Appetite最新文献

{"title":"The patterns and position of snacking in children in aged 2–12 years: A scoping review","authors":"Niamh O'Kane ,&nbsp;Sinead Watson ,&nbsp;Laura Kehoe ,&nbsp;Emma O'Sullivan ,&nbsp;Aine Muldoon ,&nbsp;Jayne Woodside ,&nbsp;Janette Walton ,&nbsp;Anne Nugent","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2023.106974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2023.106974","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Childhood obesity is associated with serious comorbidities during childhood and into adulthood. One potential risk factor for childhood obesity is consumption of unhealthy, energy-dense foods. This scoping review examines evidence on snacking in children aged 2–12 years of age and presents the patterns and position of snacking in children's diets.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A search of electronic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, PubMed, Embase) for articles published from March 2011 to November 2022 was conducted. Articles providing insight into the position of snacking (e.g., energy contribution), or patterns (e.g., location, timing), in children aged 2–12 years were included. A quality assessment was conducted and data was synthesised according to data source (nationally representative or other).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Twenty-one articles were included, most (n = 13) reporting nationally representative data. The average number of daily snacks was 3, with 92.9–100.0% of children consuming snacks. Most were consumed in the afternoon (75.2–84.0%) and at home (46.5–67.3%). Snacks frequently consumed were ‘fruits and vegetables’, ‘baked desserts’, ‘sweets, candy and confectionery’, and ‘dairy products’. Snacks contributed 231–565 kcal daily, up to a third of daily carbohydrate intake, a quarter of fat intake, and a fifth of protein intake. Snacks provided up to one third of vitamin C intake, one quarter of vitamin E, potassium and magnesium intake, and a fifth of calcium, folic acid, vitamins D and B12, iron and sodium intake.</p></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><p>This scoping review provides insight into patterns and position of snacking within children's diets. Snacking plays a significant role in children's diets with multiple snacking occasions occurring throughout a child's day, the overconsumption of which has the potential to increase risk of childhood obesity. Further research is required into the role of snacking, particularly specific foods playing a role in micronutrient intake, and clear guidance for snacking intake in children.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 106974"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3020080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Home-prepared meals among college students at-risk for food insecurity: A mixed-methods study","authors":"Lisa M. Soederberg Miller ,&nbsp;Jennifer Falbe ,&nbsp;Gwen M. Chodur ,&nbsp;Sally K. Chesnut","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2023.106632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2023.106632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The ability to prepare meals at home is an important life skill with potential to improve dietary quality and reduce costs and thus may be particularly important for college students with food insecurity. However, heavy time demands, limited financial resources, and therefore other barriers such as lack of motivation to follow a healthy diet may constrain meal preparation skills. To gain greater insight into this issue, we conducted a mixed-methods study. The quantitative component assessed relationships among food security, motivation, and meal preparation skills. The qualitative component used focus groups to more closely consider college students’ perceptions, values, and barriers surrounding preparing meals at home, including current practices, desired future practices, and the ways in which the campus could support their efforts. The survey (n = 226) assessed food security, meal preparation skills, and motivation (i.e., perceived ability and willingness) to consume a healthy diet. Ten focus groups (n = 60) discussed food choice, meal preparation practices, and ways in which the campus could help students develop meal preparation skills. Students with food insecurity had lower meal preparation skills and lower perceived ability to consume a healthy diet. However, a) willingness to consume a healthy diet and b) the impact of both willingness and perceived ability did not differ by food security status. Focus group data indicated that in-person and online cooking classes, information cards in the food pantry, and incentives (e.g., kitchen equipment and vouchers from local grocery stores) were popular ideas for improving home-meal preparation. A greater understanding of meal preparation skills and their interconnectedness to food choice and the campus environment may inform effective ways to support the ability and willingness of college students with food insecurity to prepare meals at home.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 106632"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3455301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How (Un-)Healthy are Austrian school food environments? Evidence from focus groups and citizen science","authors":"Sascha Gell,&nbsp;Emina Pejkovic,&nbsp;Raffael Heiss","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2023.106636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2023.106636","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Adolescents face high-choice school food environments that offer plenty of highly processed foods. Processed food producers target young people in their marketing, but there is limited data on the actual food supply inside and in the vicinity of Austrian schools and its impact on adolescent food choices. This study employs an innovative mixed-methods approach to explore adolescents' food choices.