Appetite最新文献

{"title":"Effects of acute psychosocial stress on attentional bias toward food, food craving, and intake in binge eating","authors":"Lynn Sablottny,&nbsp;Jessica Werthmann,&nbsp;Brunna Tuschen-Caffier","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2026.108472","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2026.108472","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stress significantly influences eating behavior, yet individual responses vary. Binge eating – a core feature of Binge Eating Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa – is frequently triggered by acute stress. One proposed mechanism is that stress increases the motivational salience of food cues, which could promote craving and food intake. To test this idea experimentally, this study examined how stress affects attentional bias toward food, and how such changes relate to food craving and food intake in individuals with binge eating behaviors compared with individuals without binge eating. Using a mixed experimental design, 130 participants (68 with binge eating, 62 without binge eating) completed sessions with and without stress induction via a video-conference Trier Social Stress Test. Attentional bias was assessed via the Dot Probe Paradigm and eye tracking, food craving was measured via self-reports, and food intake was measured behaviorally. Stress did not significantly change attentional bias toward food, nor did it affect food intake. Stress did increase craving in the group with binge eating, indicating that stress enhanced the motivational value of food. The absence of corresponding changes in attentional bias suggests that heightened craving under stress does not necessarily translate into measurable shifts in attentional allocation toward food cues, or that stress may influence motivational processes without altering overt attentional patterns. Another possibility is that methodological restraints specific to our study design limited the detection of stress-related changes in attentional processes. Further research is needed to clarify the role of attentional processes in stress-related eating, especially regarding binge eating.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 108472"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146043547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long working hours increase the risk of insufficient dietary diversity: Findings among online ride-hailing drivers","authors":"Binshuo Hu ,&nbsp;Cheng Chang ,&nbsp;Xin Song ,&nbsp;Zhihui Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoshun Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaowen Ding ,&nbsp;Hong Yu ,&nbsp;Li Guan ,&nbsp;Dongsheng Niu ,&nbsp;Jue Li ,&nbsp;Rui Guan ,&nbsp;Tenglong Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2026.108471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2026.108471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Dietary diversity is an important indicator of diet quality and nutritional adequacy. Long working hours may influence dietary behaviors, while previous evidences were limited, especially among new forms of employment workers. This study aimed to investigate the associations between long working hours and insufficient dietary diversity among online ride-hailing drivers in Beijing, China.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 668 ride-hailing drivers in Beijing from August to October 2024. Weekly working hours were categorized as ≤ 55 h/wk and &gt;55 h/wk. Dietary intake was assessed using a 24-h dietary recall. And the Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) was calculated based on the consumption of nine food groups, while DDS &lt;5 was defined as insufficient dietary diversity. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) models and logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between weekly working hours and insufficient DDS. Additionally, subgroup analysis was further used to identify high-risk groups.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>77.8 % of participants worked more than 55 h/wk and 28.3 % of participants had insufficient dietary diversity. Less than 30 % of participants consumed dairy products, legumes, and fish. Participants working &gt;55 h/wk had a significantly higher risk of insufficient DDS (adjusted <em>OR</em>: 2.29, 95 % <em>CI</em>: 1.38–3.79). Subgroup analysis indicated a stronger association among participants with socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds and unhealthy lifestyle factors.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Long working hours increased the risk of low dietary diversity among ride-hailing drivers, especially in socioeconomically and behaviorally vulnerable subgroups. These findings highlight the need for targeted nutritional and occupational health interventions in this high-risk population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 108471"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The indirect effect of emotion regulation on the association between adverse childhood experiences and food addiction","authors":"Negin Ghaffari ,&nbsp;Christina M. Hassija ,&nbsp;Aaron A. Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2026.108455","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2026.108455","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been linked with poorer mental and physical health outcomes among adults, including difficulties with emotion regulation and dysregulated eating behavior. For example, emotional regulation difficulties have been shown to mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and food addiction. Yet, little is known about which types of emotion regulation link ACES to food addiction. The goal of the present study was to examine the role of emotion regulation in the relationship between ACEs and food addiction. Undergraduate college students from a primarily Hispanic-serving institution (N = 110) completed an online survey assessing emotion dysregulation, ACEs, and food addiction. The sample was primarily comprised of Hispanic (77 %) younger adults (<em>M</em>_<em>age</em> = 25.5, <em>SD</em> = 8.7). As predicted, there was a significant positive association between ACEs and food addiction (<em>p</em> &lt; .001) and a positive association between food addiction and emotional dysregulation (<em>p</em> &lt; .001). There was a significant indirect effect of emotional dysregulation in relation to adverse childhood experiences and food addiction. Among the emotion regulation difficulties domains, having limited access to emotion regulation strategies emerged as a significant mechanism in the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and food addiction (<em>p</em> &lt; .001). Deficits in emotion regulation skills may increase the risk of developing food addiction among individuals with a history of ACEs. Emotion regulation strategies in preventative care and treatment may therefore help reduce the risk of food addiction among individuals with a history of childhood adversity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 108455"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145996848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and exposure on children's food intake and liking","authors":"Britt Fleischeuer,&nbsp;Rosalie Mourmans,&nbsp;Pauline Dibbets,&nbsp;Katrijn Houben,&nbsp;Anouk E.M. Hendriks-Hartensveld,&nbsp;Anouk J.P. van den Brand,&nbsp;Ilse van Lier,&nbsp;Chantal Nederkoorn","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2026.108469","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2026.108469","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Young children often consume too few fruits and vegetables, partly due to picky eating. While repeated exposure can improve acceptance, the added value of reinforcement strategies remains unclear. This pre-registered within-subject study investigated whether combining exposure with positive or negative reinforcement (using non-food rewards) enhances intake and liking of unfamiliar vegetables compared to exposure alone or a control condition. Sixty-two children aged 4–6 years participated in a 10-day school-based intervention involving all four conditions: positive reinforcement (tasting earned a cartoon card), negative reinforcement (tasting prevented card loss), exposure (tasting without rewards), and a control condition. Intake and liking of four unfamiliar vegetables (purple carrot, yellow beetroot, blue meat radish, and rutabaga) were measured on days 1 and 10, with intake also recorded during the intervention (days 2–9). Conditions and vegetable order were counterbalanced. The potential influences of reward sensitivity (RS) and punishment sensitivity (PS), and picky eating were also examined. Results from repeated-measures ANOVAs showed that positive reinforcement led to the highest post-intervention intake, followed by negative reinforcement, exposure, and control, with significant differences between all conditions. For liking, only positive reinforcement showed a significant improvement over the other conditions. RS and PS did not moderate outcomes, but higher picky eating was associated with lower intake and liking across all conditions. In conclusion, adding positive reinforcement to exposure most effectively increases young children's intake and liking of unfamiliar vegetables. This low-cost, easily implementable strategy can support parents and educators in promoting healthier eating habits in early childhood.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 108469"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Normative scores for the three factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ-R18) in a UK population-based cohort","authors":"Cara F. Ruggiero,&nbsp;Laura Kudlek,&nbsp;Julia Mueller,&nbsp;Simon J. Griffin,&nbsp;Stephen J. Sharp,&nbsp;Nick J. Wareham,&nbsp;Soren Brage,&nbsp;Nita G. Forouhi,&nbsp;Ken K. Ong,&nbsp;Amy Ahern","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2026.108466","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2026.108466","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Eating behaviour traits (EBTs), individuals’ reactions to food, food-related cues, and food intake, play an important role in the development and maintenance of overweight and obesity. We provide population-based norms for cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating as measured by the Three Factor Eating questionnaire (short form, TFEQ-18) in a UK cohort of middle-aged adults (the Fenland Study). Participants included 7830 individuals recruited across Cambridgeshire General Practices; 51.8 % identified as female and participants reported a mean BMI of 26.8. Unadjusted linear regression estimated demographic (sex, age) and anthropometric (Body Mass Index, BMI) associations with each EBT to identify subgroups to derive normative scores. Percentiles of each EBT were calculated for the overall population and subgroups. Males scored lower than females on cognitive restraint (β = −7.86, 95 % CI [-8.69, −7.03], p &lt; 0.001), uncontrolled eating (β = −1.03, 95 % CI [-1.80, −0.26], p = 0.008), and emotional eating (β = −13.13, 95 % CI [-14.28, −11.98], p &lt; 0.001). Older age was associated with higher scores on cognitive restraint (β = 0.13, 95 % CI [0.07, 0.19], p &lt; 0.001), and lower scores on uncontrolled eating (β = −0.34, 95 % CI [-0.39, −0.28], p &lt; 0.001) and emotional eating (β = −0.13, 95 % CI [-0.21, −0.04], p = 0.002). Higher BMI was associated with higher emotional eating (β = 1.71, 95 % CI [1.59, 1.83], p &lt; 0.001) and uncontrolled eating (β = 1.05, 95 % CI [0.97, 1.12], p &lt; 0.001). BMI was not associated