Applied Energy最新文献

{"title":"From baseload to flexibility: A cost-driven evolutionary model for thermal power industry at various stages of the China's “dual carbon” policy","authors":"Yunxiao Chen,&nbsp;Jinfu Liu,&nbsp;Daren Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126709","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126709","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Against the backdrop of China's “Dual Carbon”, the role of thermal power in high-renewable power systems is shifting from baseload to flexibility regulation, and its economic viability is crucial for the energy transition. This paper aims to reduce the operating costs of thermal power in various periods. First, a thermodynamic-data fusion approach quantified the impact of steam extraction on feasible operating ranges. Then, a multi-objective optimization model (based on genetic algorithm) integrating heat-power coupling characteristics is developed to dynamically allocate electrical and thermal loads among clustered units, which incorporates heat-consumption costs, ramp-wear costs, and start-stop costs. Finally, the cost-driven evolutionary model adaptable to 0–70 % renewable energy penetration rates is constructed, which can effectively schedule unit retirements. Results demonstrate that the optimized dispatch strategy reduces generation costs by up to 7.12 % compared to equal load distribution, with wind power integration showing greater cost advantages than solar power. Winter with highest heating demand, yields the lowest electricity cost prices (24.774 USD/MWh). The evolutionary model reduces generation costs by 3.06 %–4.20 % in high-wind and 1.24 %–2.06 % in high-solar penetration scenarios by retiring thermal units. The study provides actionable insights for policymakers and operators, and inspiration for virtual power plant scheduling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 126709"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144996745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal sizing of isolated photovoltaic-hydrogen microgrids using covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy considering real-gas modeling of hydrogen","authors":"Aubert Hervé ,&nbsp;Mathieu Bressel","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126677","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126677","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the application of the Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) to the optimal sizing of isolated photovoltaic-hydrogen microgrids. Accurate sizing of system components—particularly photovoltaic (PV) panels and hydrogen energy storage systems (HESS)—is critical to ensuring cost-effectiveness, energy autonomy, and operational reliability. This study introduces an advanced HESS model based on real gas behavior, offering improved physical realism over conventional ideal-gas approximations. While metaheuristic optimization methods such as genetic algorithms (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) are widely used in microgrid design, Evolution Strategies (ES) remain significantly underutilized, despite their strong performance on complex, high-dimensional problems. CMA-ES, in particular, requires minimal parameter tuning and adapts effectively to non-convex, multimodal landscapes. A comparative evaluation of five evolutionary algorithms including 4 ES variants shows that CMA-ES avoids premature convergence, unlike GA, and achieves a 26 % improvement in final fitness value, demonstrating superior robustness to difficult problems and solution quality. While the No Free Lunch Theorem reminds us that no algorithm is universally optimal, this work highlights CMA-ES as a highly usable, plug-and-play tool with excellent performance across a wide range of problem types—making it especially suitable for real-world microgrid design applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 126677"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interdependence modeling of wind farm frequency support feasible region: A non-iterative system-wide dynamic characteristics scheduling","authors":"Jiaqing Zhai,&nbsp;Li Guo,&nbsp;Zhongguan Wang,&nbsp;Jiebei Zhu,&nbsp;Xialin Li,&nbsp;Chengshan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126687","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126687","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The provision of frequency regulation support (FRS) services by wind farms (WFs) is of crucial importance for frequency stability of power systems with high-penetration renewable energy. With time-varying wind speed, real-time scheduling for the FRS characteristics of WFs is essential for ensuring the security of system frequency and dynamic power flow (PF). However, the extensive number of wind turbines (WTs) and interdependence of frequency support capabilities (FSCs) among WFs contribute to the complexity of FRS dynamics, rendering the quantification of FRS security of WTs challenging, especially in the absence of precise WT parameters. Therefore, this paper proposes a data-driven method for modeling interdependence of FSCs across WFs. Utilizing space transformation, the original complex nonlinear FRS dynamics of WTs are transformed into a dimension-augmented linear model, facilitating the construction of an analytical expression for FSCs. On this basis, an optimal scheduling model considering the interdependent characteristics of FSCs is developed, which can be solved by employing a hybrid algorithm combining Kriging-assisted surrogate with piecewise elite learning strategy. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method enables fast online scheduling of FRS characteristics for WFs, minimizing FRS costs while maintaining system frequency, WTs, and PF security, and enhances computational efficiency by 98.54 % without reliance on physical parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 126687"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodological framework for assessing the sustainability of electric passenger fleets: Application to the Egadi Archipelago","authors":"Francesco Balestrieri ,&nbsp;Alessandro Brusasco ,&nbsp;Matteo Melchiorre ,&nbsp;Mauro Bonfanti ,&nbsp;Stefano Mauro","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126679","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126679","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Maritime transport is essential for island communities but remains highly dependent on fossil fuels, posing significant economic and environmental risks, especially in ecologically sensitive regions. This study introduces a novel and adaptable methodology for the preliminary assessment of passenger fleet electrification, using the Egadi Archipelago (Italy) as a case study. A generalisable parametric model was developed to evaluate