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>In Study 1, we conducted a citizen science study, with students as volunteer scientists. The students examined the food supply in and around their schools according to the Austrian food pyramid and categorized 953 food items in 144 food suppliers using photographs and descriptions. In Study 2, we explored students' food preferences in focus groups. We conducted four focus groups at four different schools in Tyrol, with 25 students (11 male, 14 female) between the ages of 12 and 15. We then linked the findings on individual preferences with the documented supply.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Study 1 found that the food supply in the investigated schools was predominantly categorized as unhealthy. The students categorized 46% as “unhealthy”, 32% as “intermediate”, and only 22% as “healthy”. Study 2 identified three influential factors in students' food choices: 1) individual factors (such as taste and preferences), 2) social factors (such as mingling with peers), and 3) structural factors (such as physical environment and accessibility).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The study shows that unhealthy products cater to unhealthy preferences among adolescents and dominate current school food environments. Policies need to address unhealthy school food environments to tackle this issue. Food supplies should be presented in an attractive ways, in fun places where students can mingle and express their identities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 106636"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1568018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the role of decision support systems in promoting healthier and more sustainable online food shopping: A card sorting study","authors":"Laura Z.H. Jansen ,&nbsp;Ellen J. Van Loo ,&nbsp;Kwabena E. Bennin ,&nbsp;Ellen van Kleef","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2023.106638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2023.106638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aims to identify opportunities and barriers in developing and implementing Food Shopping Support Systems (FSSS) for healthier and more sustainable choices, given the growing consumer demand and persistent societal problems related to food. The study examined the social and technical value of FSSS in an early development stage through one-on-one expert interviews (n = 20) and consumer focus groups (4 groups, n = 19). Experts were employed in the fields of behavioral sciences, digital marketing, decision aids, software development, persuasive technologies, and public health and sustainability. Consumer participants were used to shopping online. Through a card sorting task followed by semi-structured interview questions, responses were elicited. Participants were presented with 17 cards in 5 rounds, each addressing a different topic related to decision support. Results show that support is perceived useful, particularly when suggestions are personalized, transparent, and justified (using labelling or informative text). Opportunities for uptake were presenting suggestions early in the shopping trip in a visible but non-disruptive manner, allowing autonomy to choose the type of guidance (e.g., show sustainable but not healthier suggestions) and to (not) provide personal data, and educating consumers. Negative attitudes were associated with support being disruptive or steering, being of low credibility, and unclarity about what is healthy or sustainable. Consumer participants expressed concerns about too generic suggestions in relation to health and lack of knowledge about labelling. They emphasized that excessive support and required effort, such as repeatedly providing data, can be burdensome. Experts also worried about limited consumer interest and not having the required data to provide support. Results from this study reveal the potential for successful digital interventions to encourage healthier and more sustainable choices and what this means for further development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 106638"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2971956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food addiction as a mediator between depressive symptom severity and body mass index","authors":"Jessica G. Bartschi ,&nbsp;Lisa-Marie Greenwood","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2023.107008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2023.107008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Depression is associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic disease linked to weight gain driven by complex interactions between multiple risk factors, including overeating behaviours. However, risk factors that mediate the relationship between depressive symptoms and weight gain remain to be fully elucidated. This study examined food addiction symptoms as a potential mediator on the relationship between depressive symptom severity and adiposity as measured by body mass index (BMI), and evaluated whether this relationship was contingent on appetite symptom profile and sex. In a sample of 628 adults, depressive symptom severity was assessed using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and food addiction symptoms were measured using the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS, version 2). Participant demographics, including BMI, appetite presentations and sex, were assessed using self-report questions. Mediation and moderated mediation analyses were performed to determine relationships between variables. The prevalence of depressogenic food addiction in the present sample was 21.7%. After accounting for age and averaged amount of exercise, food addiction symptoms fully mediated the relationship between depressive symptom severity and BMI. Appetite symptom profile was a significant moderator of this relationship, with effects more pronounced in those with increased appetite compared to decreased or unchanged appetite. While sex was not a significant moderator, being male or female was associated with higher food addiction scores. This study supports food addiction symptoms as an important behavioural risk factor for increased adiposity linked to greater depressive symptom severity, particularly in those experiencing increased appetite during a depressive episode. Assessment and monitoring of food