Urban Research eJournal最新文献

{"title":"The Relationship between Urban Forests and Income: A Meta-Analysis","authors":"E. Gerrish, S. Watkins","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2935492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2935492","url":null,"abstract":"Urban trees provide substantial public health and public environmental benefits. However, scholarly works suggest that urban trees may be unequally distributed among poor and minority urban communities, meaning that these communities are potentially being deprived of public environmental benefits, a form of environmental injustice. The evidence of this problem is not uniform however, and evidence of inequity varies in size and significance across studies. This variation in results suggests the need for a research synthesis and meta-analysis. We employed a systematic literature search to identify original studies which examined the relationship between urban forest cover and income (n=61) and coded each effect size (n=332). We used meta-analytic techniques to estimate the average (unconditional) relationship between urban forest cover and income and to estimate the impact that methodological choices, measurement, publication characteristics, and study site characteristics had on the magnitude of that relationship. We leveraged variation in study methodology to evaluate the extent to which results were sensitive to methodological choices often debated in the geographic and environmental justice literature but not yet evaluated in environmental amenities research. We found evidence of income-based inequity in urban forest cover (unconditional mean effect size = 0.098; s.e. = .017) that was robust across most measurement and methodological strategies in original studies and results did not differ systematically with study site characteristics. Studies that controlled for spatial autocorrelation, a violation of independent errors, found evidence of substantially less urban forest inequity; future research in this area should test and correct for spatial autocorrelation.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130828190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cities and Towns in India: Judging the Quality of Urbanisation","authors":"A. Mitra, J. Nagar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2924192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2924192","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we examine the quality of urbanisation in terms of deprivation index developed at a highly disaggregated level of urban centres (city/town) on the basis of dwelling conditions and basic amenities. Further, the demographic and economic characteristics in relation to the deprivation index and city size are examined. Very large cities are endowed with better living conditions and infrastructural facilities, displaying lower magnitude of the index though this relationship is not very strong, suggesting the importance of other variables in driving the city size and impacting on the index value. The group of “smart cities” selected by the present government for further investment and making cities the key centres of growth comprises a number of million plus and other large cities, which have already benefitted from the past investment. However, a number of counter-intuitive results follow from the exercises carried out for the ‘smart cities’ - for example, the phenomenon of inclusive growth seems missing. The paper argues that at least all class 1 cities (each with 100,000 and above) should have been considered for developing ‘smart cities’.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121636625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolución y reflexiones sobre el desarrollo y su relación con el territorio (Evolution and Reflections about the Development and his Relationship with the Territory)","authors":"Gerardo Ubilla-Bravo","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2922589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2922589","url":null,"abstract":"Durante los ultimos dos siglos, la discusion academica en torno al concepto de desarrollo ha permitido una evolucion de este, tanto en su significado como en las diversas interpretaciones de los actores que la usan. La geografia como disciplina cientifica tambien ha hecho su aporte en la construccion del desarrollo, a partir de la decada de 1970. En este contexto, aportamos al debate agregando otros conceptos clave para su comprension en el siglo XXI: la gobernabilidad, la descentralizacion y el conflicto. Asimismo, el articulo propone un enfoque basado en la vision del territorio desarrollado, cuyo proposito es superar la mirada de homogenizacion de la globalizacion y de las politicas publicas, para destacar y rescatar la identidad de los territorios.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133702887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Employer-Paid Parking, Mode Choice, and Suburbanization","authors":"J. Brueckner, Sofia F. Franco","doi":"10.1016/J.JUE.2017.12.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JUE.2017.