Applied Energy最新文献

{"title":"A review on intermediate temperature electrochemical synthesis of ammonia","authors":"Gurpreet Kaur ,&nbsp;Haijin Zhu ,&nbsp;Dattatray S. Dhawale ,&nbsp;HyungKuk Ju ,&nbsp;Saheli Biswas ,&nbsp;Jae Hyung Kim ,&nbsp;Hyung Chul Yoon ,&nbsp;Sarbjit Giddey","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia and its derivatives, such as ammonium nitrite and urea, are important nitrogen sources for fertilizers that are extensively used in modern global agriculture. The current Haber Bosch process of ammonia synthesis contributes significantly to global CO₂ emissions (∼450 million metric tons of CO_2, which is around ∼1.2% of global CO₂ emissions). Due to the increasing availability of renewable energy sources, electrochemical technologies to produce green hydrogen and ammonia have attracted worldwide attention. Using an electrochemical route, ammonia can be synthesized in a single reactor using air and water as the feedstocks, contributing significantly to reducing CO₂ emissions. Technology provides various social, economic and environmental benefits if DOE ammonia synthesis rate targets can be achieved for commercialisation of this technology. Notably, it could also be a sustainable route to transport renewable energy in the form of hydrogen derivative liquid fuels in large quantities to areas lean in renewables. Intermediate temperature operations (400–600 °C) are widely recognised for facilitating improved kinetics and offering better energy efficiency for various electrochemical reactions. In this review, recent advancements in the electrochemical ammonia synthesis field have been explicitly covered on solid-state electrolyte materials and electrodes for intermediate temperature operations (400–600 °C). Some challenges regarding ammonia production rates, energy inefficiencies, unresolved issues such as reaction selectivity versus competing side reactions, mechanistic understanding, and lack of standardization in ammonia measurement protocols have been extensively covered, which are essential for further developments in this field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"393 ","pages":"Article 126092"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using stochastic dual dynamic programming to design long-term operation policy of hydro-wind-solar energy systems considering multiple coupled uncertainties and end-of-year carryover storage","authors":"Xiaoyu Jin ,&nbsp;Chuntian Cheng ,&nbsp;Shubing Cai ,&nbsp;Lingzhi Yan ,&nbsp;Zhipeng Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydropower with reservoirs is increasingly important for balancing seasonal variability of growing variable renewable energy (VRE) through its reservoir regulation capability. However, the coupling of the seasonal variability and randomness of VRE with the stochastic nature of inflows makes it extremely challenging to manage long-term hydropower operations related to generation decisions within the current scheduling periods and future end-of-year carryover storage control. To address these challenges, we propose a stochastic dual dynamic programming-based framework for designing long-term hydro-wind-solar complementary operation policies. Inflow and VRE output uncertainties are captured by two different approaches: Markov chain and AutoRegressive Moving Average. These approaches enable the integration of stage-wise dependent randomness into the stochastic decision-making process. Model reconstruction techniques based on Disjunctive Programming are proposed to transform stage-wise nonlinear models into linear ones. Subsequently, Benders cuts families are constructed to constrain the feasible decision space related to hydropower operation and stochastic parameters, while managing the end-of-year carryover storage requirement. Case studies of a large-scale hydro-wind-solar energy system in China indicate that the proposed framework can derive effective complementary operation policies considering future reservoir storage management requirements under multiple coupled uncertainties. Real simulation results indicate that the framework can effectively enhance channel utilization by leveraging hydropower flexibility to support VRE integration, with the monthly average channel utilization rate exceeding 80 %. Besides, hydro-wind-solar complementary operation policies with varying end-of-year carryover storage requirements can be designed, with lower storage requirements trending to enhance hydropower output in a hydro-wind-solar complementary mode.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"393 ","pages":"Article 126072"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the decarbonization potentials of rooftop PVs integrated with EVs as battery for all the municipalities of Japan","authors":"Nguyen Thi Quynh Trang ,&nbsp;Koharu Okada ,&nbsp;Yusei Sugiyama ,&nbsp;Takahiro Yoshida ,&nbsp;Yujiro Hirano ,&nbsp;Peraphan Jittrapirom ,&nbsp;Tosiyuki Nakaegawa ,&nbsp;Takuro Kobashi","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rooftop photovoltaics (PV) systems are often underestimated in their decarbonization potential due to technical, economic, and social barriers. However, rapid advances in PV technology indicate that rooftop PV could play substantially more roles than generally thought, particularly by coupling with EVs as batteries (“PV + EV”). We conducted a techno-economic analysis for rooftop PV integrated with EVs (Battery Electric Vehicles: BEV with 40 kWh battery and about half of the capacity is used as flexibility) for