Applied Energy最新文献

{"title":"Quantifying grid flexibility provision of virtual vehicle-to-vehicle energy sharing using statistically similar networks","authors":"Wei Gan,&nbsp;Yue Zhou,&nbsp;Jianzhong Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid rise in electric vehicle (EV) adoption presents significant capacity challenges for power grids, but with effective charging management, EVs can also serve as flexible resources, underscoring the need for relevant innovative solutions. This paper proposes a virtual vehicle-to-vehicle (V-V2V) framework, enabling EVs to share energy with each other, either at public charging stations or home, as long as they are connected to the same distribution network. The framework eliminates the need for physical proximity and peer-to-peer matching seen in traditional V2V, enhancing grid flexibility and reducing capacity pressures by harmonizing EV charging with other demands and photovoltaic generation. To quantify the flexibility provision of the V-V2V framework, this paper implements and enhances the statistically similar networks method, where simulations are based on generated networks that share similar electrical and topological characteristics, rather than relying on a single network. Using graph theory, the method preserves statistical similarity in both electrical and topological features, along with their internal correlations, ensuring the practicality of the network simulations. To improve flexibility quantification accuracy, this paper introduces a bottom-up, high-granularity model of EV travel and plugging patterns that accounts for diverse user archetypes. Monte Carlo simulations are employed to provide a detailed analysis of travel and charging behaviors by categorizing EV users. The effectiveness of the proposed method is tested through numerical results using real-world UK distribution networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 125818"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and performance investigation on adjustable ejector with petal spindle valve for high-power fuel cell adapted heavy-duty truck powertrain","authors":"Rongkang Liu ,&nbsp;Xinning Zhu ,&nbsp;Xi Wang ,&nbsp;Ruiheng Xiang ,&nbsp;Liang Su ,&nbsp;Xuyang Chu ,&nbsp;Wei Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125774","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125774","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The shape of the nozzle and operating conditions significantly influence the entrainment performance of ejectors. Utilizing the AVL Cruise-M platform, a simulation framework for hydrogen fuel cell heavy-duty vehicles and a 110 kW hydrogen fuel cell engine was established. Combined with CHTC-TT driving cycle simulations, data on hydrogen gas mass flow rate and pressure at the anode end of the fuel cell were obtained. Based on this data, a study was conducted to design and investigate an adjustable petal-shaped spindle valve ejector. The study examined the impact of ejector spindle valve structure and feed position on entrainment performance and stability. The results indicate that the designed petal-shaped spindle valve ejector effectively enhanced jet turbulence and material and energy exchange between primary and secondary flows and the entrainment ratio of petal spindle ejectors is 2.24 % higher than that of taper spindle ejectors in SP12 positioning. The entrainment ratio of the adjustable ejector ranges from 1.65 to 3.02 at output powers of 10 to 110 kW, meeting the hydrogen recirculation requirements for fuel cells across various power levels. Moreover, the ejector demonstrates rapid dynamic response capabilities, with relatively stable backpressure at the mixed flow outlet. Comparison with conventional commercial ejectors indicated superior overall performance and a larger operating range for the adjustable ejector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 125774"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent developments, challenges, and future scenarios in PV Array reconfiguration for mitigating partial shading","authors":"Mohd Faraz Ahmad ,&nbsp;M. Saad Bin Arif ,&nbsp;Mohd Faisal Jalil ,&nbsp;Masood Rizvi ,&nbsp;R.C. Bansal","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125842","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125842","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Partial shading significantly reduces the performance of Photovoltaic systems, leading to hotspots and mismatch losses. One effective approach to minimize the negative impact of partial shading in PV systems is the PV array reconfiguration technique. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art developments in PV array reconfiguration techniques designed to address the problem of partial shading. The selected reconfiguration techniques are thoroughly discussed and categorized into two groups: Static and Dynamic, which are further divided into nine distinct subcategories. In addition to providing a detailed description of these techniques, a comparison is performed based on array size, algorithm complexity, response speed, outperforming methods, advantages, disadvantages, implementation cost, and applications range to help researchers and engineers choose the most suitable reconfiguration techniques for their specific applications. The study also discussed the implementation challenges and provided recommendations for further research direction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 125842"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study and performance evaluation of a large-scale multistage metal hydride-based hydrogen compressor","authors":"Abhishek Parida ,&nbsp;Alok Kumar ,&nbsp;P. Muthukumar ,&nbsp;Amaresh Dalal ,&nbsp;Shanta Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125798","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125798","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen is crucial for a sustainable energy future, serving as a clean energy carrier. Efficient compression is vital for its effective storage and transport. This study details the design and development of an industrial-scale setup for green hydrogen compression using a Metal Hydride Hydrogen Compressor (MHHC) integrated with renewable thermal system. The system is designed to compress hydrogen from an initial pressure of 10–20 bar to over 250 bar, utilizing thermal energy inputs available at temperature below 100 °C. In this study, 550 g of hydrogen was compressed to 300 bar within the reactor in three stages between the temperature range of 5–91.2 °C, making it suitable for coupling with solar thermal systems. The stage 1 reactor, containing 25 kg of La_0.8Ce_0.2Ni₅, absorbed 307 g of hydrogen in 44.6 min and transferred 288 g (93.8% reversibility) to the stage 2 reactor, which contained an equivalent mass of La_0.5Ce_0.5Ni₄Fe. Finally, 275.5 g of hydrogen was transferred to the stage 3 reactor, consisting of Ti_0.8Zr_0.2CrMn_0.3Fe_0.6Ni_0.1. The absorbed hydrogen was then heated to 91.2 °C to attain a pressure of 300 bar. The system required 36.2 MJ (10.1 kWh) of thermal energy to complete one compression cycle for 275.5 g of hydrogen, achieving a first law efficiency of ∼5%. At a Hydrogen Refueling Station (HRS) using the developed MHHC system, refilling a Type I H₂ cylinder up to 155 bar would require four refills transferring about 466 g of hydrogen in 34.34 min.