addiction symptoms may have utility in reducing the risk of increased BMI and adverse health outcomes in those experiencing more severe depressive symptoms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 107008"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3403435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting discretionary food consumption using temporal self-regulation theory and food reward sensitivity","authors":"Alejandro Dominguez Garcia ,&nbsp;Barbara Mullan ,&nbsp;Indita Dorina","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2023.107010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2023.107010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Discretionary foods account for over a third of the average adult's total daily energy intake. But its excess consumption is a risk factor for obesity, Type 2 diabetes, and other diet-related diseases. This study aimed to use temporal self-regulation theory (intention, past behaviour, habit, self-regulatory capacity) and food reward sensitivity to identify predictors of discretionary food consumption. Two hundred and seventy-three participants aged between 18 and 80 (<em>M</em> = 42.55, <em>SD</em> = 17.07) comprising of mostly females (79.5%) and those residing in Australia (93.4%), completed a two-part online survey, one week apart. Participants completed measures of intention, past behaviour, habit, self-regulatory capacity, food reward sensitivity and demographic information at time one, and discretionary food consumption at time two. Data was analysed using a hierarchical multiple regression analysis. All variables in combination accounted for a significant 40.3% of the variance in discretionary food consumption (<em>R</em>² = 0.40, <em>p</em> &lt; .001). However, past behaviour and intention were the only unique significant predictors of discretionary food consumption. No significant moderation effects found. Findings offer insight into the motivators of discretionary food consumption, which can inform the development of effective interventions to reduce discretionary food consumption. Past behaviour should be considered, and intention targeted in interventions to reduce discretionary food consumption.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 107010"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3462283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between milk and dairy consumption and executive functioning: A cross-sectional survey based on rural Chinese adolescents","authors":"Tao Shi ,&nbsp;Zhanjiang Fan ,&nbsp;Bo Huang ,&nbsp;Ke Guan ,&nbsp;Zhen Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2023.107007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2023.107007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Milk and dairy product consumption continue to increase in developing countries, with positive effects on adolescent physical and mental health. However, the effect of milk and dairy product consumption on executive function of adolescents has been less reported. This study aimed to analyze the status of milk and dairy product consumption and its association with executive function among adolescents in rural areas of China. The study aims to contribute to the healthy development of adolescents in rural areas of China.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A three-stage stratified whole-group sampling method was used to investigate the milk and dairy product consumption status and executive function of 1360 adolescents in rural areas of China. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and chi-square test was used to compare the milk and dairy product consumption of different categories of adolescents. Linear regression analysis and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the association between milk and dairy product consumption and executive function.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The proportions of adolescents in rural China with milk and dairy product consumption ≤1 t/w, 2–4 t/w, and ≥5 t/w were 39.26%, 45.07%, and 15.66%, respectively. After adjusting for relevant confounding variables, logistic regression analysis showed that compared to adolescents with milk and dairy product consumption ≥5 t/w, milk and dairy product consumption 2–4 t/w (<em>OR</em> = 2.115,95% CI: 1.265, 3.533) and ≤1 t/w (<em>OR</em> = 5.929,95% <em>CI</em>: 3.552,9.895) had a higher risk of inhibit control dysfunction (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Compared to adolescents with milk and dairy product consumption ≥5 t/w, adolescents with milk and dairy product consumption ≤1 t/w (<em>OR</em> = 2.141,95% <em>CI</em>: 1.110,4.129) had a higher risk of conversion the risk of flexibility dysfunction was also higher in adolescents with milk and dairy product consumption ≤1 t/w <em>(OR</em> = 2.141,95% <em>CI</em>: 1.110,4.129).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Milk and dairy product consumption among adolescents in rural areas of China is inadequate and has a positive association with executive function. In the future, we should increase milk and dairy product consumption and improve executive function of adolescents in rural areas of China in order to promote healthy physical and mental development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 107007"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2956758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remembered childhood mealtime experiences influence on early childcare and education staff","authors":"Dong Zhang ,&nbsp;Taren Swindle ,&nbsp;Janice Williams Fletcher ,&nbsp;Madeleine Sigman-Grant ,&nbsp;Susan L. Johnson","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2023.107003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2023.107003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Parent feeding styles, behaviors, beliefs, and practices are associated with developing children's eating behaviors. However, many children spend considerable time in childcare; thus, are exposed to child-feeding practices of other adults, e.g., early care and education (ECE) staff. Limited research exists on how and whether current classroom feeding practices of ECE staff associate with their own childhood experiences. The About Feeding Children survey, conducted in 2005, examined self-reported feeding practices and beliefs and personal characteristics of ECE staff in Western United States. An exploratory factor analysis of questions related to childhood experiences (N = 1189), revealed two Mealtime Factors: Remembered Adult Control and Remembered Child Autonomy Support<strong>.