all the 1741 municipalities in Japan. Assuming 70 % of rooftop areas are covered with PV systems with 20 % efficiency, we estimate Japan's total rooftop PV capacity as 1155 GW generating 1017 TWh of electricity. It is 1.2 times larger than Japan's total electricity generation (834.8 TWh in Fiscal Year 2022). The “PV only” system can supply 45 ± 4 % of the hourly electricity demands of all the municipalities on average. By integrating with EVs, the “PV + EV” system can supply 85 ± 12 % of the demands, reducing carbon emissions by 87 ± 11 % from electricity generation and driving, while potentially saving costs by 33 ± 11 %. We also found that “PV + EV” has limited roles in highly urbanized areas such as Tokyo special districts owing to relatively small rooftop areas, but in rural areas, it could supply up to 98 % of electricity demands with multiple times more electricity generated than their demands. We observe significant regional variation in decarbonization potential between northern and southern Japan, driven by differences in total insolation, its seasonal and diurnal distribution, and electricity demand characteristics. The north-south differences may impact energy poverty requiring policy attention under the government's increasing decarbonization policy. At present, the market for Vehicle to Home (V2H)/Vehicle to Grid (V2G) is generally limited in Japan. To unleash the potential of rooftop PV systems integrated with EVs as batteries for rapid urban decarbonization, more policy attention is urgently needed, providing supports for the infrastructure, R&amp;D, and demonstrations of the “PV + EV” systems around the world.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"393 ","pages":"Article 126067"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demand flexibility characterisation in non-residential buildings: A review","authors":"Xinlei Zhou ,&nbsp;Emily W. Yap ,&nbsp;Wanbin Dou ,&nbsp;Mingyang Huang ,&nbsp;Muhammad Shahbaz Aziz ,&nbsp;Duane A. Robinson ,&nbsp;Clayton McDowell ,&nbsp;Stephen D. White ,&nbsp;Mark Goldsworthy ,&nbsp;Subbu Sethuvenkatraman ,&nbsp;Sheikh Khaleduzzaman Shah ,&nbsp;Matt Amos ,&nbsp;Zhenjun Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126100","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126100","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Demand flexibility has become a significant consideration in the design and control of buildings for improved grid compatibility and emission-free operations. While there are review papers that have focused on flexibility in residential buildings, reviews that summarise the flexibility-related research in non-residential buildings have not been comprehensively reported. This study addresses that gap and provides a review of existing methodologies for demand flexibility characterisation of non-residential buildings. Critical elements and components are examined and investigated, including the nature and characteristics of energy flexible sources, demand response control strategies, flexibility indicators and quantification functions, flexibility characterisation and aggregation methods, and grid-integrated control for enhanced demand flexibility. It was found that Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems are the most prevalent energy flexible sources considered in existing studies. A wide range of demand flexibility indicators and quantification functions have been established and most of them rely on a reliable baseline of building performance to serve as a benchmark for comparison. The existing studies have primarily been conducted through simulations, while a limited number of studies used an experimental approach. Optimisation algorithms are often used for demand flexibility aggregation and the development of grid-integrated control strategies, while the feasibility of their practical applications has not been sufficiently studied. Future efforts could focus on the development of easy-to-deploy frameworks with a particular focus on the development of baseline-free indicators, open-source platforms and experimental characterisation procedures for flexibility characterisation of non-residential buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"393 ","pages":"Article 126100"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143948611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fuzzy optimal scheduling of hydrogen-integrated energy systems with uncertainties of renewable generation considering hydrogen equipment under multiple conditions","authors":"Jianzhao Song ,&nbsp;Na Wang ,&nbsp;Zhong Zhang ,&nbsp;Hao Wu ,&nbsp;Yi Ding ,&nbsp;Qingze Pan ,&nbsp;Xingzuo Pan ,&nbsp;Siyuan Shui ,&nbsp;Haipeng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing hydrogen-integrated energy systems (HIES) represents a cutting-edge strategy for harnessing renewable energy (RE). However, the inherent unpredictability and variability of RE significantly increase the operational uncertainty of HIES, which leads to severe energy curtailment issues when HIES integrates large-scale RE, necessitating greater operational flexibility in the system. To address the challenges, this paper proposes a fuzzy optimal scheduling approach for HIES that considers the hydrogen equipment under multiple operating conditions. The analysis begins by examining the operational mechanisms of hydrogen equipment. Subsequently, a multi-conditions model is developed for electrolyzers, while a reserve model is established for hydrogen fuel cells. Furthermore, the fuzzy