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120739229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flipping in the Housing Market","authors":"C. Leung, C. Tse, Paul Anglin, Kosuke Aoki, Kuang-Liang Chang, Nan Chen, Patrick Ho, Min Hwang, Hirokazu Ishise, Munechika Katayama, Yuichiro Kawaguchi, Fred Kwan, Chunwei Liu, Stephen Malpezzi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2903014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2903014","url":null,"abstract":"We add arbitraging middlemen -- investors who attempt to profit from buying low and selling high -- to a canonical housing market search model. Flipping tends to take place in sluggish and tight, but not in moderate, markets. To follow is the possibility of multiple equilibria. In one equilibrium, most, if not all, transactions are intermediated, resulting in rapid turnover, a high vacancy rate, and high housing prices. In another equilibrium, few houses are bought and sold by middlemen. Turnover is slow, few houses are vacant, and prices are moderate. Moreover, flippers can enter and exit en masse in response to the smallest interest rate shock. The housing market can then be intrinsically unstable even when all flippers are akin to the arbitraging middlemen in classical finance theory. In speeding up turnover, the flipping that takes place in a sluggish and illiquid market tends to be socially beneficial. The flipping that takes place in a tight and liquid market can be wasteful as the efficiency gain from any faster turnover is unlikely to be large enough to offset the loss from more houses being left vacant in the hands of flippers. Based on our calibrated model, which matches several stylized facts of the U.S. housing market, we show that the housing price response to interest rate change is very non-linear, suggesting cautions to policy attempt to “stabilize” the housing market through monetary policy.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129639342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Degree of Centralization in Large Urban Areas in the U.S., 1950-2010","authors":"J. Ottensmann","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2895496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2895496","url":null,"abstract":"Levels of centralization of population and housing and the phenomenon of decentralization are an important aspect of large urban areas. A measure of centralization called the centralization ratio is developed that reflects the proportional reduction in the mean distance housing units are located from the center compared to a uniform distribution in the urban area. Values for this measure are computed using data on numbers of housing units by census tracts for 59 large urban areas defined for each census from 1950 to 2010. The results show that mean levels of centralization have declined steadily and significantly over the period. This decline was not universal, however, with 14 areas showing increases. Centralization varied by region of the country, highest in the Northeast and lowest in the South. Mean levels of centralization were also higher for the largest urban areas.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128331169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Effects of 'Stand-Alone' Structuration of Land Administration System on Urban Land Delivery and Accessibility in Nigeria","authors":"Kazeem Bolayemi Akinbola, A. Md. Yassin","doi":"10.22178/POS.17-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22178/POS.17-17","url":null,"abstract":"The efficiency and effectiveness of land administration system had been acknowledged to be premised on so many factors, arguably the chief of which, is the degree of mutuality, frictionlessness and bi-directionality in the interrelationship that exist amongst the various factors that are discharging arrays of tasks that these formal lands regulo-administrative machineries are saddled with. Undoubtedly, this simple conduct of affairs resultantly drives the formal lands delivery, hence it increases accessibility to urban lands by several categories of users in Nigeria, as thus the case globally. However, these interrelationships are absent among land administration and regulation systems in Nigeria. Hence, this study intends to assess the direct and possible indirect impacts that these interrelationships fallouts have on the formal delivery and accessibility of urban lands in Nigeria, Firstly, this was done by articulating the issues involved and calibrating them into constructs, then measuring them via the following score-cards, thus: myopism, non-ingenuity, disservice, eco-financial loss, distrust, trauma, anti-growth, death, market distortion and thriving informalisation focussing on the South Western Nigeria. Out of the total 586 individuals considered as the total population for the sample space, 120 individual qualified for the sample frame, upon which the structured questionnaires were distributed among land regulators, land administrators, independent land consultants and ultimate land users, essentially to have a fair and broad view of the issues inherent in this lands accessibility dilemma. 