with cognitive restraint. Normative scores provide context for individual EBT scores and may inform development, refinement, and application of prevention strategies for overweight, obesity, and eating disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 108466"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence for a protein leverage effect on food intake in a Norwegian population.","authors":"Rikke Eriksen, Kamilla Rognmo, Laila A Hopstock, James E McCutcheon","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2026.108581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2026.108581","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this pre-registered study, we aimed to explore the protein leverage hypothesis in a general population, by studying the relationship between habitual dietary protein intake, total energy intake, and body mass index (BMI), and whether proportion of ultra-processed food (UPF) was associated with any of these variables. We used regression-based analyses to investigate these phenomena in cross-sectional data from a Norwegian population-based study, the seventh survey of Tromsø Study 2015-2016, (n = 11,152; 40-99 years). Total energy intake was negatively associated with proportion of dietary protein (L = -0.36, p < .001) and positively associated with dietary fat (L = 0.33, p < .001). Although we planned to test the relationship between BMI and dietary protein, there was no positive association between total energy intake and BMI meaning that these data were not suitable for testing an effect of protein leverage on BMI. Proportion of UPFs was positively associated with total energy intake (b = 554, p < .001), negatively associated with proportion of dietary protein (b = -2.0, p < .001), and positively associated with BMI (b = 0.011, p = .026). In summary, our study of middle-to-older aged Norwegians provides strong support for a protein leverage effect on energy intake.</p>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":" ","pages":"108581"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147855525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring consumer motivations to increase pulse protein in Portuguese family meals using Means-End Chain theory and novel recipes.","authors":"José Filipe Pereira, Ana Isabel de Almeida Costa, Luís Miguel Cunha","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2026.108569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2026.108569","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>European food systems and public health communities are increasingly pressured to promote reductions in meat intake. Persuading consumers to curtail or abandon meat consumption requires shifting their beliefs about the power of meat and its alternatives to deliver desired benefits and align with core life values. Effective strategies must acknowledge that meat substitution can occur at different consumption levels (ingredient, dish, meal), depending on the context in which meat is to be traded off against plant-based alternatives. Using Means-End Chain theory and soft-laddering interviews, this study investigated how omnivorous consumers (n=43) evaluated three novel dish concepts - a high-protein soup with chickpea sprouts, a vegetable terrine with chickpea sprouts, and an oven-baked meat and chickpea patty - designed to increase pulse protein in family meals at the expense of meat. Novel dishes were evaluated against three traditional recipes - a chickpea soup with spinach, a vegetable salad with chickpeas, and a meat, chickpea and pasta stew - to uncover underlying motivations for preferences. Novel dishes were well accepted and demonstrated adoption potential. Preferences were driven by hedonic (taste, variety, satiation), health (lower energy intake, weight control, avoid illness) and conformity (maintain eating habits, meal preparation convenience) motivations but not sustainability or animal welfare concerns. Motivations determine consumers' food choices, providing insights into barriers and levers of behaviour change. Based on the motivations uncovered, this study proposes differentiated strategies for replacing meat with pulses: product development and innovation (ingredient); traditional recipe reformulation, creation of plant-centric dishes and improvement of plant proteins' sensory quality (dish); enhancement of starters and sides' plant protein content, reconfiguration of the meal structure to remove meat's central role, and reintroduction of Mediterranean mezze tradition (meal).</p>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":" ","pages":"108569"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147831307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dyadic associations between eating behaviors and body mass index in couples with a member living with overweight: A longitudinal study","authors":"Kayla B. Hollett ,&nbsp;Alexandre J.S. Morin ,&nbsp;Emily Carrese-Chacra ,&nbsp;Tamara R. Cohen ,&nbsp;Noémie Carbonneau ,&nbsp;Marianne M. Berthiaume ,&nbsp;Emma Felice ,&nbsp;Jean-Philippe Gouin","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Socioecological models of health view romantic relationships as micro-social systems in which spouses influence one another's health-related thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Although prior work suggests spousal interdependence in eating behaviors, the degree of interdependence may vary as a function of the specific eating behaviors studied. In this longitudinal dyadic study, 204 cohabiting couples (<em>N</em> = 408 spouses) including a member living with overweight completed online questionnaires and provided BMI data at three separate time points spanning a total period of three months. Longitudinal cross-lagged actor-partner dyadic models were used to examine spousal interdependence in