Applied Energy最新文献

{"title":"Simultaneous hydrogen generation and organic oxidation in low-temperature electrolyzers","authors":"Zuzanna Bojarska ,&nbsp;Maria Jarząbek Karnas ,&nbsp;Agata Godula-Jopek ,&nbsp;Sławomir Mandrek ,&nbsp;Łukasz Makowski","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125697","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125697","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low-temperature electrolyzers play an essential role in various electrochemical and industrial processes, particularly in sustainable energy storage and conversion. Traditionally, the anodic reaction is oxygen evolution, which demands high working potentials and involves significant operational costs. This review explores a compelling approach to mitigate these challenges by using alternative fuels. Through a comprehensive review of the literature, the subject of which was the electrolysis of alcohols, amines, and biomass derivatives. This study explains the potential of integrating non‑oxygen-evolving reactions with hydrogen evolution reactions to mitigate the drawbacks associated with conventional electrolysis. By diversifying the electrochemical approaches, alternative reactions offer the prospect of lowering the working potential, thereby reducing the energy input and overall cost. Furthermore, strategically selecting catalysts can enhance reaction kinetics and improve the efficiency of hydrogen production. This review underscores the importance of considering technical performance and economic viability in the design and operation of electrolyzer systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 125697"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A physics-guided self-adaptive chiller sequencing controller of enhanced robustness and energy efficiency accommodating measurement uncertainties","authors":"Wenke Zou ,&nbsp;Hangxin Li ,&nbsp;Dian-ce Gao ,&nbsp;Shengwei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125718","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125718","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For multi-chiller systems commonly applied in commercial buildings, a reliable chiller sequencing control strategy makes a crucial contribution to ensure robust and energy-efficient operation. However, the commonly used chiller sequencing control strategy often deviates from expectations significantly due to common sensor measurement uncertainties encountered in practice. To address this problem, this study proposes a physics-guided chiller sequencing control strategy that improves the system's robustness and energy efficiency by adaptively adjusting chiller switching thresholds to accommodate sensor measurement uncertainties. First, a physics-guided fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) supervisor is developed to diagnose the fault types associated with each chiller-ON event under the corresponding switching thresholds. Subsequently, based on the identified fault type, a self-adaptive switching threshold supervisor is developed to adaptively adjust the chiller switching thresholds (i.e., key parameters for determining the chiller stages) for mitigating the adverse impacts resulting from the sensor measurement uncertainties. The test results show that the proposed control strategy can significantly enhance the robustness under negative measurement uncertainties and save the total system energy consumption by up to 7.46 % without sacrificing robustness under positive measurement uncertainties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 125718"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy and environmental performance of iron and steel industry in real-time demand response: A case of hot rolling process","authors":"Xinmin Liu ,&nbsp;Wenqiang Sun ,&nbsp;Tiantian Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaoyuan Xu ,&nbsp;Tao Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125717","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125717","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The large-scale integration of renewable energy into the power system poses new problems and challenges to its flexible and stable operation. A new grid regulation model based on demand-side resources has emerged as a trend in industry development. Industries such as iron and steel sites consume vast amounts of electrical resources and possess significant demand response (DR) potential. However, the real-time regulation capability of industrial loads has not been clearly quantified, and industrial sectors' enthusiasm for participating in DR is low due to energy and environmental factors. To address thess research gaps, this paper focuses on the hot rolling process in the iron and steel industry and proposes an assessment model to quantify its real-time DR potential. Based on analysis of hot-rolling process' energy and environmental performance during DR, strategies to minimize process gas supply and CO₂ emissions in reheating furnace standby periods have been formulated. Case studies show DR potential peaks at 16 MW at 1200 °C with 304L steel. A one-hour DR can lead to extra 16,975 m³ process gas consumption and 24.1 t CO₂ emissions, which can be mitigated by reducing process gas by 30% for DR under 1 h and shutting down the furnace for longer durations. Using green electricity