Urban Research eJournal最新文献

{"title":"The Politics of Spatial Policies","authors":"D. Foster, J. Warren","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3768213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3768213","url":null,"abstract":"A wide variety of policies have spatially concentrated costs and diffuse benefits. In many cases, such policies exhibit severe governance failures. We present a formal model to investigate how these policy failures relate to institutions for resident participation. In the model, residents of two districts compete to oppose a locally costly (but socially beneficial) proposal. Participatory institutions allow residents to send a costly signal of their preferences to an official. But this signal produces inefficiencies in the regulatory process. The official only establishes participatory institutions when they are moderately biased toward one district. When extremely biased, the official unilaterally benefits one district at the other’s expense; when sufficiently egalitarian, the official allows each district to approve or veto projects themselves. We connect the establishment of participatory institutions to the changing structure of urban politics in the wake of the Great Society, reflecting both increased equality across neighborhoods and persistent inequality.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124809062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urbanization and Subjective Well-Being in China: Differences between Urban, Migrant, and Rural Populations","authors":"Shu Cai, Jia Wang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3919385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3919385","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past decades, China has witnessed a fast growth in urbanization promoted by massive flows of rural-to-urban migration. This study investigates the association between urbanization and the subjective well-being of migrant, rural, and urban populations, and also examines how urbanization affects the rural-urban difference in SWB. Using nationally representative data from the China Family Panel Studies in 2010, this study finds that urbanization is in general related to the reduced life satisfaction among respondents. Rural residents and migrants are more vulnerable to this negative influence of urbanization than urbanities. Conversely, urbanization is associated with an increase in respondents’ self-reported happiness, a pattern more pronounced among urban residents and migrants. Further analyses suggest that the gap in life satisfaction between urban and migrant (or rural) population tends to narrow in more urbanized counties. On the other hand, as urbanization increases, the happiness gap between urban and migrant population appears to decrease while the gap between rural and migrant population tends to widen. We provide some speculations for the patterns.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124143009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prospects for Battery Investment Under More Spatially Granular Electricity Spot Pricing","authors":"Orrie Johan, Gordon W. Leslie, Tom Meares, Russell Pendlebury","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3877758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3877758","url":null,"abstract":"The energy arbitrage prospects for battery energy storage systems differ under zonal and nodal market designs. We emphasize that batteries that relieve congestion are able to privately capture the economic benefit they create from their actions under nodal market designs. We show that in Australia’s zonal National Electricity Market (NEM), energy arbitrage opportunities have been increasing, coincident with renewable energy penetration. Further, we find that substantially greater energy arbitrage opportunities would exist if the NEM is to transition to a nodal market design. We conclude by discussing the investment drivers behind the five pioneering batteries in the NEM and future challenges regarding the economics and regulation of storage and flexible load assets.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115631049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating Wider Economic Impacts of Transport Infrastructure Investment: Evidence from Accessibility Disparity in Hong Kong","authors":"You Zhou, Lingzhu Zhang, Alain JF Chiaradia","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3876318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3876318","url":null,"abstract":"This paper estimates wider economic impacts related to productivity from transport networks in Hong Kong in 2016. Specifically, we use an instrumental variable approach to identify the causal effect of transport network centralities on productivity measured by gross value added. Our identification strategy largely relies on the exogenous variations from historical planned and existing transport networks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that makes use of complex network science indicators of accessibility combining urban rail, road network, and pedestrian network in capturing wider economic impacts. Our results confirm that pedestrian and rail networks can statistically significantly increase productivity in Hong Kong while roads play a less significant but still meaningful role. The research suggests a key planning policy implication: place-based policies in a dense city require a combination of local and global transport accessibility improvement which facilitates both agglomeration and decentralization.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124353299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Competitive Density on Traded and Local Market Performance in the Nonprofit Performing Arts Sector","authors":"Richard A. Briesch, E. Haruvy, Glenn B. Voss, Z. Voss","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3843038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3843038","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the effects of local competition on product innovation and performance in local versus traded markets, with empirical evidence from the performing arts sector. Local markets feature locally produced and consumed offerings and consistent patterns of competitive density. Traded markets feature non-local economic exchanges that create revenue flows from one geographic market to another and divergent levels of competitive density. High levels of competitive density create intense rivalry in the local market, which fosters product innovation and success in traded markets. By explicitly accounting for these countervailing effects, conceptually and empirically, this study offers fresh insights into equivocal findings regarding the effects of competitive concentration. The results offer compelling evidence that competitive density in the performing arts has a positive effect on product innovation, an increasingly positive effect on traded market performance, and negative effects on local market performance attributable to competitive rivalry.