Appetite最新文献

{"title":"Video-measured fullness cues in baby-led weaned and traditionally spoon-fed infants and subsequent intake","authors":"Alice M. Cox ,&nbsp;Anne-Louise M. Heath ,&nbsp;Jillian J. Haszard ,&nbsp;Lisa A. Te Morenga ,&nbsp;Kathryn L. Beck ,&nbsp;Cathryn A. Conlon ,&nbsp;Lisa Daniels ,&nbsp;Ioanna Katiforis ,&nbsp;Madeleine Rowan ,&nbsp;Neve H. McLean ,&nbsp;Bailey R. Bruckner ,&nbsp;Rachael W. Taylor","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108358","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108358","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Little evidence describes how infants signal when they are full or how caregivers respond when using different approaches to complementary feeding. The aims of this exploratory study were to describe types and frequency of infant fullness cues from video-recorded meals in those using Baby-Led Weaning (BLW) and traditional spoon-feeding approaches, and to investigate subsequent behaviour of caregivers and infants following the first sign of fullness. One meal was video-recorded in the home in 185 healthy infants aged 7–10 months participating in the First Foods New Zealand study. Videos were coded using an adapted version of the Responsiveness to Child Feeding Cues Scale for frequency of 16 different fullness cues from 1 min after the infant's first bite until the meal was terminated. At least one (range 1–105) fullness cue was observed in 95 % of infants, with looking away (72 %), playing with food (50 %), not opening mouth (48 %), and turning head (47 %) being most common. Fewer cues were observed in BLW (n = 59) compared with spoon-fed (n = 79) infants, with mean (SD) of 7 (6) and 22 (19) cues, respectively. After the first fullness cue, 95 % of infants continued to eat, 42 % were offered a new food, and 97 % of those infants took at least one bite, with few differences by feeding style. The smaller number of fullness cues observed with BLW suggests it is an approach that is more ‘responsive’ to fullness than traditional spoon-feeding. However, most infants continue to eat beyond the first sign of fullness, regardless of feeding style.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 108358"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145385528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of smoking reduction on food demand in people with excess weight","authors":"Ángel García-Pérez ,&nbsp;Andrea Krotter ,&nbsp;Antonio Verdejo-Garcia ,&nbsp;Gloria Garcia-Fernandez","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Smoking cessation is commonly associated with increased food intake and weight gain, representing a substantial barrier to quitting, particularly for individuals with overweight or obesity. This study aimed to uncover the behavioral economic mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon by analyzing changes in food demand during smoking cessation treatment among people with overweight or obesity. We also explored whether baseline tobacco use and eating behaviors predicted these changes. In an eight-week clinical trial, 120 adults with tobacco use disorder and overweight or obesity received treatment to promote smoking cessation and prevent weight gain. Tobacco exposure was assessed via urine cotinine, and food demand was measured using the Food Purchase Task (FPT) at baseline, 48 hours before the scheduled quit day (week 5), and post-treatment (week 8). Mixed-effects repeated measures models were used to analyze changes in FPT indices: demand intensity, Omax, Pmax, breakpoint, and elasticity. Participants who reduced or ceased smoking exhibited increases in food demand. Decreases in cotinine levels were significantly associated with higher Omax (<em>p</em> = .02), Pmax (<em>p</em> = .023), and breakpoint (<em>p</em> = .026), indicating increased reinforcing value of food during cessation treatment. Smoking reduction is linked to heightened food reinforcement, which may contribute to post-cessation weight gain. These findings highlight a potential mechanism underlying cessation-related weight gain and support the need for targeted interventions addressing the heightened reinforcing value of food during smoking cessation in individuals with excess weight.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 108332"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145211168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive processing and intuitive characteristics of health intertemporal decision-making: Evidence from behavioral and ERP studies","authors":"Yan Zou ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Yang ,&nbsp;Xueli Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108351","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Health intertemporal decision-making is related to the health and well-being of individuals and the nation. However, its cognitive processing remains poorly understood. From a healthcare perspective, the current study adopts a dual-processing theory framework and employs the food time discount rate as a measurement paradigm to systematically examine the relationship between health behaviors and health intertemporal decision-making, as well as their underlying cognitive processing.