the techno-economic feasibility and environmental impact of converting the current fast-ferry fleet to battery-electric, hybrid electric-hydrogen, or pure hydrogen propulsion systems. The model estimates energy consumption, emissions, capital investment, and operational costs across long-term planning horizons up to 2050. Findings indicate that electrification can achieve CO₂ reductions of 28 % with gray hydrogen and up to 65 % with green hydrogen, alongside operational cost savings between 40 % and 58 % depending on the energy source considered. The analysis also highlights the substantial renewable energy potential within the archipelago, supporting the goal of zero-impact electric fleet operation. This work offers valuable insights for policymakers, naval architects, and operators in advancing sustainable maritime transport in island and coastal regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 126679"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A calculation method enabling energy benchmarking in the pulp and paper industry: Adopting a methodology that bridge the research–policy implementation gap","authors":"Olof Åkesson ,&nbsp;Kristina Nyström ,&nbsp;Elias Andersson ,&nbsp;Patrik Thollander","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126685","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126685","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cross-site benchmarking could be an essential driver of energy efficiency in energy-intensive industries. However, no widely adopted, harmonized method for calculating energy performance currently exists for the pulp and paper sector. This study presents a novel calculation method developed through a transdisciplinary process involving the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, academic researchers, and pulp and paper mills. The method ensures a uniform representation of energy flows, enabling consistent and transparent comparisons across mills of similar types. It introduces a new benchmarking approach that disaggregates energy use into functional processes. Benchmarking energy performance at the level of functional processes enables meaningful comparisons between mills with different degrees of integration and production configurations, thus broadening the comparison pool in a heterogenic sector. Remaining site-specific variations, such as feedstock and paper quality, are addressed through the manual inclusion of explanatory metadata. The method aligns with the revised EU Industrial Emissions Directive's (IED) ambitions for decarbonization by dividing energy use into four separate energy carriers. It also supports energy based industrial symbiosis by subtracting externally utilized excess heat, and other energy resources, from total energy demand. Due to its institutional fit with the IED, the method has strong potential for EU-wide adoption. The co-creation process used to develop the method also offers a transferable framework for establishing energy benchmarks also in other energy-intensive sectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 126685"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental insights into the trade-off in thermally regenerative electrochemical batteries","authors":"Yingyin Sha,&nbsp;Xin Tang,&nbsp;Guiqiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126703","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126703","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Notwithstanding the prevailing global energy crisis and the concomitant environmental pollution, the world's demand for electricity and cooling is continuing to grow at a rapid rate. The thermally regenerative electrochemical battery (TREB) has emerged as a promising solution that can provide switchable power generation and cooling capabilities both environmentally and efficiently. Nevertheless, despite ongoing research, a fundamental trade-off between specific heat capacity and entropy change, the latter being governed by temperature coefficient and internal resistance, remains largely unexplored experimentally, limiting the optimization and practical deployment of TREBs. Hence, this study proposes a dimensionless parameter, <em>Θ</em>, which consolidates the thermal properties from the perspective of electrolyte concentration, thereby offering an effective means to elucidate the key trade-off. Results show that increasing <em>Θ</em> leads to a decrease in temperature coefficient and specific heat capacity, but the internal resistance exhibits a non-monotonic trend due to the combined effect of osmotic pressure. For power generation, the relative Carnot efficiency initially rises with <em>Θ</em> and then declines, reaching a maximum of 33.52 % when <span><math><mi>Θ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0.30</mn></math></span>, accompanied by a peak power density of 12.85 mW/g. It also highlights the significance of heat recovery to mitigate the negative impact of high specific heat capacity under low electrolyte concentrations. Under cooling conditions, the Coefficient of Performance relative to the Carnot limit across each <em>Θ</em> remains outstanding, ranging from 86.17 % to 68.39 %. This work removes a key barrier to TREB optimization by systematically exploring the trade-off mechanism and offering a concentration-based strategy for performance improvement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 126703"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Semantic rule-based approach for automated energy resource management in buildings","authors":"Brígida Teixeira ,&nbsp;Gabriel Santos ,&nbsp;David Araújo ,&nbsp;Letícia Gomes ,&nbsp;Zita Vale","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread use of renewable energy sources leads to the adoption of more sophisticated and intelligent real-time energy management solutions. Automated energy management systems allow consumers to play an active role in their flexibility management while ensuring their energy needs are met. However, a lack of trust in autonomous decision-making poses a significant challenge to their adoption. This work presents a novel semantic-based framework for automated energy management in buildings, integrating semantic rules and ontologies, expert knowledge, and machine learning models to enhance decision transparency and adaptability. By leveraging a semantic-based model, the proposed framework improves real-time decision-making, facilitates interoperability between data sources, and provides context-aware explanations, fostering user trust and system reliability. The framework has been tested and validated within a cyber-physical infrastructure, ensuring its robustness in real-world scenarios. A case study on the management of lighting and air conditioning demonstrates the advantages of this approach. The results confirm that the framework effectively