typhoon-induced impacts on offshore wind farms: A holistic high-resolution evaluation of resilience","authors":"Jingzuo Han ,&nbsp;Zhiyong Tian ,&nbsp;Yuxin Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinyang Guo ,&nbsp;Ling Ma ,&nbsp;Xinyu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Offshore wind power is crucial for achieving carbon neutrality in East Asia and North America. However, these regions are prone to tropical cyclones, raising concerns about their resilience against such persistent threats. While previous work has focused on turbine fragility and single-event resilience, system-level wind farm resilience under multi-decadal climate considering cyclone-induced damage and maintenance interruption, stochastic component degradation and actual repair constraints remains largely unexplored. Here, we investigate multi-decadal offshore wind farm resilience under these interrelated factors using a proposed component-level, full-year, hourly failure-and-repair simulation model, and adopting reliable tropical cyclone, oceanographic, wind farm, maintenance parameterization, failure rate and repair time data. Wind farm-specific historical and expected cyclone conditions are constructed using a real-world data-calibrated Holland model. A turbine blade fragility curve is compiled based on previous studies. A two-parameter Weibull distribution component degradation model is adapted to directly adopt real-world failure rate data. We take the 54-GW planned offshore wind farms in South China as a case study given its substantial risk due to large capacity and frequent tropical cyclones. Results show that historical tropical cyclones could reduce annual wind farm availability by up to ∼14 percentage points and induce a long-term declining trend. Excluding structural damage, maintenance interruptions alone under expected tropical cyclones with return periods exceeding the turbine design lifetime still lead to substantial availability losses. Our work provides a holistic framework for quantifying tropical cyclone risks, reveals their substantial and intensifying impacts, and brings attention to the considerable but often overlooked threat from maintenance interruptions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"410 ","pages":"Article 127542"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147385939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A fluid vacation model for renewable-powered electric vehicle charging systems: Performance evaluation and cost-optimal battery sizing","authors":"A.P. Nikhil,&nbsp;T.G. Deepak","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127537","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127537","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and the global transition toward renewable energy have created an urgent need for sustainable, reliable, and cost-efficient EV charging infrastructures. Renewable-powered EV charging stations (EVCSs), although environmentally attractive, are highly vulnerable to the intermittency of renewable generation and the limited capacity of local battery energy storage systems. These challenges can result in charging interruptions, queue congestion, and degraded quality of service, particularly in off-grid or weak-grid environments.</div><div>This paper develops a unified analytical framework to evaluate the performance and economic trade-offs of renewable-powered EVCSs under energy uncertainty. The proposed model is based on a <em>Markov Fluid Vacation Queue (MFVQ)</em>, which jointly captures stochastic renewable energy harvesting, finite-capacity battery storage dynamics, and random EV arrivals. The battery energy buffer is modeled as a continuous fluid queue driven by renewable inflow and charging demand, while EVs form a finite-capacity queue with stochastic arrivals and charging times. Energy shortages are explicitly represented through service interruptions in off-grid systems and grid-assisted operation in hybrid on-grid configurations.</div><div>Using the proposed framework, we quantify how renewable variability and battery capacity affect EV waiting delays, service reliability, and energy availability. These results are then used to develop a <em>cost-optimal battery sizing</em> methodology that balances battery investment cost against performance degradation due to energy scarcity and EV queue congestion. Numerical case studies based on realistic system parameters demonstrate that the proposed MFVQ-based approach provides practical design insights and enables informed decision-making for the planning and operation of off-grid and hybrid renewable-powered EV charging stations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"410 ","pages":"Article 127537"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147385960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SolarFM: Spatio-temporal solar irradiance forecasting based on time series foundation model","authors":"Shuo Shan ,&nbsp;Weijing Dou ,&nbsp;Victor Sreeram ,&nbsp;Chenxi Li ,&nbsp;Kai Wang ,&nbsp;Kanjian Zhang ,&nbsp;Haikun Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate solar irradiance prediction plays a pivotal role in optimizing photovoltaic system operations and enhancing grid integration efficiency. Existing deep learning methods use diverse encoder architectures for spatiotemporal irradiance forecasting. However, they often fail to effectively decouple cross-channel temporal dependencies, limiting their capacity to capture complex irradiance variation patterns. To overcome this challenge, SolarFM, is introduced as an innovative spatiotemporal forecasting framework inspired by time series foundation models. The proposed method begins with zero-shot forecasting using localized meteorological sequences. It capitalizes on foundation models’ generalization ability, gained through pretraining on vast temporal data, to correlate irradiance patterns with weather variables. A dual-branch spatiotemporal encoder is subsequently designed to synergistically process historical observations and forecasted sequences, where a tensor factorization network extracts high-dimensional temporal representations from future sequence projections. The framework ultimately integrates multimodal features through adaptive fusion to generate synchronized multi-region irradiance predictions. Comprehensive evaluations on public datasets demonstrate that SolarFM achieves 2.6%–15.1% accuracy improvements in single-step and multi-step forecasting tasks compared to baseline