Appetite最新文献

{"title":"Examining Longitudinal Associations Between Early Environmental Deprivation and Unpredictability and Dietary Quality and Eating Behaviors a Decade Later","authors":"Emily L. Goldberg ,&nbsp;Rebecca L. Brock ,&nbsp;Amy Lazarus Yaroch ,&nbsp;Jennie L. Hill ,&nbsp;W.Alex Mason ,&nbsp;Jennifer Mize Nelson ,&nbsp;Kimberly Andrews Espy ,&nbsp;Timothy D. Nelson","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Although emerging evidence suggests that deprivation and unpredictability, two unique dimensions of early adversity, may be associated with eating, this association has not been examined across key developmental periods with robust measurement of dietary quality and eating behaviors. This study aims to examine the unique effect that experience of early deprivation and unpredictability may have on later eating across adolescence.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Participants in this longitudinal study were 337 children (51% female) initially recruited between ages 3 and 6. Deprivation and unpredictability were measured upon study entry during preschool by observation and primary caregiver self-report, respectively. Eating across adolescence was measured at three time points by 24-hour dietary recalls via the Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Tool (ASA24), assessing for dietary quality, and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire R-18 (TFEQ-R18), assessing for eating behaviors. This study utilized structural equation modeling to examine longitudinal associations between deprivation, unpredictability, and dietary quality (Model #1) and between deprivation, unpredictability, and eating behaviors (Model #2), while controlling for sex, socioeconomic status, and maternal education (both models).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Greater experience of early deprivation was uniquely associated with higher caloric intake and greater emotional eating across adolescence. Alternatively, greater experience of early unpredictability was uniquely associated with lower caloric intake across adolescence.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Experience of early deprivation and unpredictability emerged as significant predictors of caloric intake and emotional eating (deprivation only) across adolescence. These results have potential implications for interventions and prevention efforts aimed at reducing less healthful eating across adolescence by identifying early modifiable targets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 108277"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144937679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time recording: A scoping review of methods to study children's real-time exposure to food and food marketing online","authors":"Elisabeth McNaughton,&nbsp;Moira Smith,&nbsp;Christine Cleghorn,&nbsp;Louise Signal","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Today, children are exposed to an unprecedented amount of marketing for high-fat, sugar and salt (HFSS) foods and non-alcoholic beverages. Exposure to HFSS products influences children's food preferences and consumption patterns. As children increasingly live, learn and play online, understanding their exposure to food and food marketing in digital environments has become a growing area of research. Real-time recording of children's devices offers an observational method of assessing their exposure to food and food marketing online. This scoping review aimed to identify and analyse studies employing real-time screen recording methods to study children's online exposure to food and food marketing. Three electronic databases (Scopus, Medline, and Web of Science) were used to identify articles published between January 1, 2010, and July 22, 2024. Articles were included if they collected and analysed real-time screen recordings from children (&lt;18 years) using their own devices. Five studies met the criteria, conducted in Australia (n = 2), Mexico (n = 1), and Canada (n = 2). Findings suggest that research on children's exposure to food and food marketing online using real-time recording of their device use is limited. Included studies revealed inconsistencies in data collection, coding, and exposure definitions. A standardised data collection and coding protocol is needed to enhance the comparability and rigour of future research in this field. More high-quality research using real-time recording to assess children's exposure to food and food marketing online is needed. Future research should prioritise the inclusion of participants from low-income countries and diverse socio-economic and ethnic backgrounds to identify potential inequities in children's exposure to food and food marketing online.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 108275"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144908305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Appetitive traits and their associations with social anxiety and depression in school-aged children: A cross-sectional study","authors":"Youxin Wang ,&nbsp;Danqi Qiu ,&nbsp;Pingping Zhang ,&nbsp;Fangjing Shen ,&nbsp;Miao Xu ,&nbsp;Hui Wang ,&nbsp;Li Li","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Children's appetitive traits may offer critical insights into psychological issues such as anxiety and depression, yet their specific associations with these mental health outcomes remain poorly defined. This study aims to elucidate the relationships between appetite and symptoms of anxiety and depression in school-aged children.