Appetite最新文献

{"title":"Development and evaluation of a multidimensional diet quality score for sustainable healthy diets (SUSDIET)","authors":"P. Machado ,&nbsp;K.M. Livingstone ,&nbsp;E. Denniss ,&nbsp;L.E. Marchese ,&nbsp;M.A. Lawrence ,&nbsp;S.A. McNaughton","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization recommend reducing the intake of ultra-processed foods whilst promoting diets rich in diverse plant foods and with appropriate amounts of animal products. Yet no existing metric simultaneously captures these dimensions of sustainable healthy diets. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a multidimensional diet quality score for sustainable healthy diets (SUSDIET). Consensus from experts on procedures to establish an operational definition for a global sustainable healthy diet were used for the development of SUSDIET. Data on adults (≥19 years, n = 5000) from the Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2011-12 were used to evaluate SUSDIET. Mean scores of the SUSDIET were analysed according to participants characteristics. Regression models were used to assess the associations between SUSDIET and intake of nutrients and cardiometabolic health outcomes (indicators of adiposity and hypertension). We developed SUSDIET, a food-based diet quality score incorporating variety of plant foods (12 food groups), intake of animal products (5 food groups), and ultra-processed foods (1 food group). SUSDIET overall score ranges from 0 to 15, with a higher score indicating a more healthy and sustainable diet. Among Australian adults, SUSDIET overall score was 5.83 ± 0.03 (range 0.21–10.80), and was associated with a healthier nutrient profile and lower odds of obesity and abdominal obesity. SUSDIET will support research aiming to assess the impact of diets on both health and environmental sustainability outcomes among the general adult population and inform diet monitoring globally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 108270"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of apple form on satiety in 4–6 year-old children: possible evidence of sex differences","authors":"Nicole A. Reigh ,&nbsp;Barbara J. Rolls ,&nbsp;Benjamin A. Baney ,&nbsp;Lori A. Francis ,&nbsp;Kristin A. Buss ,&nbsp;John E. Hayes ,&nbsp;Marion M. Hetherington ,&nbsp;Kameron Moding ,&nbsp;Samantha M.R. Kling ,&nbsp;Kathleen L. Keller","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research in adults has shown that food form (e.g., liquid, semi-solid, solid) influences satiety, even when energy and energy density are matched. However, less is known about the impact of food form on satiety in children. We examined the influence of food form on children's subsequent meal intake. Children (n = 64, F = 32; mean age 5.9 years-old) completed a crossover study with 5 laboratory visits, each ∼1 week apart. During each visit, children were presented with no preload (control) or one of 4 apple preloads: slices, purée, juice, or juice sweetened with non-nutritive sweetener. Apple slices, purée, and juice were matched for energy and energy density. Visual cues were masked and eating rate was controlled. The order of conditions was pseudorandomized and counterbalanced. Following the preload, children ate <em>ad libitum</em> from a standardized meal and satiety was calculated as the % of energy intake at the preload + meal relative to intake at the no preload condition (100 % = perfect compensation). Food form did not influence satiety. Satiety was 112 %, 121 %, and 120 % for apple slices, purée, and juice, respectively (p &gt; 0.05). Results, however, varied by sex: boys showed near perfect (99 %) compensation for apple slices (p &lt; 0.01), while it was 125 % in girls. Compared to the control condition, satiety in boys was better (i.e., closer to 100 %) than in girls (p &lt; 0.05). Thus, when visual cues were masked and consumption rate controlled, solid fruit and fruit juice had similar effects on satiety, but across fruit forms, boys showed better satiety than girls. These findings suggest that factors that influence satiety differ by child sex; we posit that satiety in girls may be driven more by social/learned cues while boys respond to biological signals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 108269"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of ultra-processed foods consumption in 4-year-old Spanish children","authors":"Laura-María Compañ-Gabucio ,&nbsp;Laura Torres-Collado ,&nbsp;Alejandro Oncina-Cánovas ,&nbsp;Guillermo Fernández-Tardón ,&nbsp;Adonina Tardón ,&nbsp;Loreto Santa-Marina Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Ziortza Barroeta ,&nbsp;Martine Vrijheid ,&nbsp;Sarah Warkentin ,&nbsp;Sabrina Llop ,&nbsp;Raquel Soler-Blasco ,&nbsp;Carolina Ojeda-Belokon ,&nbsp;Manuela García-de-la-Hera ,&nbsp;Jesús Vioque ,&nbsp;Sandra González-Palacios","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108268","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108268","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultra-processed foods (UPF) consumption has increased in recent decades, contributing to poor diet quality and certain health problems in early childhood. This study aimed to evaluate UPF consumption in 4-year-old children and determine maternal and child sociodemographic and lifestyle predictors of UPF consumption. We analysed data for 1736 mother-child pairs from the INfancia y Medio Ambiente birth cohort study. Children's diets were parent-reported using validated food frequency questionnaires from which UPF consumption was calculated according to the NOVA classification. We used multinomial logistic regression to assess associations between sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics and child UPF consumption in tertiles (low, intermediate, high). The mean (SD) daily UPF consumption was 414.6 (240.2)g/day, accounting for 32.8 % of the total daily intake. The main sources of UPF consumption were ultra-processed dairy products (44.3 %), ultra-processed beverages (17.8 %) and sweet foods (16.5 %). A higher maternal UPF consumption during pregnancy [RRR_medium = 1.68 (95 %CI 1.23–2.30) and RRR_high = 2.86 (95 %CI: 2.02–4.04)] and child television viewing [RRR_{&gt;1.5 h/day} = 1.65 (95 %CI: 1.21–2.25)] were positively associated with a higher child UPF consumption, whereas maternal age≥30 years was associated with reduced UPF consumption [RRR = 0.71 (95 %CI: 0.54–0.94)]. These associations remained similar when stratified by sex, although maternal age effect was not significant in sex-specific models. Medium and high UPF consumption of mothers during pregnancy, younger age at pregnancy, and more television viewing in children were associated with higher UPF consumption at age 4. The identification of factors associated with child UPF consumption could support the development of health promotion strategies aimed at reducing UPF consumption in children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 108268"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144854109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Nobody is talking about it, so maybe it is not that important.” a qualitative study examining Canadian adults’ perceptions and experiences with dietary sodium","authors":"Rola Al Ghali ,&nbsp;Saman Tahir ,&nbsp;Ellen Vogel ,&nbsp;Mahmooda Khaliq ,&nbsp;Salma Bafagih ,&nbsp;JoAnne Arcand","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Excess sodium intake is a major risk factor for chronic disease, yet most Canadians exceed recommended levels. Despite its significance, there is a lack of qualitative research examining the lived experiences, perceptions, and motivations behind sodium intake behaviors in the Canadian general population. This descriptive qualitative study used individual interviews to examine these factors among Canadian adults. A semi-structured interview guide, guided by Social Cognitive Theory and Socio-Ecological Model, was developed, expert-reviewed, and validated. Eight participants were recruited via social media and completed a 30–45-min interview. Audio-recorded interviews were transcribed and analyzed by four independent coders using an interpretivist approach. Participants (equal women and men, mean age 49 ± 16 years) were from diverse ethnicities and educational levels. Some had a chronic disease, and 50 % were limiting or considering reducing sodium intake. Most were unaware of excess sodium as a public health issue and unconcerned unless personally affected, though they worried about family members’ intake. Many had low immediate perceived benefits from reducing sodium, only prioritizing it when health effects emerged. Participants lacked awareness of their sodium consumption and how it compared to recommendations. Changing cooking habits and increased availability of processed foods contributed to higher intake. Restaurant meals were perceived as high in sodium, lacking menu labeling. The cost of lower-sodium foods was a barrier, and taste preference for salt influenced intake. Healthcare providers were key in raising awareness. This study offers a new perspective on excess dietary sodium, highlighting nuanced challenges to address as part of public health interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 108265"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food-related sensory activities for children in educational settings: a scoping review","authors":"H. Weiser,&nbsp;M. Waling,&nbsp;I. Bohm","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hands-on activities, where children explore food with their senses, are of interest for their potential to promote healthy eating. Various food-related sensory activities (FRSA) have been developed as interventions, but design, delivery and outcome variation challenge a robust evaluation of programs. Some argue that a focus on health is narrow and that FRSA could foster other competences, including non-health dimensions of sustainability. The objective of this scoping review was therefore to examine insights from the scientific literature regarding types, aims, perceived benefits, outcome measures and connections to sustainability of FRSA targeting children in educational settings. PRISMA-ScR was used. Three databases were searched in Spring 2024, resulting in 25 included articles. The FRSA were categorized into two main types and four subtypes. The most common aims, perceived benefits, and outcome measures were related to improving children's healthy eating. It has also been suggested that FRSA might foster critically conscious consumers and socially competent individuals, and support product development. Yet, these aspects were only partially evaluated in the studies reviewed. While environmental dimensions of sustainable eating were recognized, some of the competences related to being critically conscious and socially competent may also be important for sustainable development. Future research may explore FRSA's potential contributions to outcomes other than physical health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 108259"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144828519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emotion regulation facets prospectively distinguish food addiction from substance misuse in women with binge eating, gambling, or both behaviours","authors":"Sarah M. Farstad,&nbsp;Deepika Bajaj,&nbsp;Kristin M. von Ranson","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To determine the degree of similarity between food addiction (FA) and substance addictions (SA), we prospectively compared emotion regulation deficits associated with FA and alcohol or drug misuse in women with binge eating, gambling, or both behaviours.