post-DR can offset CO₂ emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 125717"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Renewable energy communities for sustainable cities: Economic insights into subsidies, market dynamics and benefits distribution","authors":"Paolo Basilico ,&nbsp;Alberto Biancardi ,&nbsp;Idiano D'Adamo ,&nbsp;Massimo Gastaldi ,&nbsp;Tan Yigitcanlar","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125752","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125752","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Renewable energy communities (RECs) present a compelling pathway to achieving a just energy transition, particularly in regions such as Europe. Within this context, Italy stands out as a leader in REC development due to its favorable incentive policies, which support widespread adoption. The advancement of RECs requires robust quantitative analyses to illustrate the equitable distribution of economic benefits between prosumers and consumers. This paper presents an economic evaluation of photovoltaic (PV) systems within residential RECs, contributing to the development of sustainable and green urban environments. Using the discounted cash flow method with net present value (NPV) as the primary indicator, the research evaluates various scenarios influenced by subsidies and market dynamics. The findings reveal that PV-based RECs represent highly profitable investments characterized by low economic risk. The NPVs per kW range from €2042–5148 in low-market scenarios and €3347–8195 in high-market scenarios. For RECs comprising four prosumers, the distribution of benefits varies between 15 and 35 %. Additionally, the study introduces two innovative profit-sharing models among renewable self-consumers (RSCs). The first model incentivizes energy-conscious consumption by offering lower trading prices within the REC, while the second model prioritizes energy equity by providing greater support to lower-income households. Both models result in an 18–30 % reduction that encourages prosumer participation, irrespective of individual consumption patterns. Furthermore, the inclusion of consumers alters the distribution of benefits, reinforcing the role played by RECs in fostering socially inclusive energy systems. Ultimately, the economic viability of PV systems within RECs underscores their critical role in advancing energy-sustainable urban development. By simultaneously enhancing environmental resilience and promoting social equity, RECs may serve as a foundational element in the transition towards a greener and more equitable energy future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 125752"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of lithium-ion battery degradation by corrected differential voltage analysis based on reference electrode","authors":"Wentao Xu ,&nbsp;Jiangong Zhu ,&nbsp;Jie Zhang ,&nbsp;Mengshu Tian ,&nbsp;Jixiang Cai ,&nbsp;Hang Wu ,&nbsp;Gang Wei ,&nbsp;Tingfeng Chen ,&nbsp;Xuezhe Wei ,&nbsp;Haifeng Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125735","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125735","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Differential voltage analysis (DVA) is a non-destructive method for analyzing the degradation mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries and is widely used. The capacity variations between the peaks on the differential voltage curves are considered to reflect different degradation mechanisms of the batteries. However, DVA of batteries is the coupling of cathodes and anodes, and is based on idealized assumptions that still require experimental validation and correction. Due to the challenges in fabricating long-term and reliable reference electrodes for commercial batteries, it is hard to decouple the cathode and anode over the battery entire lifespan. In this study, four types of three-electrode batteries are fabricated. The cycling aging experiments are conducted on the three-electrode batteries, decoupling the voltages of the cathode and anode over the entire battery lifespan. The DVA method is validated and corrected. The corrected DVA, combined with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy based on reference electrodes, is used to analyze and quantify the battery degradation mechanisms. The degradation mechanisms of 36.3 % loss of lithium inventory, 7.8 % loss of active material (LAM) for anode, and severe LAM for cathode are identified. Finally, the degradation mechanisms are validated by post-mortem analysis. This study provides valuable insights and guidance for the use of DVA and the future commercial three-electrode batteries in battery diagnosis and prognosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 125735"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achieving 100 % renewable e-methanol incorporating biomass-fired generation: A techno-economic study","authors":"Zhipeng Yu ,&nbsp;Jin Lin ,&nbsp;Feng Liu ,&nbsp;Yingtian Chi ,&nbsp;Yonghua Song ,&nbsp;Fengqi You","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125648","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125648","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Converting renewable hydrogen (<span><math><msub><mtext>H</mtext><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>) and carbon dioxide (<span><math><msub><mtext>CO</mtext><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>) into methanol is a promising pathway for decarbonizing the chemical industry. The produced renewable methanol can also be used for decarbonizing other sectors, such as shipping and power systems. Achieving 100 % renewable methanol requires both <span><math><msub><mtext>H</mtext><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mtext>CO</mtext><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> sources to be “renewable”. Currently, <span><math><msub><mtext>CO</mtext><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> from direct air capture (DAC) or biomass can be regarded as the renewable one. However, DAC’s high cost and the challenges in scaling up biomass gasification hinder their practical application in large-scale renewable methanol production. To address the issues above, this paper proposes a novel 100 % renewable e-methanol synthesis technical route (MSTR) incorporating the mature biomass-fired generation (denoted as MSTR-3). Two biomass gasification-based MSTRs (denoted as MSTR-1 and MSTR-2) are introduced as the benchmarks. A fractional programming (FP)-based optimization framework is established to evaluate the techno-economic levels of different MSTRs, with the levelized cost of methanol (LCOM) used as the objective function. The results indicate that the proposed MSTR-3 can trade off the cost and the resource utilization, avoiding the high curtailment of renewable energy sources (RES) and low utilization of carbon from biomass observed in MSTR-1 and MSTR-2. Furthermore, combining inflexible MSTR-2 with flexible MSTR-3 can reduce LCOM from 4310 RMB<span><span>¹</span></span>/t (588 USD/t) to 3849 RMB/t (525 USD/t), demonstrating that coordinated planning of flexible and inflexible loads is an effective strategy for achieving both economic benefits and improved resource utilization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 125648"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embedding energy flexibility capability in air source heat pumps via third-party control: Insights from a field trial on residential buildings in England","authors":"P.A.D. Turner ,&nbsp;T.W. Rushby ,&nbsp;M. Manfren ,&nbsp;P.A.B. James ,&nbsp;S. Gauthier ,&nbsp;A.S. Bahaj ,&nbsp;T. Sweetnam ,&nbsp;S. Kim ,&nbsp;Ellis Ridett","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125705","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125705","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research investigates energy flexibility in residential building clusters transitioning from gas boilers to air source heat pumps, within the broader context of rapid decarbonisation of both building stock and electric grid in the UK. The study field trialed a scalable control approach embedded in heat pumps, as part of the EPSRC funded project \"LATENT: Residential heat as an energy system service\". The project explores a flexibility paradigm where aggregators and Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) partner with installers and manufacturers to leverage small-scale flexibility sources, to enable swift flexibility deployment in clusters of buildings. Flexibility events were scheduled for ESCO customers in Southern England during typical UK electric grid peak hours, using an intervention and control approach across customer groups. Findings reveal insights into third-party control operation, events duration, override requests, achievable flexibility and user behaviour/comfort preferences. Peak shaving strategies implemented resulted in an average power reduction of 88.2% across events with a maximum demand reduction of 1.581 kW, averaged throughout the cluster of buildings. Override requests occurred in only 2.7% of potential cases, with events lasting from 30 to 120 minutes. The study also assessed temperature dependence in flexibility performance at the cluster level. Results indicate the feasibility of longer energy flexibility events, contingent on a more advanced analysis of technical and social constraints. In conclusion, the research emphasises the significance of conducting field trials to showcase potential for energy flexibility solutions in optimising the operation of electric infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 125705"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coordinated central-local control strategy for voltage management in PV-integrated distribution networks considering energy storage degradation","authors":"Wenhu Tang ,&nbsp;Yunlin Huang ,&nbsp;Tong Qian ,&nbsp;Cihang Wei ,&nbsp;Jianzhong Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125684","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125684","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In PV-integrated distribution networks, there is increasing interest in developing cost-effective voltage control strategies that utilize PV inverters and battery energy storage systems (BESS). However, energy storage often plays a secondary role in mitigating the inherent uncertainty of PV generation, and the associated maintenance and replacement costs of batteries due to improper scheduling are frequently overlooked. To address this issue, this paper proposes a coordinated central-local control strategy for voltage management in PV-integrated distribution networks, incorporating the cycle life degradation of energy storage. In the proposed strategy, the central controller formulates a multi-stage Wasserstein-based distributionally robust optimization problem based on the requirements of the distribution system operator (DSO). In the local hierarchy, each PV inverter adjusts reactive power output via the control curves improved by the central controller to manage rapid PV fluctuations. Additionally, battery replacement costs are allocated per discharge/charge cycle and incorporated into voltage control costs to assess the impact of short-term scheduling on long-term battery degradation. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy achieves the global optimal decision according to the required robustness and economy in the central hierarchy, while ensuring appropriate scheduling of BESS and minimizing the impact of scheduling on battery lifespan. Furthermore, the proposed strategy can effectively reduce voltage deviations caused by PV fluctuations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 125684"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on performance of seawater-based evaporative cooling integrated with desiccant wheel air-conditioning system for marine vessels","authors":"Liqing Liu ,&nbsp;Yi Chen ,&nbsp;Huaxia Yan ,&nbsp;Shuchen Peng ,&nbsp;Yan Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125723","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125723","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a hybrid air-conditioning system consists of a desiccant wheel (DW) driven by the waste heat of ships and a dew point indirect evaporative cooler (IEC) utilizing seawater as a cooling medium is proposed as an energy-efficient alternative to the conventional ship air-conditioning system for the dehumidification and cooling of the cabins of marine vessels. A numerical model including a DW and an IEC was developed. Different from traditional IEC which relies on pure water evaporation, research highlights are placed on the characteristics of seawater evaporation in the model establishment by taking account of the thermophysical properties of seawater. By using the energy consumption, dehumidification capacity and cooling capacity as indicators, the effects of six operating parameters on the system performance are investigated and optimized. Case study is also conducted to reveal the air handling processes and energy performance under typical operating conditions. The results show that the outlet air temperature of seawater based IEC is slightly higher than that of pure water-based IEC with a difference of only 0.86 % to 1.35 %. The hybrid air-conditioning system exhibits excellent dehumidification and cooling capacity at higher inlet air temperature, humidity and regeneration temperature, with a coefficient of performance (COP) up to 12.6. Compared with the traditional vapor compression refrigeration system, the energy saving rate of hybrid air-conditioning system can reach 61.62 % by consuming only 10.5 % of the ship's residual heat. The hybrid air-conditioning system provides a low-carbon and sustainable air-conditioning solution for the marine vessels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 125723"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of current distribution and performance degradation mechanism of PEMFC during transient loading under gas starvation condition: An experimental study","authors":"Zongkai Luo ,&nbsp;Guofu Zou ,&nbsp;Ke Chen ,&nbsp;Wenshang Chen ,&nbsp;Qihao Deng ,&nbsp;Dandi He ,&nbsp;Zhongzhuang Xiong ,&nbsp;Ben Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125702","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125702","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Automotive proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is subject to frequent variations in operating conditions, and gas starvation can lead to dramatic performance deterioration. In this study, the effects of anode gas starvation and cathode gas starvation, as well as simultaneous anode and cathode gas starvation, on the dynamic response process of the PEMFC were innovatively evaluated. Furthermore, this study provides a thorough examination of the mechanism underlying the performance deterioration of PEMFC during gas starvation by creatively combining segmented PEMFC with electrochemical characterization techniques. It is found that under the gas starvation condition, the current distribution exhibited a gradual decrease from the gas inlet to downstream regions, while the gas outlet region displayed a higher current density, indicating voltage reversal phenomena in that area. Compared to anode gas starvation, cathode gas starvation has a greater negative impact on the dynamic response to current loading and has a more significant voltage reversal in the gas outlet region. Analysis by means of electrochemical characterization revealed that the charge transfer resistance in EIS increased from 12.46 mΩ to 14.27 mΩ, representing the decrease in catalyst activity, while the mass transfer resistance increased from 6.07 mΩ to 6.72 mΩ, representing the structural damage in the membrane electrode due to gas starvation hindering mass transfer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"388 ","pages":"Article 125702"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}