Applied Energy最新文献

{"title":"Testing of a multi-energy complementary absorption heat pump prototype for combined cooling and heating with large temperature range from − 20 to 90 °C","authors":"Ding Lu ,&nbsp;Ligang Wang ,&nbsp;Rui Cheng ,&nbsp;Tao Shen ,&nbsp;Rundong Chen ,&nbsp;Maoqiong Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124914","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124914","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the process of carbon neutrality, the comprehensive utilization of clean and renewable energy, including solar, geothermal and biomass, is a potential solution to the low-carbon cooling and heating in distributed areas with weak power grids, such as countryside and suburban. In this paper, an absorption heat pump with multi-energy complementary was built to provide combined cooling and heating. Solar energy was collected through an evacuated tube collector using heat conduction oil, and a gas boiler was adopted to further heat the oil and balance the solar thermal fluctuations. Heat collected in the oil circulation was used to drive an ammonia-water absorption heat pump. A control strategy was proposed to achieve stable energy supply under different weather condition, and efficient operation in wide temperature zone. Environmental test of the prototype was performed in Jinan. The results showed that the prototype ran stably to provide 5-15 kW cooling at −20 to 10 °C, and 20-35 kW heating at 40 to 90 °C, with solar thermal ratio of 20–35 % in different weather conditions, and the renewable energy ratio in heating mode could exceed 55 % through further recovery of ambient heat. Furthermore, the COP for cooling reached 0.30–0.43 at −20 °C cold supply, and 0.70–0.78 at 7 °C cold supply, with cooling water temperatures varied from 30 to 20 °C; and the COP of heating reached 1.40–1.90 at 45 °C heat supply, and 1.35–1.56 at 80 °C heat supply, with evaporation temperature varied from −15 to 20 °C. Results demonstrated that the proposed prototype has significant energy and carbon reduction potential, and is a solution for combined cooling and heating in distributed areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 124914"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142703948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progress in knock combustion modeling of spark ignition engines","authors":"Feifan Ji ,&nbsp;Shuo Meng ,&nbsp;Zhiyu Han ,&nbsp;Guangyu Dong ,&nbsp;Rolf D. Reitz","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124852","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124852","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Knock combustion is one of the primary factors limiting thermal efficiency improvement in spark ignition (SI) engines. After a century of research, scholars have made significant progress in understanding knock phenomena. Numerical simulation techniques play a crucial role in engine research and development, and knock models are a vital component of engine combustion simulation. While various models with different complexities and predictive accuracies have been proposed, a comprehensive review addressing their evolution and performance remains necessary. This article endeavors to systematically evaluate the progress of knock models and offers a critical overview of up-to-date knock models, including their features, advantages, and limitations. It delves into problems in existing knock models and proposes potential solutions.</div><div>Among the most widely used models, those based on the Livengood-Wu (L-W) knock integral and autoignition reaction mechanism are extensively developed and applied. They are relatively simple and can predict knock onset time and knock intensity reasonably well. The combination of complex chemical reaction kinetics analysis and large-eddy simulation may be the most promising in capturing various aspects of knock combustion, including knock location. However, this method demands high computational resources, and its prediction is greatly affected by the simulation accuracy of autoignition reaction fronts. Machine learning can assist in developing empirical knock models by learning knock combustion characteristics from detailed physics-based modeling results or experimental data. These models have poor interpretability but could be very useful in engineering applications with sufficient accuracy. While many features of knock combustion can be characterized numerically, some details such as autoignition reaction front propagation and its impact, influence of turbulence modeling, and the effect of external random factors on knock modeling, still call for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 124852"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust optimization for integrated production and energy scheduling in low-carbon factories with captive power plants under decision-dependent uncertainty","authors":"Quanpeng Lv ,&nbsp;Luhao Wang ,&nbsp;Zhengmao Li ,&nbsp;Wen Song ,&nbsp;Fanpeng Bu ,&nbsp;Linlin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124827","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124827","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low-carbon factories with captive power plants represent a new industrial microgrid paradigm of energy conservation and emission reduction in many countries. However, one of the most common challenges of low-carbon management is the joint regulation of factory production and power plant operations under uncertainty. To meet this challenge, a robust optimization-based integrated production and energy (IPE) scheduling approach is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a two-stage adaptive robust optimization model is established to cover all possible realizations of decision-independent uncertainties (e.g. market demands and output power of renewable sources) and decision-dependent uncertainties (e.g. carbon emission densities depending on the choice of production lines). Secondly, a novel parametric column-and-constraint generation algorithm is utilized to derive robust scheduling schemes. The non-trivial scenarios of decision-dependent uncertainties identified in the subproblem are parametrically characterized based on Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions, which can be included in the master problem. Finally, simulations on different cases are conducted to test the rationality and validity of the proposed approach. Compared with the separate scheduling of production and energy, IPE scheduling may increase production and energy costs to ensure the robustness of the resulting schemes. Moreover, the proposed approach can mitigate the impacts of uncertainties on IPE scheduling without significantly increasing the computational complexity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 124827"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on the influencing factors of solar pavement power generation efficiency","authors":"Ruidong Lv,&nbsp;Xudong Zha,&nbsp;Hengwu Hu,&nbsp;Bingbing Lei,&nbsp;Chao Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar pavement is a new type