93 questionnaires were retrieved, out of which 87 questionnaires were valid, thus formed the basis upon which analyses were done, with emphasis on the 5 point Likert scale measurement usage, via both inferential and descriptive statistical tools. The results showed amongst other things, that unbridled relationship frictions had led to unwarranted role jettisoning and this impacts adversely on the delivery pace which concomitantly warps formal pathway to accessing urban lands by various categories of land users. Among the recommendations are that government formal land agencies should be re-configured to build synergy that engenders positive interrelationship and role synchronisation towards improved formal land delivery and accessibility in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129874251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does It Pay to Live in Big(Ger) Cities? The Role of Agglomeration Benefits, Local Amenities, and Costs of Living","authors":"Rudiger Ahrend, Alexander C. Lembcke","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2925676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2925676","url":null,"abstract":"This study approaches the question whether it “pays�? to live in big(ger) cities in a three-fold manner: first, it estimates how city size affects worker productivity (agglomeration benefits) in Germany, based on individual-level wage data. Second, it considers whether productivity benefits translate into real gains for workers by taking local price levels into account. Third, it examines the role of amenities in explaining differences in real benefits across cities. The estimated elasticity for agglomeration benefits is around 0.02, implying that comparable workers in Hamburg (3 million residents) are about 6% more productive than in Recklinghausen (150 000). But agglomeration benefits are, on average, offset by higher prices, i.e. city size does not systematically translate into real pecuniary benefits for workers. Amenities, e.g. seaside access, theatres, universities, or “disamenities�?, e.g. air pollution, explain – to a large degree – variation in real pecuniary benefits, i.e. real wages are higher in low-amenity cities.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131192605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"'Slow! Children at Play': Localization of Childhood in Moscow Playgrounds in Winter","authors":"E. Gudova","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2881279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2881279","url":null,"abstract":"Children and adults have different abilities and power in the city space. Playgrounds, as one of the places for children, illustrate the localization of childhood. Play area design is established by adults, and the quality of play materials may influence the variety of games and types of play but outdoor playgrounds are also influenced by a factor which was previously ignored – the weather. In this paper it is questioned how weather conditions may influence children’s play behaviour and spatial practices in a winter playground. Through observations of two Moscow playgrounds in December – January 2014-2015 and June 2015, we show that winter playgrounds even enrich the playing possibilities with the accessibility of snow as “loose part” materials. Winter weather not only allows children’s creativity in games but also redefine the symbolical borders of a playground and its equipment, turning the playground into a unified space. As children can play on the playground, with the playground, and beneath its blurry borders as well, the spatial and power inequality between children and adults slightly reduces, and city space becomes more democratized.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116021617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyse de la robustesse et de la vulnérabilité à la pauvreté en RDC (Analysis of the Robustness and the Vulnerability to Poverty in DRC)","authors":"I. Akhenaton","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2859220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2859220","url":null,"abstract":"French Abstract: Le souci majeur de ce papier est de demontrer que malgre la baisse de l’incidence de la pauvrete entre 2005 et 2012, les menages restent candidats a la pauvrete dans le futur suite a leur grande vulnerabilite. L’analyse de la robustesse de la pauvrete et de la vulnerabilite a la pauvrete a exige la confrontation de plusieurs approches du bien-etre. Il s’ensuit de ces approches que tant les menages ruraux que les menages urbains sont sujets a une forte vulnerabilite a la pauvrete: en milieu rural, le taux de sortie de la pauvrete s’etablit a 47,3%, le taux d’entree s’eleve a 52,75% tandis que le taux de sortie de la pauvrete s’etablit a 51,85% et le taux d’entree s’eleve a 50,5% en milieu urbain. Les menages ruraux sont legerement plus vulnerables a la pauvrete que les menages urbains et la pauvrete des menages se transmet de generation en generation et ne resulte pas des evenements isoles, elle est donc chronique. English Abstract: The major concern for this paper is to show that in spite of the fall of the incidence of poverty between 2005 and 2012, the households remain candidates with poverty in the future following their great vulnerability. The analysis of the robustness of poverty and the vulnerability to poverty required the confrontation of several approaches of the wellbeing. It follows of these approaches which as well rural households as the urban households are prone to a strong vulnerability with poverty: in rural environment, the borrowing rate of poverty is established to 47,3%, the rate of entry rises to 52,75% while the borrowing rate of poverty is established to 51,85% and the rate of entry rises to 50,5% in urban environment. The rural households are slightly more vulnerable to poverty than the urban households and the poverty of the households forwards from generation to generation and does not result from the isolated events, it is thus chronic.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124584037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}