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 125798"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive model-based optimal control of hybrid deep borehole ground source heat pump systems with integrated latent heat thermal energy storage","authors":"Zeyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Xinlei Zhou ,&nbsp;Fenghao Wang ,&nbsp;Xinyi Sha ,&nbsp;Menglong Lu ,&nbsp;Zhenjun Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125737","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125737","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compared with conventional deep borehole ground source heat pump (DB-GSHP) systems, integrating latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) and borehole passive heating into the DB-GSHP system has greater potential in achieving energy savings and increasing demand flexibility. This study presented an adaptive model-based optimal control strategy for hybrid DB-GSHP systems with integrated LHTES and passive heating. The optimal control problem was solved using adaptive performance models, quantile regression, online identification, and a genetic algorithm (GA), to identify the optimal control settings of the hybrid system. To predict system energy performance, novel adaptive models for the deep borehole heat exchanger (DBHE), LHTES tanks, and heat pump were proposed, and the model parameters were continuously updated using an adaptive forgetting factor recursive least squares estimation algorithm. A quantile regression technique was integrated with a GA optimizer to dynamically narrow down the search space of the decision variables. The proposed control strategy was tested along with two benchmarking scenarios using a co-simulation approach. The results showed that the DBHE control-oriented adaptive model, combining discrete transfer functions and online identification technique, can effectively predict the outlet temperature of the borehole under dynamic working conditions. By integrating quantile regression models, the average computational costs of the GA optimizer were reduced by 32.9 %. The proposed control strategy achieved 11.9 % energy savings and 11.5 % electricity cost savings for the integrated system over a heating season with respect to a baseline control strategy. Compared to the system without LHTES, the system with integrated LHTES saved 6.4 % in energy use and 35.2 % in electricity costs, when the proposed control strategy was applied to both systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 125737"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge- and data-driven prediction of blast furnace gas generation and consumption in iron and steel sites","authors":"Shuhan Liu ,&nbsp;Wenqiang Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125819","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125819","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately predicting the blast furnace gas (BFG) generation and consumption is a big challenge for steel sites due to the low quality of industrial data and the variability of equipment operation states. To address this issue, a knowledge- and data-driven (KD) prediction method for BFG generation and consumption is proposed. This method employs dynamic time warping to describe the relationship between the historical database and the training set for BFG data streams with the same operation state, enabling the prediction model to learn the characteristics of BFG generation and consumption across all operation states. The method also considers the fluctuation characteristics of BFG generation and consumption, applying the 3<em>σ</em> criterion, mean substitution method, and Kalman filtering model to improve data quality. Additionally, by incorporating process knowledge, a rectified linear unit is proposed to refine the prediction results. The results demonstrate that the KD prediction model outperforms traditional data-driven models. Specifically, the KD–genetic algorithm (GA)–extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model delivers the best performance for BFG generation prediction across all operation states, with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 193.01 m³/min, symmetric mean absolute percentage error (SMAPE) of 0.22 %, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 0.44 %, and R² of 0.9957. For BFG consumption prediction in the hot blast stove group, the KD–back propagation neural network (BPNN) model demonstrates superior performance, achieving MAE of 69.03 m³/min, SMAPE of 0.24 %, MAPE of 0.22 %, and R² of 0.9996.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 125819"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review on renewable power-to-green hydrogen-to-power systems: Green hydrogen production, transportation, storage, re-electrification and safety","authors":"Dong Haoxin ,&nbsp;Deng Qiyuan ,&nbsp;Li Chaojie ,&nbsp;Liu Nian ,&nbsp;Wenzuo Zhang ,&nbsp;Mingyue Hu ,&nbsp;Chuanbo Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125821","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125821","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Green hydrogen, produced from renewable energy sources, facilitates zero-emission electricity generation and supports self-peaking and cross-regional renewable energy dispatch, thereby promoting a virtuous cycle for SDG7 attainment. Despite its potential, there has been limited discussion on how green hydrogen can provide affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy for the world's poorest, particularly from the stakeholder perspective. This work provides a holistic review on renewable power-to-green hydrogen-to-power (RP2GH2P) systems, encompassing green hydrogen production, storage, transport, re-electrification, and safety, assessing technological characteristics and implementation challenges, with emphasis on stakeholders' concerns. Key challenges to developing the potential of RP2GH2P include: current efficiencies and costs are unappealing to governments and investors; the absence of comprehensive and effective tools for accurately assessing security risks perpetuates public concern; and the mechanisms and business models for RP2GH2P to provide grid peaking and frequency regulation are still undeveloped. Finally, conclusions show that continuous efforts on technological advancement and political support are required to enable a rapid development of RP2GH2P.