overeating, restrained eating, and body mass index (BMI) as well as potential moderators linked to a couple's relational context (i.e., gender, age, relationship length, and time spent in separate leisure activities). Results revealed participants' overeating scores were positively predicted by their spouse's overeating scores, particularly among those who reported spending more time in joint leisure activities and among older participants (this effect emerged around 40 years of age and increased thereafter). Conversely, participants' overeating scores were negatively predicted by their spouse's BMIs. With respect to restrained eating, the significance and directionality of the partner effects depended on relational stage, where participants' scores were positively predicted by their spouse's scores in relationships of up to five years and negatively predicted by their spouse's scores in relationships of 35 years or more. No significant partner effects predicted BMI. These results reveal effects indicative of spousal interdependence related to different eating behaviors and BMI and highlight aspects of the relational context that modify such interdependence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 108437"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145831872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the structure of visual analogue scales to capture motivation to eat in fasting and post-meal conditions","authors":"Clarissa A. Dakin ,&nbsp;Cristiana Duarte ,&nbsp;Kristine Beaulieu ,&nbsp;Nicola Buckland ,&nbsp;Michelle Dalton ,&nbsp;Anna Myers ,&nbsp;Catherine Gibbons ,&nbsp;Mark Hopkins ,&nbsp;Graham Finlayson ,&nbsp;Molly Blakemore ,&nbsp;R. James Stubbs","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2026.108457","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2026.108457","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The visual analogue scale (VAS) methodology for tracking hunger, fullness, desire to eat and prospective consumption attempts to capture conceptually distinct but related dimensions of motivation to eat. It is the most commonly used methodology to measure subjective motivation to eat in human appetite and energy balance research.</div><div>The current paper examined the underlying factor structure of the 4 motivation to eat VAS: 1) in 552 participants from 13 studies at the Human Appetite Research Unit (HARU) at the University of Leeds through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) in fasting and post-meal conditions; 2) in 151 participants of the multi-center DiOGenes study through CFA in fasting and post-meal conditions before and after weight loss.</div><div>EFA results indicated that &gt;60 % of the variance between the VAS variables was explained by one underlying factor. The CFAs confirmed that the one-dimensional structure presented an overall good model fit. The 4 VAS questions presented high factor loadings. The one-dimensional structure also revealed high construct reliability and convergent validity across the 13 studies. A second analysis further confirmed a one-factor structure in fasting and post-meal conditions before and after weight loss. Measurement invariance testing was conducted across sex and fasted vs non-fasted conditions. Results indicated model invariance across sex at the configural, metric, and scalar levels, and partial metric invariance across conditions.</div><div>This current analysis indicates that hunger, fullness, desire to eat and prospective consumption VAS questions contribute to a single latent factor that should be used as a composite measure of the underlying process of motivation to eat. Additionally, this work suggests new methods should be developed to identify and measure different dimensions of motivation to eat states.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 108457"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145948264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How humanoid robots influence consumer preferences in the foodservice industry","authors":"Lindsay McShane ,&nbsp;Nükhet Taylor ,&nbsp;Theodore J. Noseworthy ,&nbsp;Ethan Pancer ,&nbsp;Matthew Philp","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Companies in the foodservice industry are investing heavily into robots, attracted by gains in efficiency and lower labor costs. The appearance of these robots varies significantly. Some companies are investing in generalized robots that mimic the human form, while others are looking into specialized robots that look nothing like a human. This distinction in form may seem trivial when it comes to large-scale manufacturing, but it might be quite relevant to consumers when it comes to replacing vulnerable populations, such as the ones employed in food service. To that end, we investigate whether and how humanoid versus non-humanoid robots impacts consumer patronage and restaurant evaluations in a food service context across two online studies. Study 1 (<em>N</em> = 303, <em>M</em>_age = 34.9 years) shows that consumers evaluate restaurants less favorably when robots prepare food instead of humans and that this reaction is stronger when the robot has the humanoid form. Study 2 (<em>N</em> = 307, <em>M</em>_age = 39.6 years) explores the underlying cause and reveals that robots with humanoid form generate a stronger inference that they are adopted with the intent to replace human workers, which in turn reduces the perceived morality of the restaurant. Together, these findings reveal the moral inferences that consumers make about robotic labor in foodservice and offer actionable insights for restaurateurs who are considering the transition towards automation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 108429"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145792780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}