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study included 1259 Chinese children aged 8–10 at baseline (September 2022) and 1558 children at the 9-month follow-up (June 2023), with follow-up data used in sensitivity analyses to test the robustness and directionality of the cross-sectional associations. Appetitive traits were evaluated via the Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire, which was completed by their guardians. Children self-reported their levels of social anxiety and depression via the Social Anxiety Scale for Children and the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale questionnaires. Linear mixed models were used to examine the associations between appetitive traits and depression and social anxiety.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Slowness in eating was significantly associated with higher social anxiety scores (β = 0.10, <em>P</em> = 0.043) and with greater odds of anxiety (OR = 1.125 [1.029, 1.230], <em>P</em> = 0.010). Children with higher depression scores exhibited greater satiety responsiveness (β = 0.22, <em>P</em> = 0.016), higher food responsiveness (β = 0.14, <em>P</em> = 0.030) and greater slowness in eating (β = 0.24, <em>P</em> = 0.022), all of which were associated with greater odds of depression: satiety responsiveness (OR = 1.104 [1.033, 1.180], <em>P</em> = 0.003), food responsiveness (OR = 1.016 [1.012, 1.113], <em>P</em> = 0.015), and slowness in eating (OR = 1.084 [1.004, 1.170], <em>P</em> = 0.038). The 9-month follow-up data affirmed the robustness of these associations and their potential causal links. Gender-stratified analyses revealed stronger associations in females.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study revealed significant associations between children's appetitive traits and their mental health. These findings suggest that adjusting or optimizing specific appetitive traits may play important roles in reducing the risk of anxiety and depression among children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 108276"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144937616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A narrative review of public and expert perceptions of ultra-processed foods: Knowledge, opinions, and educational directions","authors":"Hannah C. McCausland ,&nbsp;Jennifer A. Nasser ,&nbsp;Erica M. LaFata","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultra-processed foods (UPFs; e.g., packaged salty snacks, packaged desserts, soda), “Group 4” foods of the NOVA classification system, are tasty, readily available, convenient, affordable, and rewarding. However, UPFs have been linked to numerous physical and mental health consequences, such as overweight/obesity and depression. Despite UPFs garnering attention as a public health concern and the NOVA system becoming more heavily researched, there remains some uncertainty about UPFs, including how to apply the NOVA classification system to identify UPFs and the pros and cons of UPFs in our environment. Public health initiatives focused on UPFs will likely need to involve educational efforts to fill knowledge gaps, but it is important to first understand population-wide perspectives of UPFs. This narrative review examines literature published in the past 10 years and explores knowledge and perceptions of UPFs among general population samples, expert populations (nutrition experts), and niche populations (children, athletes, and university students/staff). While this review finds that many are aware of UPFs and perceive them as unhealthy, misidentification commonly occurs for specific UPFs (i.e., breads, granola) possibly because these products are viewed as healthier foods. Based on the research available, we do not have a clear global understanding about knowledge and perceptions of UPFs. This review also discusses how educational initiatives, such as school-based education or gamification, may be utilized to fill knowledge gaps to empower consumers to make informed consumption choices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 108273"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of feeding coparenting in children's healthy food intake and parents' positive feeding practices, mediated by feeding self-efficacy: A cross-sectional study of Japanese mothers and fathers of preschoolers","authors":"Emi Yoshii,&nbsp;Misa Shimpo","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Better feeding coparenting is a factor of positive feeding practices and children's healthy eating. However, these associations have not been investigated among Japanese families, and the underlying psychological mechanism is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate (1) the association of feeding coparenting with positive feeding practices and children's intake of well-balanced meals among Japanese families and (2) whether feeding self-efficacy mediates these associations. A total of 184 mothers and 153 fathers of preschool children completed a cross-sectional survey. The participants completed the following measures: feeding coparenting scale, feeding practices guiding healthy eating for children, child's intake of meals that include staple, main, and side dishes (SMS meals; which are well-balanced meals recommended in Japanese dietary guidelines), and feeding self-efficacy. In the present study, healthy eating guidance was evaluated as a positive feeding practice. SMS meal was assessed as well-balanced meal consumption. Mothers' shared views scores were significantly associated with only healthy eating guidance scores. Mothers' active engagement scores were significantly associated with healthy eating guidance scores and children's SMS meal intake. Fathers' shared views scores and active engagement scores were significantly associated with healthy eating guidance scores. These associations were mediated by feeding self-efficacy scores. Our findings highlight the importance of feeding coparenting to support mothers' and fathers' positive feeding practices and children's healthy food intake among Japanese families.