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;The current study consists of three interconnected sub-studies. Study 1 recruited 397 participants from northwestern and southwestern China, who were asked to rate 21 health behaviors across three dimensions: required effort, duration, and health impact. Cluster analysis was then used to test whether health behaviors could serve as proxy indicators of health intertemporal decision-making. Study 2 recruited 156 participants from northwestern China and explored whether health intertemporal decision-making simultaneously relies on heuristic and analytical processing by manipulating emotional tasks (heuristic processing) and working memory tasks (analytical processing). Study 3 recruited 30 participants from northwestern China and employed event-related potential (ERP) technology to compare intuitive preferences in health intertemporal decision-making under manipulations of time intervals.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;The results of Study 1 indicate that, compared to short-term-effortless health behaviors, long-term-effortful health behaviors scored significantly higher on effort investment (&lt;em&gt;t&lt;/em&gt; = 22.902∗∗∗) and duration (&lt;em&gt;t&lt;/em&gt; = 16.607∗∗∗), but significantly lower on health impact (&lt;em&gt;t&lt;/em&gt; = −18.779∗∗∗), suggesting that health behaviors can be categorized into two types: long-term-effortful health behaviors corresponding to delayed large benefits and short-term-effortless health behaviors corresponding to immediate small benefits. This provides a feasible method for indirectly measuring health intertemporal decision-making through health behaviors. The results of Study 2 showed a significant interaction between heuristic and analytical processing in health intertemporal decision-making (&lt;em&gt;F&lt;/em&gt;(1, 147) = 4.934, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.028, η&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.032). Moreover, individuals exhibited higher discount rates and a stronger preference for immediate gratification in unhealthy food contexts (&lt;em&gt;F&lt;/em&gt;(1, 147) = 16.886, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.001, η&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.103), suggesting that health intertemporal decision-making conforms to a dual-process model. The results of Study 3 showed that when presented with unhealthy foods, individuals exhibited a stronger preference for immediate rewards (&lt;em&gt;F&lt;/em&gt;(1, 24) = 0.391, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.538, η&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.016) and relied more on heuristic processing (N1: &lt;em&gt;F&lt;/em&gt;(1, 24) = 1.258, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.273, η&lt;su","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 108351"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145317962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Less distracted, more restrained: Attentional differences on the rapid serial visual presentation task in restrained eaters to food words and pictures","authors":"Mechteld M. van den Hoek Ostende ,&nbsp;Caterina Gawrilow ,&nbsp;Barbara Kaup ,&nbsp;Jennifer Svaldi","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108356","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108356","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Restrained eaters (RE) are individuals that regularly show disinhibited food intake despite attempts of cognitive dietary restraint. This disinhibition is often attributed to an abundance of food cues in the environment that repeatedly draw attention, although the literature remains ambiguous. One source of ambiguity is the influence of different food cue modalities (pictures, words) on attentional processes. The current study therefore investigates the effect different modalities have on attentional bias to food cues in RE (<em>n</em> = 70) compared to unrestrained eaters (URE; <em>n</em> = 74). After a standardized lunch, participants completed a Rapid Serial Visual Presentation task with concurrent electroencephalography. Trials consisted of streams of pictures or words, with task-irrelevant food and animal distractors at lag 2 before an animal target appeared. Model comparisons indicated a significant Group × Distractor Type interaction. Specifically, RE were more accurate at identifying targets that were preceded by food compared to animal stimuli than URE. Exploratory analyses indicated that this was especially due to food pictures. This finding was not accompanied by changes in event related potentials. Furthermore, we found a significant Modality × Distractor Type interaction. In the picture, but not in the word condition, participants correctly identified targets preceded by a food distractor more often than when preceded by an animal distractor. This finding was accompanied by an increased P300 after food cues. In all, we showed that RE more effectively ignore food cues, especially in the image condition. This contributes to a body of research that demonstrates increased inhibitory control over food cues in RE. Future studies have to determine under which conditions inhibition of food cues is successful in RE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 108356"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145353217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential associations between overt and covert restrictive feeding practices and children's eating behaviours and dietary intake","authors":"Anna M.D. Say ,&nbsp;Lilly M. Werner ,&nbsp;Xochitl de la Piedad Garcia ,&nbsp;Kimberley M. Mallan","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is debate over whether restricting children's access to ‘unhealthy’ foods is a harmful feeding practice. Overt restriction, which children can detect, is theorised to increase desirability of restricted foods and undermine children's ability to self-regulate their eating behaviour. Conversely, covert restriction, which