chance constraint (FCC) is employed to quantify the uncertainty of RE generation. An integrated demand response mechanism is implemented, incorporating human thermal comfort and building thermal inertia. Finally, a fuzzy optimization scheduling model for HIES is constructed to minimize the total operating costs. The crisp equivalent of FCC is derived to solve this model, thereby transforming the scheduling model based on fuzzy chance-constrained programming into a solvable mixed-integer programming model. The simulation results indicate that the proposed scheduling method can reduce the overall costs of the HIES by 17.98 % and increase the RE accommodation rate by 19.67 %, validating the effectiveness of the method in enhancing the operational flexibility of the HIES. In addition, this study achieves a balance between economic efficiency and reliability, offering a better economy, lower energy curtailment rates, and faster decision-making times compared to robust optimization, scenario analysis, and other common fuzzy optimization methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"393 ","pages":"Article 126047"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slight overdischarge cycling-induced severe degradation of electrochemical and mechanical properties of lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Zixin Guo ,&nbsp;Wenyang Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhichao Ma ,&nbsp;Shenghui Wang ,&nbsp;Jiong Liu ,&nbsp;Hongwei Zhao ,&nbsp;Luquan Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Overdischarge as a typical electrical abuse condition is most likely to be encountered in the practical use of electric vehicles (EVs) and grid storage, which has a great impact on the safety of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In this study, the short-term slight overdischarge cycles are focused on, and the impact of overdischarge on battery performance degradation is analyzed by multiple methods including electrochemical analysis and structural characterization. Mechanical tests of the disassembled battery components are carried out. The results indicate that overdischarge causes more significant damage to the cathode. With the progression of the overdischarge cycle, the cathode active particles undergo damage and detachment. The dramatic changes in morphology and structure directly lead to increased impedance, a substantial decrease in reversible capacity, and a significant decline in mechanical properties. Additionally, the loss of lithium inventory and the degradation of the separator's performance cannot be overlooked. The changes not only greatly shorten battery service life but also increase the hidden danger of battery safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"393 ","pages":"Article 126101"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A scalable demand-side energy management control strategy for large residential districts based on an attention-driven multi-agent DRL approach","authors":"Sabrina Savino ,&nbsp;Tommaso Minella ,&nbsp;Zoltán Nagy ,&nbsp;Alfonso Capozzoli","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125993","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125993","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing penetration of renewable energy sources holds great potential for decarbonizing the building energy sector. However, the intermittent and unpredictable nature of renewable generation poses significant challenges to grid stability and energy integration. Demand-side management (DSM) has emerged as a promising solution, leveraging demand flexibility to align energy consumption with periods of peak renewable generation and mitigate grid instability. To fully harness this flexibility, energy coordination across multiple buildings is essential, enabling participation in flexibility markets and optimizing energy management at district level. This paper introduces attention-actor-critic multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (AAC-MADRL), an actor-critic algorithm built upon the centralized training with decentralized execution (CTDE) framework, enhanced with attention mechanisms with the aim of enabling scalable, coordinated, and autonomous DSM in residential districts. A parameterized reward structure allows systematic testing under different cooperation scenarios – fully cooperative, competitive, and mixed – highlighting the conditions where AAC-MADRL outperforms other deep reinforcement learning (DRL) approaches, including decentralized and non-attention-based cooperative methods. Evaluated through winter and summer scenarios in districts across Alameda County, California (73 buildings) and Texas County (100 buildings) using the CityLearn platform, AAC-MADRL demonstrates substantial improvements. AAC-MADRL achieves energy cost reductions of up to 18 % in Texas and 12.5 % in California compared to the rule-based controller. Additionally, it improves self-sufficiency by 6 %–10.5 % during periods of limited solar generation and significantly reduces peak demand. The algorithm also exhibited superior computational efficiency, with deployment times 40.5 % faster than decentralized DRL and 62.5 % faster than cooperative non-attention-based DRL approaches on average.