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 108272"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current therapeutic and educational interventions for feeding problems in early childhood: A systematic review","authors":"Gokcen Akyurek ,&nbsp;Rukiye Begum Koca Senturk","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108271","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Feeding problems are common in early childhood and are often a source of concern for families. The aim of this review is to identify therapeutic and educational interventions for sensory-behavioral feeding problems that have become widespread in recent years and to systematically evaluate the evidence for their effectiveness. This review, registered in the PROSPERO system, was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guideline. PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and CINAHL databases were searched for randomized controlled trials published between January 2015 and January 2025. Two independent researchers reviewed 2653 records and included 11 studies. The methodological quality of the data was assessed with the Joanna Briggs Institute checklists. The study findings were examined under 4 headings: children's feeding behaviors, food consumption, sensory motor difficulties and parents' attitudes and satisfaction. Behavioral approaches and systematic desensitization approaches, sensory games, repeated exposure and parent trainings offer promising results in this area, but small samples and short follow-up periods limit the generalizability of the findings. Future studies are recommended to compare different nutritional interventions with larger, heterogeneous samples and to plan long-term follow-up.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 108271"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144902982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A qualitative exploration of women's experiences of food insecurity around pregnancy aligned with the socio-ecological model","authors":"J. Marshall ,&nbsp;L. Davies ,&nbsp;Lambeth HDRC ,&nbsp;F. Lavelle ,&nbsp;N. O'Leary ,&nbsp;A.C. Flynn ,&nbsp;S. Harding ,&nbsp;Z. Bell","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108264","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108264","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pregnancy, postpartum, and infancy are pivotal periods when food insecurity (FI), defined as inconsistent access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food, can adversely impact maternal and child health. Despite high FI rates in the UK, little is known about women's experiences during this time. This study explores FI during pregnancy and postpartum amongst a multi-ethnic group of women. Between October 2023 and February 2024 semi-structured interviews were conducted with purposively sampled food-insecure individuals (&gt;18 years, pregnant or postpartum &lt;12 months, residing in South London with recourse to public funds). Demographics were analysed with SPSS, and interviews using Reflexive Thematic Analysis in NVivo. Findings were discussed in alignment with the socio-ecological model. Three key themes were generated from eleven interviews. 1) Societal systems failure and its nutritional impact, 2) System ‘soothers’ mitigating FI, and 3) Creating Coordinated Care. Theme one describes the structural drivers' influencing maternal food strategies, eating and feeding behaviours. Theme two explores factors protecting or inhibiting women access to support. Theme three discusses the benefits and opportunities for improved health and social care coordination to address FI during pregnancy. This study emphasizes how structural determinants exacerbate FI during pregnancy and postpartum, with unique structural drivers to this life course period worsening its impact. FI influences health eating despite resourceful cooking and food management strategies. Greater coordinated care is urgently needed to address FI, promote healthy diets, and improve access.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 108264"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144902956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and evaluation of a multidimensional diet quality score for sustainable healthy diets (SUSDIET)","authors":"P. Machado ,&nbsp;K.M. Livingstone ,&nbsp;E. Denniss ,&nbsp;L.E. Marchese ,&nbsp;M.A. Lawrence ,&nbsp;S.A. McNaughton","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization recommend reducing the intake of ultra-processed foods whilst promoting diets rich in diverse plant foods and with appropriate amounts of animal products. Yet no existing metric simultaneously captures these dimensions of sustainable healthy diets. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a multidimensional diet quality score for sustainable healthy diets (SUSDIET). Consensus from experts on procedures to establish an operational definition for a global sustainable healthy diet were used for the development of SUSDIET. Data on adults (≥19 years, n = 5000) from the Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2011-12 were used to evaluate SUSDIET. Mean scores of the SUSDIET were analysed according to participants characteristics. Regression models were used to assess the associations between SUSDIET and intake of nutrients and cardiometabolic health outcomes (indicators of adiposity and hypertension). We developed SUSDIET, a food-based diet quality score incorporating variety of plant foods (12 food groups), intake of animal products (5 food groups), and ultra-processed foods (1 food group). SUSDIET overall score ranges from 0 to 15, with a higher score indicating a more healthy and sustainable diet. Among Australian adults, SUSDIET overall score was 5.83 ± 0.03 (range 0.21–10.80), and was associated with a healthier nutrient profile and lower odds of obesity and abdominal obesity. SUSDIET will support research aiming to assess the impact of diets on both health and environmental sustainability outcomes among the general adult population and inform diet monitoring globally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 108270"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of apple form on satiety in 4–6 year-old children: possible evidence of sex differences","authors":"Nicole A. Reigh ,&nbsp;Barbara J. Rolls ,&nbsp;Benjamin A. Baney ,&nbsp;Lori A. Francis ,&nbsp;Kristin A. Buss ,&nbsp;John E. Hayes ,&nbsp;Marion M. Hetherington ,&nbsp;Kameron Moding ,&nbsp;Samantha M.R. Kling ,&nbsp;Kathleen L. Keller","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research in adults has shown that food form (e.g., liquid, semi-solid, solid) influences satiety, even when energy and energy density are matched. However, less is known about the impact of food form on satiety in children. We examined the influence of food form on children's subsequent meal intake. Children (n = 64, F = 32; mean age 5.9 years-old) completed a crossover study with 5 laboratory visits, each ∼1 week apart. During each visit, children were presented with no preload (control) or one of 4 apple preloads: slices, purée, juice, or juice sweetened with non-nutritive sweetener. Apple slices, purée, and juice were matched for energy and energy density. Visual cues were masked and eating rate was controlled. The order of conditions was pseudorandomized and counterbalanced. Following the preload, children ate <em>ad libitum</em> from a standardized meal and satiety was calculated as the % of energy intake at the preload + meal relative to intake at the no preload condition (100 % = perfect compensation). Food form did not influence satiety. Satiety was 112 %, 121 %, and 120 % for apple slices, purée, and juice, respectively (p &gt; 0.05). Results, however, varied by sex: boys showed near perfect (99 %) compensation for apple slices (p &lt; 0.01), while it was 125 % in girls. Compared to the control condition, satiety in boys was better (i.e., closer to 100 %) than in girls (p &lt; 0.05). Thus, when visual cues were masked and consumption rate controlled, solid fruit and fruit juice had similar effects on satiety, but across fruit forms, boys showed better satiety than girls. These findings suggest that factors that influence satiety differ by child sex; we posit that satiety in girls may be driven more by social/learned cues while boys respond to biological signals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 108269"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of ultra-processed foods consumption in 4-year-old Spanish children","authors":"Laura-María Compañ-Gabucio ,&nbsp;Laura Torres-Collado ,&nbsp;Alejandro Oncina-Cánovas ,&nbsp;Guillermo Fernández-Tardón ,&nbsp;Adonina Tardón ,&nbsp;Loreto Santa-Marina Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Ziortza Barroeta ,&nbsp;Martine Vrijheid ,&nbsp;Sarah Warkentin ,&nbsp;Sabrina Llop ,&nbsp;Raquel Soler-Blasco ,&nbsp;Carolina Ojeda-Belokon ,&nbsp;Manuela García-de-la-Hera ,&nbsp;Jesús Vioque ,&nbsp;Sandra González-Palacios","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108268","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108268","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultra-processed foods (UPF) consumption has increased in recent decades, contributing to poor diet quality and certain health problems in early childhood. This study aimed to evaluate UPF consumption in 4-year-old children and determine maternal and child sociodemographic and lifestyle predictors of UPF consumption. We analysed data for 1736 mother-child pairs from the INfancia y Medio Ambiente birth cohort study. Children's diets were parent-reported using validated food frequency questionnaires from which UPF consumption was calculated according to the NOVA classification. We used multinomial logistic regression to assess associations between sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics and child UPF consumption in tertiles (low, intermediate, high). The mean (SD) daily UPF consumption was 414.6 (240.2)g/day, accounting for 32.8 % of the total daily intake. The main sources of UPF consumption were ultra-processed dairy products (44.3 %), ultra-processed beverages (17.8 %) and sweet foods (16.5 %). A higher maternal UPF consumption during pregnancy [RRR_medium = 1.68 (95 %CI 1.23–2.30) and RRR_high = 2.86 (95 %CI: 2.02–4.04)] and child television viewing [RRR_{&gt;1.5 h/day} = 1.65 (95 %CI: 1.21–2.25)] were positively associated with a higher child UPF consumption, whereas maternal age≥30 years was associated with reduced UPF consumption [RRR = 0.71 (95 %CI: 0.54–0.94)]. These associations remained similar when stratified by sex, although maternal age effect was not significant in sex-specific models. Medium and high UPF consumption of mothers during pregnancy, younger age at pregnancy, and more television viewing in children were associated with higher UPF consumption at age 4. The identification of factors associated with child UPF consumption could support the development of health promotion strategies aimed at reducing UPF consumption in children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 108268"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144854109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}