children cannot detect, may be a protective feeding practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between maternal overt and covert restrictive feeding and children's maladaptive eating behaviours (Study 1) and dietary intake (Study 2). Mothers of children 2–12 years (Study 1: <em>N</em> = 214, Study 2: <em>N</em> = 1299) completed an online survey measuring overt and covert restriction, child eating behaviours (Study 1) and child intake of fruits/vegetables and non-core (energy-dense, nutrient-poor) foods (Study 2). Overt restriction was positively associated with food responsiveness and desire for drinks and covert restriction was not associated with eating behaviours (Study 1). Overt restriction was associated with lower fruit/vegetable intake and higher intake of non-core foods and covert restriction was associated with lower non-core foods intake only (Study 2). Overt restriction may be a problematic feeding practice associated with poorer eating behaviours and diet. Conversely, covert restriction is unrelated to maladaptive eating behaviours and may benefit children's diet in terms of lower intake of unhealthy foods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 108330"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145224606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive reappraisal of food craving: Generalization and best implementation strategies","authors":"Maram Saad,&nbsp;Noam Weinbach","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108374","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108374","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Food reappraisal is a cognitive strategy used to regulate the desire to eat by changing how one thinks about food. While prior research has demonstrated that food reappraisal can modulate food cravings, it remains unclear whether these effects generalize to untrained food stimuli and broader motivational states such as hunger. Additionally, the relative effectiveness of commonly used reappraisal strategies is not well understood. To address these gaps, the current study examined transfer effects of a single session of food reappraisal training aimed at either downregulating or upregulating the desire to eat. Healthy participants (N = 72) were randomly assigned to downregulation (n = 38) or upregulation (n = 34) conditions and applied different reappraisal strategies to their most craved foods. Strategies involved altering food perception, using interoceptive imagery, and focusing on the negative and positive consequences of eating or not eating. Each participant applied all four strategies, which were varied across food stimuli in a within-subjects design. Results showed that downregulation training significantly reduced the desire to eat both trained and untrained foods and decreased hunger levels. In contrast, upregulation training increased hunger levels but did not increase the desire to eat, likely due to regression to the mean. Strategy comparisons, conducted on an exploratory basis, revealed that altering food perception (e.g., imagining food as disgusting or appetizing) was the most effective in modulating the desire to eat during training. These findings provide evidence for both near and far transfer effects of food reappraisal training and underscore its potential applicability for modulating eating behaviors. Further research is required to assess long-term effects, safety, and applicability across diverse populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 108374"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145450332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Doing ‘proper’ food in later older age: gender and the significance of household meals","authors":"Kate Gibson,&nbsp;Emma McLellan,&nbsp;Katie Brittain","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Based on longitudinal qualitative research with 46 older adults (80+) in North East England, this paper employs a Bourdieusian framework to examine the intersection of domestic eating, gender, age and identity within later life transitions. From minor ‘tweaks’ to using convenience foods, our participants employed various strategies to maintain ‘proper’ meal routines, an everyday practice idealised across the sample. Female participants were particularly adept at revising food routines; however, there was a fragility apparent in this orientation to practice. Their narratives about declining foodwork contained moralised references to laziness and carelessness. Male participants, in contrast, did not express such ambivalence. For recent widows, losing a partner significantly disrupted their gendered domestic habitus, in turn challenging their identities configured through care-orientated foodwork. Our analysis reveals that food remains a key site for identity negotiation in later older age, a relationship structured by habitus. Attending to the heightened awareness generated during the inevitable biographical disruptions of later older age, especially disruptions related to loss, highlights the durability of the gendered domestic habitus. Supporting ageing in place must move beyond dominant nutrition-focused understandings of food and instead recognise that food dispositions are informed by sociocultural frameworks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 108349"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145311899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction notice to “The only constant is change: Stable vs. variable aspects of food approach bias relate differently to food craving and intake” [Appetite 204 (2025) 107726]","authors":"Hannah