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Participants were 202 community-recruited women who engaged in at-risk binge eating (39 %), at-risk gambling (18 %), or both (43 %). Participants completed online assessments every two months for six months. The baseline and six-month surveys assessed self-reported emotion regulation using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and the UPPS-P Impulsivity Scale, FA using the Yale Food Addiction Scale, and alcohol and substance misuse using the Daily Drinking Questionnaire, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Drug Use Frequency, and Drug Abuse Screening Test. Two- and four-month surveys assessed only binge eating and gambling.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We identified facets of emotion regulation that were cross-sectionally and longitudinally associated with FA and substance misuse. Negative urgency emerged as a common cross-sectional correlate of FA and substance misuse, whereas positive urgency and non-acceptance of one's negative emotions had different associations to FA versus substance misuse. Positive urgency prospectively predicted 100 %, 130 %, and 200 % <em>increases</em> in odds of future substance misuse problems and a 50 % <em>decrease</em> in odds of future FA, whereas being unaccepting of one's negative emotions was associated with more severe FA symptoms (a DERS subscale) and <em>less</em> severe alcohol-related problems.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings suggest that FA is not associated with the same key deficits in emotion regulation as SA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 108266"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144854107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How do households cope with food insecurity? Quantitative analysis of the coping strategies of households with children attending public childcare in Uruguay","authors":"Gerónimo Brunet ,&nbsp;Gabriela Fajardo ,&nbsp;María Costa ,&nbsp;Luciana Bonilla ,&nbsp;Fernanda González ,&nbsp;Silvia Bentancor ,&nbsp;Sofía Verdier ,&nbsp;María Rosa Curutchet ,&nbsp;Alejandra Girona ,&nbsp;Lucía Pochellú ,&nbsp;Adriana Cauci ,&nbsp;Gastón Ares","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108267","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108267","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Food insecurity remains a pressing global challenge, particularly for households with children. This study examined the coping strategies adopted by socioeconomically vulnerable households with children up to 3 years old in Uruguay, a high-income Latin American country, by addressing the following objectives: (i) estimate the frequency of different coping strategies, (ii) assess their relationship with perceived food insecurity, and (iii) analyze the influence of socio-economic factors on their use. A nationally representative survey was conducted among households with children attending public childcare centers (n = 1535). The questionnaire included the Food Insecurity Experience Scale and a set of 15 coping strategies derived from prior qualitative research. The findings revealed that 72 % of households had adopted at least one coping strategy in the year prior to the survey. The likelihood of employing each strategy varied with the level of food insecurity experienced by the household. The Rasch model suggested that coping strategies can be represented along a unidimensional continuum of severity: less severe strategies are adopted earlier as food shortages appear, while more severe strategies appear only under more extreme conditions. In addition to food insecurity, socio-economic status and education level were also significant predictors of the use of several strategies. These results suggest that coping strategies and food insecurity indicators capture distinct yet interconnected aspects of economic challenges to access food. Notably, some coping strategies were highly prevalent even among households experiencing mild food insecurity and food security, which may imply negative changes in children's diet quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 108267"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144854108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulating bodily states and emotions: the influence of child and caregiver factors on emotional eating in 18-month-old toddlers","authors":"Liam R. Chawner,&nbsp;Sayaka Kidby,&nbsp;Maria Laura Filippetti","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108263","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108263","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parental feeding practices, child temperament, and poor emotion regulation abilities are central factors associated with Emotional Eating (EE) during childhood (3–10 years). Yet, it is poorly understood how children develop EE behaviours in early life. This experimental study investigated the influences of parental and child factors on early expression of EE behaviours in 18-month-old toddlers (N = 71). Toddlers attended the lab twice. After eating lunch to satiation, we manipulated internal emotional states and examined how toddlers regulated their responses to a mildly stressful (experimental) task compared to a control task, using the Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery “attractive toy behind a barrier” task. Immediately after, an Eating in the Absence of Hunger (EAH) protocol was administered. Toddlers' behaviours