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 125821"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing agrivoltaic systems: A comprehensive analysis of design, crop productivity and energy performance in open-field configurations","authors":"Domenico Mazzeo ,&nbsp;Andrea Di Zio ,&nbsp;Claudio Pesenti ,&nbsp;Sonia Leva","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125750","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125750","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid expansion of photovoltaic (PV) systems is essential for decarbonizing energy systems but raises concerns about competing with agriculture for arable land. Agrivoltaic (APV) systems offer a sustainable solution by integrating PV installations with agriculture on the same land. However, adoption is constrained by a limited understanding of design parameters and their effects on energy and crop productivity. This study presents a simulation framework to evaluate open-field APV systems, focusing on the impacts of ground coverage ratio (GCR), clearance height, and tracking configurations on solar irradiance distribution, crop yield, and solar energy generation. The Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) was employed to assess the combined productivity of agricultural output and solar energy generation. Scenarios are modeled for temperate climates, examining three crops (lettuce, turnip, and maize) alongside bifacial PV systems with fixed and tracking designs. Results showed that design parameters significantly affect shading and light distribution. Higher clearance heights and lower GCRs enhance agricultural productivity, particularly for shade-sensitive crops like maize, though slightly reducing energy yields. LER values ranged from 1.04 to 2.05 for the GCR variable between 0.6 and 0.2, demonstrating that APV systems are more productive than conventional land use. These insights support optimizing APV designs, aiding policymakers and developers in aligning renewable energy goals with agricultural sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 125750"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating government policies promoting electric vehicles, considering battery technology, energy saving, and charging infrastructure development: A game theoretic approach","authors":"Leila Javazi,&nbsp;Mahdi Alinaghian,&nbsp;Hossein Khosroshahi","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125799","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125799","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>he cost and fear of running out of battery (range anxiety) are major obstacles to the widespread adoption of electric cars (EVs). Hence, the government's political actions have the potential to significantly mitigate the adverse impact of these issues on the adoption of electric vehicles. This research examines the supply chain of a battery electric vehicle (BEV), which includes the government, a BEV manufacturer, a charging infrastructure business (CI firm), and consumers. Next, we construct a game theory model employing Stackelberg's method to evaluate three distinct types of intervention policies: consumer-side intervention policy (V), production-side intervention policy (T), and charging service-side intervention policy (C). This analysis is conducted within the framework of two sustainable objectives: economic-environmental goal (EB) and socio-economic goal (SW). Policy V involves the government providing financial assistance or imposing fees on Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) customers. Policy T provides manufacturers with research and development subsidies to enhance battery technology, while policy (C) offers subsidies to CI firm to establish charging infrastructure. The findings provided significant insights for policymakers and decision-makers in several scenarios aligned with the government's multifaceted objectives. The findings suggest that T and C policies benefit the government, BEV maker, and CI firm most when the objective is SW. Additionally, these policies lead to the largest market demand. Suppose the government's objective is to promote electric vehicles (EVs). In that case, policy C yields the greatest advantage for the recipients when there is a strong emphasis on battery technology and the availability of charging infrastructure. Under policies T and C, the government incurs the largest subsidy cost while pursuing the SW target. Similarly, when pursuing the EB objective, the government incurs the highest subsidy cost under the V policy. In conclusion, this research demonstrates that all three intervention policies benefit the demand for battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Therefore, it is recommended that the government implement suitable policies based on the prevailing market conditions to promote the growth of sustainable transportation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 125799"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resilience enhancement for power distribution networks in coordination with electric vehicle fleets","authors":"Qianyu Dong ,&nbsp;Guanyu Zhou ,&nbsp;Qilin Huang ,&nbsp;Zhaoyang Dong ,&nbsp;Youwei Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the global shift towards decarbonized transportation, the adoption of company-owned electric vehicle (EV) fleets is rapidly increasing worldwide. This paper explores the potential of these EV fleets to enhance resilience in power distribution networks through strategic charging station planning and effective post-disaster restoration. Towards this end, a tri-level optimization model is proposed to tackle i) the optimal location problem for charging stations considering grid resilience, and ii) the post-disaster restoration challenge by incentivizing EV fleets for backup power provision. Specifically, multiple performance indices are proposed within the coupled network to facilitate optimal charging station deployment. In addition, an advanced choice model is constructed to analyze the behavioral tendencies of fleet operators. To resolve the proposed model, an accelerated nested column-and-constraint generation (A-NC&amp;CG) algorithm is presented. Numerical case studies performed on two illustrative coupled networks demonstrate that the proposed model can incentivize EV fleets to enhance grid resilience cost-effectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 125756"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}