adapts to evolving conditions, ensures reliable decision-making, and fosters user trust by providing interpretable justifications for automated actions. This facilitates a more efficient use of energy resources, reduces costs, and supports the transition toward a more sustainable and renewable-based power sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 126675"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144932773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lithium-ion battery end of life prediction based on the decelerating aging point","authors":"Jiangong Zhu ,&nbsp;Wenyuan Weng ,&nbsp;Heze You ,&nbsp;Jie Zhang ,&nbsp;Yixiu Wang ,&nbsp;Bo Jiang ,&nbsp;Chenzhen Ji ,&nbsp;Xuezhe Wei ,&nbsp;Haifeng Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126692","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126692","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium-ion batteries behave nonlinear degradation under multiple loading factors, e.g., current, temperature, voltage windows, and their combination, throughout the whole life cycle, which brings difficulties to the state estimation and prediction. Based on the battery capacity degradation curves, dual knee points {P1, P2}, the decelerating aging point (P1), and the accelerating aging point (P2), are defined for the degradation evaluation. The Kneedle method and the Bacon-Watts model are improved to adapt the {P1, P2} identification on six public datasets including LFP batteries, NCA batteries, NMC batteries, and LCO batteries. By investigating the relationship between the dual knee points and the battery end of life (EoL) which is the cycle when the capacity degradation to 80 % of the nominal capacity, it is found that the P1 cycle (N1) and P1 capacity retention (Q1) are strongly related to the EoL with early acquisition than the P2. A method involving the combination of N1 and Q1 is used for the lithium-ion battery EoL prediction based on a stepwise linear regression model, showing a maximum 8.7 % mean absolute percentage error compared to other benchmark methods, which provides new views for feature engineering for the battery state estimation and prediction of lithium-ion batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 126692"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144932772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A methodological review of cost-effective data-driven fault detection and diagnosis in distributed photovoltaic systems","authors":"Yinyan Liu ,&nbsp;Earl Duran ,&nbsp;Anna Bruce ,&nbsp;Baran Yildiz ,&nbsp;Bernardo Mendonca Severiano ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Anwar Ibrahim ,&nbsp;Jonathan Rispler ,&nbsp;Chris Martell ,&nbsp;Fiacre Rougieux","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126636","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126636","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid evolution of Photovoltaic (PV) technologies and the widespread adoption of PV systems highlight the growing need for more efficient and cost-effective monitoring strategies to ensure reliable operation and optimal energy performance. This review presents a methodological approach, incorporating case-based measurements, for performance monitoring of distributed PV systems. It focuses on cost-effective data, such as time-series electrical parameters, which are crucial for accurate fault detection and diagnosis while identifying the constraints that limit the effectiveness of current performance monitoring algorithms. The review first categorises systematic faults in PV systems using two approaches: DC-side vs. AC-side faults, and soft vs. hard faults. It then discusses data availability and processing, highlighting the importance of publicly accessible, cost-effective datasets and suitable data processing methods. Traditional statistical algorithms based on cost-effective data are examined in detail, with an emphasis on their practical applicability. In addition, machine learning-based and edge computing algorithms are critically reviewed and classified according to data availability and task requirements, with a high-level evaluation of their performance. This methodological review aims to support both industry practitioners and researchers in selecting suitable algorithms based on data availability and specific application purposes. Finally, the limitations of current fault detection and diagnosis methods based on cost-effective data are critically examined, particularly their reliance on small-scale or laboratory-based datasets. Building on this comprehensive high-level review, key challenges, emerging trends, and potential gaps between industrial practice and academic research are identified. At the same time, certain challenges, such as the development of fault libraries, have begun to be addressed through the use of real-world datasets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 126636"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144932769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive system simulation from PEMFC stack to fuel cell vehicle","authors":"Zhuo Zhang,&nbsp;Sai-Jie Cai,&nbsp;Jun-Hong Cheng,&nbsp;Hao-Bo Guo,&nbsp;Wen-Quan Tao","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The commercialization of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) is a key method for achieving deep decarbonization in the transportation sector. Boosting powertrain energy conversion and utilization efficiency, especially for fuel cells, is crucial for advancing FCV technology. In the present study, a multi-level FCV system model is developed, and optimization has been carried out at various scales. The results reveal that the Gaussian process regression (GPR) model outperforms other machine learning models in performance prediction accuracy and speed. Then, based on the GPR model, different optimization algorithms are adopted to obtain the optimal operating conditions. Under the hydrogen recirculation architecture of this study, the system efficiency reaches its peak (47.4 %) at a load current of 110 A, which corresponds to the lowest point of hydrogen consumption. By coupling machine learning stack performance prediction models, the dynamic performance and fuel economy of FCVs under the New European Driving Cycle are studied. A novel fuzzy control-based energy management strategy (EMS) is proposed, which can significantly improve energy utilization efficiency while reducing the fuel cell power fluctuations. The multi-level optimization research conducted in this article, from the cell itself to the system and then to FCVs, can be widely applied to the design or control of FCVs' powertrain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 126678"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144932910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}