during each task were coded, along with measuring the energy consumption of snack food items. We found that experimental condition alone did not predict EE. However, toddlers exhibiting higher behavioural reactivity to changes in emotional state showed higher EE and consumed more energy. Higher parental use of food to regulate emotions predicted fewer calories EAH. Child eating traits were not found to be predictive of EE in the absence of hunger. We conclude that EE is a behaviour performed by some toddlers, yet an emotional perturbation alone is not enough to elicit EE at this developmental stage. Having a temperament that results in high behavioural reactivity to the situation and poor emotional regulation abilities may facilitate EE's occurrence. Future research should further investigate how both individual and situational factors interact to inform the development of EE in early life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 108263"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144820261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early life food insecurity in male rats impairs memory function during adulthood","authors":"Alicia E. Kao ,&nbsp;Olivia P. Moody ,&nbsp;Emily E. Noble ,&nbsp;Kevin P. Myers ,&nbsp;Scott E. Kanoski ,&nbsp;Anna M.R. Hayes","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Approximately 14% of U.S. households are food insecure. The neurocognitive and metabolic impacts of unpredictable food access during early-life periods of development are poorly understood. To address these gaps we devised a novel rat model of food insecurity to control the timing, type, and quantity of accessible food using programmable feeders. Male rats were divided into 3 groups: Secure-chow (SC), a control group given 100% of daily estimated caloric intake, distributed evenly across 4 daily meals of standard chow at set mealtimes; Secure-mixed (SM), a 2nd control group identical to the SC group except that the food type predictably alternated daily between chow and a high-fat, high-sugar diet (HFHS); and Insecure-mixed (IM), the experimental group given randomly alternating daily access to either chow or HFHS at either 85% or 115% of daily estimated caloric intake, distributed evenly across 3 daily meals with unpredictable mealtimes. These feeding schedules were implemented from postnatal days (PNs) 26–45, after which all groups received chow ad libitum. Metabolic assessments performed in adulthood revealed no group differences in caloric intake, body weight, or body composition when maintained on either chow (PN46-149) or a cafeteria diet (PN150-174). Behavioral measures (PN66-126) revealed no group differences in anxiety-like, exploratory, or impulsive behavior (zero maze, open field, differential reinforcement of low rates of responding procedures). However, the IM group exhibited hippocampus-dependent memory impairments compared to both control groups in the novel location recognition test. These findings suggest that early-life food insecurity may contribute to long-term impairments in memory function.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 108262"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144815386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parental use of distraction and portioning to reduce snack intake by children with avid eating behaviour: An experimental laboratory study.","authors":"Katie L Edwards, Abigail Pickard, Claire Farrow, Emma Haycraft, Moritz Herle, Clare Llewellyn, Helen Croker, Jacqueline Blissett","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2025.108257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Children's avid eating behaviour is characterised by frequent snacking and food responsiveness. Parents need evidence-based advice on specific feeding practices, such as distraction techniques and portioning, that can be used to reduce children's intake of high energy-dense snacks. This experimental laboratory study tested the effectiveness of these feeding practices.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Parents and children (3-5 years; N = 129) who were identified as having an avid or typical eating profile were recruited and randomly allocated to one of three conditions. Following a standardised meal, children's energy intake (kcal) in the absence of hunger was assessed. While children had access to a snack buffet, parents were asked to use one of the following feeding practices: (1) Distract - using distraction techniques to delay children's snack intake; (2) Portion - allowing children to have snacks from pre-portioned pots; or (3) Control - allowing children to eat the type and number of snacks that their child wanted to.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Children in the distraction condition consumed significantly less energy from snacks (M = 54.44 kcal, SD = 73.30) compared to children in the portion (M = 103.89 kcal, SD = 91.33, p < .001) or control condition (M = 115.92 kcal, SD = 90.55, p < .001). Energy intake in the portion and control conditions was not significantly different (p > .05). Children with avid versus typical eating profiles did not differ significantly in energy intake (p > .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Parental use of distraction techniques may be effective for reducing children's intake of high energy-dense snacks and could be recommended for use to support the development of children's healthy eating. Research to examine the effectiveness of distraction in real-world settings is now needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"216 ","pages":"108257"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144803036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}