of pavement structure based on road energy collection, it makes the main body of the road change from energy consumer to energy supplier and has huge development potential and broad application prospects. However, the difficulty of solar pavement in achieving the expected power generation efficiency in practical applications has become an important reason for restricting its development. Therefore, this study summarizes and reviews the structural forms of solar pavement and the factors influencing its power generation efficiency by collecting and sorting relevant literature. Firstly, the three-layer type structure of solar pavement is analyzed and the advantages and disadvantages of the two structural forms of solid and hollow panels are compared. On this basis, the road environment and internal factors affecting the effectiveness of solar pavement power generation are comprehensively analyzed. The results of the study demonstrate that, in consideration of traffic loads and pavement structural requirements, the power generation efficiency of solar pavements must consider the impact of distinctive factors, including dynamic shadow occlusion, transparent panel characteristics, and pavement structure type, in addition to the influence of conventional factors. The combined effect of these factors leads to the current solar pavement power generation efficiency and power generation durability being far less than expected. The existing literature indicates that for solar pavements to be financially viable over a 20-year operational period, their levelized cost of electricity must be less than 0.2 $/kWh. Accordingly, the challenges and prospects of the power generation performance of solar pavement are discussed, and in-depth research can be strengthened in the areas of testing and evaluation methods, construction and maintenance technology, power generation durability, techno-economic feasibility and profitability, and life cycle assessment. In the long term, the potential for solar pavement power generation needs to be further explored.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 124897"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the viability of dynamic wireless power transfer in long-haul freight transport: A techno-economic analysis from fleet operators’ standpoint","authors":"Trentalessandro Costantino,&nbsp;Federico Miretti,&nbsp;Ezio Spessa","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124839","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124839","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a techno-economic assessment of dynamic wireless power transfer for long-haul freight transport, focusing on the fleet operator’s perspective. In particular, we compared three different powertrain technologies: a conventional powertrain and a battery-electric with or without a dynamic charger installed. For all three technologies, we developed a cost model to assess the total cost of ownership for a fleet operator using different scenarios.</div><div>Notably, dedicated cost models were devised to estimate energy carrier costs and costs related to time loss incurred by fleet operators due to extended delivery times of electric trucks compared to conventional ones. The novelties in the cost model are twofold. First, dedicated cost models have been devised to estimate the costs related to the energy carriers (including the cost of infrastructure) and to the time loss incurred by fleet operators due to the extended delivery times of electric trucks compared to conventional ones. Second, the energy consumption by source and travel time were derived from an ad-hoc developed simulation approach models longitudinal dynamics of the case-study as well as the powertrain’s performance on the basis of experimentally derived look-up tables provided by manufacturers as well as by previous research projects. The simulation results provided by this model are instrumental to our enhanced cost model as it provides the required inputs and it allowed us to tailor the results to a specific delivery mission.</div><div>Our results provide valuable insights for fleet operators considering the adoption of zero-emission trucks and to policy-makers and other infrastructure stakeholders regarding the conditions required for the cost-effectiveness of electric road systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 124839"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boosting the power density of direct borohydride fuel cells to >600 mW cm−2 by cathode water management","authors":"Wenxing Jiang ,&nbsp;Fangfang Wan ,&nbsp;Qiqi Wan ,&nbsp;Endao Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhenying Chen ,&nbsp;Yang Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianbin Luo ,&nbsp;Yingying Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Zhuang ,&nbsp;Junliang Zhang ,&nbsp;Changchun Ke","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124939","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124939","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC) has garnered significant interest due to its high energy density. However, the power density remains insufficient for commercial applications. Lots of works have been conducted on the kinetics of the anode reaction, while little attention has been devoted to cathode water management which is important issue for direct liquid fuel cell. Herein, a new structure gas diffusion layer (GDL) with hetero-junction double microporous layer (HJD-MPL) is developed. Utilizing the HJD-MPL structure, achieving a peak power density of 688 mW cm⁻² at 80 °C, which exceeds the literature reports (453 mW cm⁻²). With higher porosity, permeability and stronger gradient capillary force, the oxygen transfer resistance is reduced from 75.5 s cm⁻¹ of commercial GDL to 24.4 s cm⁻¹. This study offers new insight into DBFCs, emphasizing cathode engineering to advance more effective and reliable direct liquid fuel cell technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 124939"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The snowball effect in electrochemical degradation and safety evolution of lithium-ion batteries during long-term cycling","authors":"Meng Wang ,&nbsp;Senming Wu ,&nbsp;Ying Chen,&nbsp;Weiling Luan","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124909","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124909","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lifespan and safety are the most critical issues for the application of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). During long-term service, the degradation mechanisms and safety evolution of LIBs remain unclear, posing significant obstacles to battery design and management. This study analyzes the electrochemical degradation mechanisms of LIBs under normal temperature cycling (NTC) and high-temperature cycling (HTC) conditions, linking these mechanisms to the evolution of battery safety. The findings reveal that during NTC, there is a “snowball effect” in performance degradation and safety evolution, leading to sudden death of battery and posing serious safety risks. The