van Alebeek,&nbsp;Mareike Röttger,&nbsp;Sercan Kahveci,&nbsp;Jens Blechert,&nbsp;Matthias Burkard Aulbach","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108377","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108377","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 108377"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145476505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Affect, interoception, and disordered and intuitive eating behaviors: Examining momentary mediational associations among women with eating disorder pathology","authors":"Kelly A. Romano ,&nbsp;Carol B. Peterson ,&nbsp;Lisa M. Anderson ,&nbsp;Brianne N. Richson ,&nbsp;Elizabeth Dougherty ,&nbsp;Kristin E. Heron","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Affect and interoception (the ability to sense/connect with bodily sensations) are transdiagnostic self-regulatory factors that promote maladaptive eating behaviors at the between-person level (via cross-sectional research). However, no research has examined the mechanistic role of interoception dimensions in associations between affect, and disordered and intuitive eating behaviors (DEBs, IEBs) at the within-person level via ecological momentary assessment (EMA).</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>The present study addressed this research gap by examining whether: (1) momentary interoception dimensions (“not distracting,” “self-regulation,” “body listening and trust”) <em>differentially</em> mediated momentary associations between negative and positive affect (predictors), and DEBs (dietary restriction, overeating, loss of control eating) and IEBs (“eating for physical versus emotional reasons,” “reliance on hunger and satiety cues,” “unconditional permission to eat,” “body-food choice congruence”) outcomes; (2) these associations varied across affect, interoception, and eating behavior types. Women (<em>N</em> = 150) with eating disorder pathology (<em>M</em>_age = 20.95, <em>SD</em> = 4.14) completed 4 EMA surveys on mobile devices daily for 10 days.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Multilevel structural equation models showed that greater momentary <em>negative</em> affect was associated with more distracting from uncomfortable/painful bodily sensations at subsequent assessments (i.e., less “not distracting” interoception) and, in turn, less “eating for physical versus emotional reasons” IEB later that day. Greater momentary <em>positive</em> affect was associated with greater subsequent “body listening and trust” interoception and, subsequently, greater “reliance on hunger and satiety cues” IEB. No momentary indirect effects linking affect, interoception, and <em>DEBs</em> were significant.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These results may be leveraged to optimize eating disorders research and novel real-time interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 108342"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145278541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of baby-led weaning in iron-deficiency anemia and foreign body aspiration in infants: A retrospective study","authors":"Anne-Gabrielle Dubé ,&nbsp;Michelle Nguyen ,&nbsp;Mahukpe Narcisse Ulrich Singbo ,&nbsp;Josée Anne Gagnon","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.appet.2025.108372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/objectives</h3><div>Baby-Led Weaning (BLW) encourages self-feeding of finger foods from the start of complementary feeding, in contrast to traditional spoon-feeding (TSF). Concerns have been raised about the potential risks of iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) and foreign body aspiration (FBA) in BLW. Although BLW is a widely used feeding approach, there are currently no established guidelines specifically addressing its practice. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of BLW in cases of IDA and FBA, and to compare iron-rich food consumption and safe feeding practices between children fed with BLW, TSF and a mixed feeding approach.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Children aged 6–24 months who received a diagnosis of IDA and/or FBA at our centre between January 2015 and October 2020 were included in our study. Medical history and circumstances surrounding the choking episode were reviewed. A parental questionnaire was subsequently administered to document the complementary feeding approach, eating habits and demographic characteristics.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This study included 186 IDA and 33 FBA patients. Among IDA cases, 12.9 % practiced BLW, 68.3 % used TSF and 18.8 % employed a mixed feeding approach. Additionally, when diagnosed with IDA, patients using BLW were younger than those in the TSF and mixed feeding groups. Blood measures of iron status did not differ between the groups. Among the 33 FBA cases, 6 patients were classified into the BLW group, 22 into the TSF group and 5 into the mixed feeding approach group.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The BLW and mixed feeding approaches may be overrepresented in IDA and FBA cases in children. Regardless of the feeding method, many cases resulted from eating patterns that didn't meet existing guidelines. This study emphasizes the need for better parent education on safe and adequate infant nutrition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":242,"journal":{"name":"Appetite","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 108372"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145420803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}