“Nobody is talking about it, so maybe it is not that important.” a qualitative study examining Canadian adults’ perceptions and experiences with dietary sodium

Abstract

Excess sodium intake is a major risk factor for chronic disease, yet most Canadians exceed recommended levels. Despite its significance, there is a lack of qualitative research examining the lived experiences, perceptions, and motivations behind sodium intake behaviors in the Canadian general population. This descriptive qualitative study used individual interviews to examine these factors among Canadian adults. A semi-structured interview guide, guided by Social Cognitive Theory and Socio-Ecological Model, was developed, expert-reviewed, and validated. Eight participants were recruited via social media and completed a 30–45-min interview. Audio-recorded interviews were transcribed and analyzed by four independent coders using an interpretivist approach. Participants (equal women and men, mean age 49 ± 16 years) were from diverse ethnicities and educational levels. Some had a chronic disease, and 50 % were limiting or considering reducing sodium intake. Most were unaware of excess sodium as a public health issue and unconcerned unless personally affected, though they worried about family members’ intake. Many had low immediate perceived benefits from reducing sodium, only prioritizing it when health effects emerged. Participants lacked awareness of their sodium consumption and how it compared to recommendations. Changing cooking habits and increased availability of processed foods contributed to higher intake. Restaurant meals were perceived as high in sodium, lacking menu labeling. The cost of lower-sodium foods was a barrier, and taste preference for salt influenced intake. Healthcare providers were key in raising awareness. This study offers a new perspective on excess dietary sodium, highlighting nuanced challenges to address as part of public health interventions.