methods. Furthermore, systematic experiments reveal remarkable robustness under diverse meteorological conditions and superior performance consistency in high-irradiance scenarios, establishing its potential as a paradigm-shifting solution for solar energy forecasting systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"410 ","pages":"Article 127532"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147385980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benefits and allocation principles of sector-coupled energy communities","authors":"Natapon Wanapinit,&nbsp;Jessica Thomsen","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127497","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127497","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Local energy exchange can unlock synergistic potentials of variable renewables, sector-coupling technologies, and operational flexibility. Understanding the optimal operation and satisfactory cost-benefit allocation between participants is especially challenging due to the complex interaction. This work presents an open-source, operation and investment optimization model for energy communities with electricity- and heat trading. Internal payments according to competitive- and cooperative (game theoretic) principles are compared. The case study for analyzing potential benefits is a suburban town with high renewable energy potentials, residential-, and commercial participants, and technologies—e.g., generation, storage, and demand-side management. The results present a viable case for multi-sectoral energy communities, in which external costs are reduced by 23% with electricity trading, and by 33% with additional heat exchange. With the integrated operation, self-consumption of variable renewables increases by 12%. Energy import and associated emissions decrease by less than 10% as natural gas is still relevant for space heating. Nevertheless, the higher value of heat pumps paves the way for further adoption and lowering fuel imports. Every participant profits from the local exchange after the allocation. Therefore, individual rationality is preserved. However, households benefit more under a cooperative principle, whereas revenues for CHP and wind generation are higher under a competitive scheme. The findings are relevant to the policy and composition design, e.g., the marginal savings in homogeneous settings reveal the importance of inclusivity and technology openness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"410 ","pages":"Article 127497"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146154249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate drivers of photovoltaic degradation: Regional variability and material pathways","authors":"Ziyang Wang ,&nbsp;Sai Liu ,&nbsp;Jian Li ,&nbsp;Shi-Jie Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127555","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have become a cornerstone of the global energy transition, deploying at a rate unmatched in modern energy history. Yet the climate gains expected from solar are increasingly compromised by regionally uneven degradation—a risk too often sidelined in planning and policy. Capacity may be surging, but swings in temperature and humidity, ultraviolet exposure, and extreme weather steadily erode output and shorten service life, undermining emissions-reduction goals. The sources of decline differ starkly by climate: in arid regions, panels deteriorate under relentless heat and ultraviolet (UV) exposure, while in humid, tropical zones, moisture ingress and electrochemical corrosion prove more destructive. These disparities make clear that a one-size-fits-all deployment strategy is untenable. Regional climate variability shapes not only the pace but also the pathways of degradation. Our review examines how material properties and environmental stressors interact to accelerate power loss, and sets out a framework for climate-resilient design that balances technical feasibility, economic viability, and environmental adaptability. The imperative is unambiguous: energy policy must embed “degradation awareness” if solar systems are to deliver reliably on global decarbonization goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"410 ","pages":"Article 127555"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A day-ahead market clearing model embedded with equivalent output bounds of cascaded hydropower","authors":"Tian Liu ,&nbsp;Yapeng Li ,&nbsp;Shun Gong ,&nbsp;Yuyang Liu ,&nbsp;Chuntian Cheng ,&nbsp;Gang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cascaded hydropower operation is characterized by high dimensionality, nonlinearity, and upstream-downstream coupling, while also bearing multiple social responsibilities. These characteristics create significant conflicts between cascade hydropower operation and conventional electricity market clearing models, leading to risks of water spillage and contract violations. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel day-ahead market clearing model that embeds equivalent hydropower output bounds. The model follows a “separation–embedding” framework. First, based on fundamental hydropower operation formulations, the hydraulic-power coupling constraints are mapped into output-related bounds, thereby eliminating nonlinearities in their formulation. Second, the terminal water level constraints are converted into total output bounds to enhance the engineering validity of the feasible region. Finally, these bounds are embedded into the conventional clearing model, replacing explicit hydropower operation constraints and yielding a concise and tractable clearing formulation. The proposed model captures the operational characteristics and social responsibilities of cascade hydropower, while remaining compatible with competition among multiple stakeholders. The resulting clearing model is of low complexity and structurally consistent. Numerical experiments under multiple scenarios in the China Southern Power Grid (CSG) show that the proposed model reduces the average solution time by 85.8%. It effectively mitigates water spillage, better satisfies multiple water-use demands, and enables effective end-of-day reservoir level control. The results also demonstrate significant robustness. In practice, the proposed model has been successfully applied in the CSG for nearly two years.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"410 ","pages":"Article 127535"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}