</strong> Structural equation modeling was conducted to examine the hypothesis that these remembered experiences would be associated with current feeding practices (Structural Mealtime Strategies, Verbal Mealtime Strategies, and Beliefs about Mealtimes). For each outcome, models had good to moderate fit. Across models, Remembered Autonomy Support was associated with less control, bribing, autonomy undermining, and concern-based control beliefs and greater support at meals and autonomy promoting beliefs in teachers' classroom feeding practices. More research is called for to consider whether reflection on remembered childhood experiences might be beneficial to consider during ECE staff training related to feeding young children.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 107003"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3406033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No effect of prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on food craving, food reward and subjective appetite in females displaying mild-to-moderate binge-type behaviour","authors":"Jordan D. Beaumont ,&nbsp;Michelle Dalton ,&nbsp;Danielle Davis ,&nbsp;Graham Finlayson ,&nbsp;Alexander Nowicky ,&nbsp;Mark Russell ,&nbsp;Martin J. Barwood","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2023.106997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2023.106997","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Previous work suggests there may be an effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on appetite control in people at risk of overconsumption, however findings are inconsistent. This study aimed to further understand the potential eating behaviour trait-dependent effect of tDCS, specifically in those with binge-type behaviour. Seventeen females (23 ± 7 years, 25.4 ± 3.8 kg m⁻²) with mild-to-moderate binge eating behaviour completed two sessions of double-blind, randomised and counterbalanced anodal and sham tDCS applied over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at 2.0 mA for 20 min. Subjective appetite visual analogue scales (VAS), the Food Craving Questionnaire-State (FCQ-S), and Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire (LFPQ) were completed pre- and post-tDCS. Participants then consumed a fixed-energy meal, followed by the VAS, FCQ-S and LFPQ. No difference between pre- and post-tDCS scores were found across fullness (p = 0.275, BF₁₀ = 0.040), prospective consumption (p = 0.127, BF₁₀ = 0.063), desire to eat (p = 0.247, BF₁₀ = 0.054) or FCQ-S measures (p = 0.918, BF₁₀ = 0.040) when comparing active and sham protocols. Only explicit liking and wanting for high-fat sweet foods were significantly different between conditions, with increased scores following active tDCS. When controlling for baseline hunger, the significant differences were removed (p = 0.138 to 0.161, BF₁₀ = 0.810 to 1.074). The present data does not support the eating behaviour trait dependency of tDCS in a specific cohort of female participants with mild-to-moderate binge eating scores, and results align with those from individuals with healthy trait scores. This suggests participants with sub-clinical binge eating behaviour do not respond to tDCS. Future work should further explore effects in clinical and sub-clinical populations displaying susceptibility to overconsumption and weight gain.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 106997"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3460409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of sleep restriction on food intake and appetite under free-living conditions: A randomized crossover trial","authors":"Eri Tajiri ,&nbsp;Eiichi Yoshimura ,&nbsp;Takuro Tobina ,&nbsp;Tomoki Yamashita ,&nbsp;Kokoro Kume ,&nbsp;Yoichi Hatamoto ,&nbsp;Seiya Shimoda","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2023.106998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2023.106998","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To investigate changes in subjective psychological factors and dietary intake during sleep restriction, we carried out a randomized crossover trial with a 3-day sleep restriction condition (SR; 5 h of sleep) and control sleep condition (CS; 8 h of sleep). Days 3 and 4 involved free-living and laboratory (in the morning) conditions, respectively. Subjective psychological factors (hunger, appetite, desire for sweets and fatty foods, sleepiness, and fatigue) were assessed using a 0.0–10.0 cm visual analog scale (VAS) every hour throughout the day on day 3, and at 8:00 a.m. on day 4. Dietary intake on day 3 was assessed on the basis of the food purchased and eaten. Fasting blood samples were collected at 8:00 a.m. on day 4. Dietary intake during the ad libitum breakfast was assessed on day 4. The participants were 13 women and 11 men (mean age, 21.4 ± 1.0 years; mean body mass index, 19.8 ± 1.7 kg/m²). The areas under the curve 0–16 h after waking for hunger, desire for fatty foods, sleepiness, and fatigue were higher in the SR than CS on day 3 (P &lt; 0.05). Energy and carbohydrate intakes from snacks (daytime and nighttime) on day 3 were higher in the SR than CS (P &lt; 0.05) but total dietary intake on day 3 was not different between the conditions (P &gt; 0.05). The 2-arachidonoylglycerol level was different between the conditions (P &lt; 0.05), but was not associated with sweet taste preference, dietary intake, or the active ghrelin level on day 4 (P &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, ratings for subjective psychological factors and energy and carbohydrate intakes from snacks increased in association with sleep restriction under free-living conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 106998"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3460410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}