degradation pattern of LIBs during NTC and HTC is consistently dominated by the increase of internal resistance and the loss of lithium inventory (LLI). In the aging process, electrolyte consumption and the growth of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) cause localized lithium plating on the anode, resulting in accelerated capacity decay. However, in batteries subjected to NTC, rapid accumulation of localized lithium plating can trigger a snowball effect, causing electrode deformation, internal short-circuit (ISC) and separator melting. These interacting catastrophic events form a vicious cycle, ultimately leading to battery sudden death and pose significant safety hazards. Additionally, thermal safety analysis reveals the correlation between thermal safety parameters and state of health (SOH), quantifying the thermal safety degradation caused by sudden death. Sudden death directly alters the evolution pattern of battery safety, leading to a severe decline in battery safety. These findings offer new insights into potential safety hazards associated with long-term use of LIBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 124909"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distributed optimization strategy for networked microgrids based on network partitioning","authors":"Jingjing Wang ,&nbsp;Liangzhong Yao ,&nbsp;Jun Liang ,&nbsp;Jun Wang ,&nbsp;Fan Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124834","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124834","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of a large number of distributed resources into an active distribution network presents significant challenges, including high control dimensionality, strong output uncertainty, and low utilization of renewable energy. This paper introduces a distributed optimization strategy for networked microgrids based on network partitioning to alleviate the computational burden, reduce operating costs, and enhance the utilization of renewable energy. The active distribution network is partitioned into networked microgrids, and a two-layer distributed optimization model is developed for their management. The first layer focuses on intra-day distributed optimal dispatch, balancing power and load by managing various flexible resources and the exchange power between virtual microgrids. The second layer, real-time distributed power tracking optimization, coordinates flexible resources within virtual microgrids to mitigate photovoltaic power fluctuations and track intra-day dispatch instructions. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed network partitioning method reduces dispatch costs by 5.3 % and increases the utilization of distributed PV by 3 %, compared to the NP method that only considering modularity. Moreover, calculation times for intra-day dispatch and real-time power tracking are reduced by approximately 26 % and 50 %, respectively, compared to centralized control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 124834"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing autonomous electric taxi operations with integrated mobile charging services: An approximate dynamic programming approach","authors":"Qinru Hu ,&nbsp;Simon Hu ,&nbsp;Shiyu Shen ,&nbsp;Yanfeng Ouyang ,&nbsp;Xiqun (Michael) Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124823","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124823","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper focuses on optimizing the routing and charging schedules of an autonomous electric taxi (AET) system integrated with mobile charging services. In this system, a fleet of AETs provides on-demand ride services for customers, while mobile charging vehicles (MCVs) are deployed as a flexible complement to fixed charging stations, offering fast charging options for AETs. A dynamic programming model is developed to optimize the joint operations of AETs and MCVs, considering stochastics in customer demand, AET energy consumption, and charging station resources. The objective is to maximize the operator’s overall profit over the entire planning horizon, including revenues from serving customer requests, travel costs, charging costs, and penalties associated with both fleets. To address the stochastic and dynamic nature of the problem, an approximate dynamic programming (ADP) approach, incorporating customized pruning strategies to reduce the state and decision space, is proposed. This approach balances immediate operational gains with future potential profits. A series of numerical experiments have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm. Results show that the ADP-based policy significantly improves system performance compared to classical myopic benchmarks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 124823"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A distributed thermal-pressure coupling model of large-format lithium iron phosphate battery thermal runaway","authors":"Zhixiang Cheng ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Min ,&nbsp;Peng Qin ,&nbsp;Yue Zhang ,&nbsp;Junyuan Li ,&nbsp;Wenxin Mei ,&nbsp;Qingsong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124875","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124875","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The inner pressure that increases due to the complex physical and chemical reactions of batteries plays an important role in thermal runaway early warning and gas injection. However, most of the current thermal-pressure coupling models for batteries cannot accurately describe the gas generation sources and predict the inner pressure increases of multiple jelly rolls. In this work, we propose a thermal-pressure coupling model by combining the gas composition data and the fitting data from the accelerating rate calorimeter experiment. The electrolyte vapor pressure and internal gas composition are obtained under uniform heating conditions. The internal pressure growth source relies on the variation in the gas composition at different temperature ranges to infer. The reaction kinetics equations are then combined with gas generation sources, energy conservation equations and venting process to form a thermal-pressure model, which adopts a distributed structure to adapt to the temperature gradient between jelly rolls. The simulation results indicate that the model can accurately match the reaction gas accumulation phase before the valve venting, as well as the thermal runaway and cooling process temperature after the ejection. The simulation results indicate that when the pressure threshold increases from 0.5 MPa to 0.75 MPa, both the time-to-venting and time-to-peak temperature increase, but the interval between them decreases. Additionally, the explosion concentration range of the mixture gas also increases accordingly. This model revealed the inner pressure increase and thermal runaway process in large-format lithium iron phosphate batteries, offering guidance for early warning and safety design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 124875"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}