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"393 ","pages":"Article 125993"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of biomass gasification and water electrolysis: Importance of sweep gas selection","authors":"Dohee Kim ,&nbsp;Taehyun Kim ,&nbsp;Yungeon Kim ,&nbsp;Jinwoo Park","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water electrolysis and biomass gasification have emerged as promising renewable and environmentally friendly methods for producing hydrogen, and there is growing interest in integrating these two technologies. However, the role of sweep gas, a crucial factor in overcoming challenges associated with water electrolysis, has been largely overlooked in most integrated studies. To bridge this gap, the effects of three types of sweep gases (air, oxygen, and steam) on the performance of integrated systems were evaluated in this study. The process utilizing steam as the sweep gas achieved the highest energy efficiency of 72.42 %, whereas the use of air resulted in the lowest efficiency of 70.00 %. A similar trend was observed in the exergy analysis, where the use of steam resulted in the highest exergy efficiency of 64.53 %, while air led to the lowest exergy efficiency of 62.27 %. The process using air as the sweep gas demonstrated the most cost-effective levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) of $1.28/kg, which was 9.0 % and 3.0 % lower than those of the processes using oxygen and steam, respectively. This study is the first to examine the influence of sweep gas types on integrated process performance, highlighting the importance of sweep gas selection. The proposed approach can be a viable alternative, as most previous studies either overlooked sweep gas or used oxygen and steam as sweep gases. These findings provide new strategies for optimizing integrated system performance and are expected to significantly contribute to the integration of green hydrogen production systems with processes other than biomass gasification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"393 ","pages":"Article 126069"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143948602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collaborative planning of integrated hydrogen energy chain multi-energy systems: A review","authors":"Tianguang Lu ,&nbsp;Xinning Yi ,&nbsp;Jing Li ,&nbsp;Shaocong Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most planning of the traditional hydrogen energy supply chain (HSC) focuses on the storage and transportation links between production and consumption ends. It ignores the energy flows and interactions between each link, making it unsuitable for energy system planning analysis. Therefore, this study proposes the concept of a hydrogen energy chain (HEC) based on the HSC, which emphasizes the interactions between different types of energy flows in the production, compression, storage, transportation, and application links of hydrogen. The HEC plays a crucial role in mitigating fluctuations of renewable energy and facilitating the optimal allocation of heterogeneous energy sources across time and space. Effective collaborative planning models that consider HEC are essential for the optimal configuration of multi-energy systems (MESs), which guarantees high-efficiency operation and the economic and environmental friendliness of the system. This paper presents a systematic review of recent articles on collaborative planning of integrated hydrogen energy chain multi-energy systems (HEC-MESs). First, this study introduces the basic framework of HEC-MES, focusing on the current research status of the production, compression, storage, transportation, and application links in HEC. Furthermore, this study reviews technology types of hydrogen energy for planning and summarizes the typical forms of HEC in MESs. Then, the following sections outline the models and methods for collaborative planning of HEC-MES. They include detailed analyses of covered sector types, spatial and temporal scopes of planning, uncertainties, model formulations, and solution methods. Finally, the paper concludes by summarizing the research gaps identified in current articles and outlining directions for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"393 ","pages":"Article 126019"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143948603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical downstream catalytic processes for an NH3 economy","authors":"Keshia Saradima Indriadi ,&nbsp;Yankun Du ,&nbsp;Qian He ,&nbsp;Ning Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126099","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia (NH₃) is among the most promising green energy carriers, due to its high energy density, ease of liquification, and existing know-hows for its large-scale synthesis, transportation, and storage. However, to effectively harness NH₃ as an energy source, many downstream processes still need further development. This review highlights the barriers and challenges in two of the critical catalytic processes, namely ammonia decomposition and catalytic ammonia combustion. In the first part, we discuss the challenges of obtaining high purity and high-pressure hydrogen via ammonia decomposition in various application scenarios. Then, we discuss the potential roles of ammonia decomposition and catalytic ammonia combustion in the processes where NH₃ is directly used as a combustion fuel. Understanding and further optimizing these catalytic processes are crucial to facilitate an NH₃ economy, thereby fostering a more environmentally conscious energy landscape.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"393 ","pages":"Article 126099"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143948610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}