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114987940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Policy and Transition Risk in the Housing Market","authors":"K. Ferentinos, A. Gibberd, B. Guin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3838700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3838700","url":null,"abstract":"Public policies aimed at mitigating climate change can come with the transition risk of sudden adjustments of asset prices. We study the consequences of a policy intervention addressing greenhouse gas emissions in the housing market. Leveraging a unique data set of the population of all house transactions in England and Wales, we document novel evidence of transition risk. Prices of carbon-intensive properties affected by this policy decreased by about £5,000 to £9,000 relative to unaffected ones. We interpret this result as evidence in favour of semi-strong market efficiency in the housing market. We infer moderate implications for financial stability and for the wealth distribution among homeowners.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123301422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19: Emergence, Spread and Its Impact on the Indian Economy and Migrant Workers","authors":"A. Gulati, Shyma Jose, Bhupinder Singh","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.310596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.310596","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the related nationwide lockdown on the Indian economy, particularly on food systems. It also takes up an important issue of millions of migrant workers in India who seem to have suffered the most during this period. The loss of their livelihood, incomes, and food insecurity are captured through a survey of 2917 migrant workers in six different states of India. At the end, the study gives recommendations on how to broaden the support for migrant workers nationwide.<br><br>Due to the pandemic-induced lockdown, the Indian economy contracted 24 percent in the first quarter of the financial year (FY) 2020-21 (April-June). The worst affected sectors were construction, trade and hotel and other services, and manufacturing. Consequently, the unemployment rate surged to 23.5 percent in April 2020. Given the easing of lockdown and measures taken by the government in the wake of the first wave of the pandemic, the economic growth revived to -7.5 percent in the second quarter of FY 2020-21. The food processing industry particularly manufacture of grain milling products, dairy products and animal and vegetable oil, were resilient during the lockdown. However, the pandemic adversely impacted the processing and preservation of meat, fruits and vegetables. Notably, the agricultural sector is the only sector that recorded a positive growth rate of 3.4 percent during the first two quarters of FY 2020-21. Nevertheless, the disruption of the agri-food supply chain, particularly during the initial period of the lockdown, pushed food inflation from 8.8 percent in March 2020 to 11.7 percent in April 2020, but it came down to 3.4 percent by the end of the third quarter (December) of FY 2020-21.<br><br>The unprecedented migrant crisis was one of the major catastrophes that emerged during the pandemic. The sudden imposition of the lockdown had a severe impact not only on employment but consequently on the earnings and savings of the migrants once they reached their villages. At their native place, with no proper employment opportunities, the household income of migrants fell by 85 percent during June-August 2020, as per the survey findings. With the revival of economic activities post-lockdown, we found that 63.5 percent of migrants have returned to the destination areas by February 2021, while 36.5 percent were still in their villages at their native places. Although the migrant’s household income has increased after remigration, there is still a contraction of 7.7 percent relative to the pre-lockdown level. The household income of the migrants who are still at their native place post-lockdown contracted more than 82 percent compared to pre-lockdown.<br><br>To revive the economy and provide support to vulnerable populations, the central government announced a series of packages. These included an additional quantity of subsidised food-grains under the Public Distribution System (PDS), cash transfers through Jan ","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130885421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Past as Prologue: Remote Working to the Cusp of the Pandemic","authors":"Stephen Appold","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3817885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3817885","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has refocused attention on remote working, raising questions about its future trajectory, the reasons for its prevalence, and the potential implications for urban areas. Examining data from four large-scale U.S. surveys from 2000 to the cusp of the pandemic, this paper provides historical perspective. The plurality of those working at home for pay was doing so as a supplement to tasks performed in the workplace. However, in 2019, 5.8 percent of those engaged in paid employment generally worked from home (forgoing a workplace journey), increasing by an average of .14 percent annually. On any given day, 13.2 percent were working from home, increasing by .29 percent per year. Many of those working from home were professional workers concentrated in select low-touch sectors. By 2019, the majority were formal employees (v. self-employed or gig workers). The age distribution of those working from home suggests that a significant portion of remote work is an outcome of the informalization of late-career employment relations among the highly-educated. Remote work is but one of several cost-reduction strategies available to firms.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128614599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Price of Inclusion: Evidence from Housing Developer Behavior","authors":"Evan J. Soltas","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3669304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3669304","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In many cities, incentives and regulations lead developers to integrate low-income housing into market-rate buildings. How cost-effective are these policies? I study take-up of a tax incentive in New York City using a model in which developers trade off between tax savings and pre-tax income. Estimating the model using policy variation and microdata on development from 2003 to 2015, I find a citywide marginal fiscal cost of $1.6 million per low-income unit. Differences in neighborhoods, not developer incidence, explain the cost premium over other housing programs. Weighing costs against estimates of neighborhood effects, I conclude middle-class neighborhoods offer “opportunity bargains.”","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122079306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Participation of Electric Vehicle Fleets in Local Flexibility Tenders: Analyzing Barriers to Entry and Workable Solutions","authors":"F. Gonzalez Venegas, M. Petit, Y. Perez","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3803326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3803326","url":null,"abstract":"Distribution system operators (DSO) are starting to implement market-based mechanisms to use the flexibility offered by distributed energy resources (DER) such as electric vehicles (EV). Several European countries are trialing a range of real-life tests and market designs, and local flexibility tenders that allow DSOs to procure medium- to long-term flexibility have found early success. Here we set out to: i) identify the remaining barriers to entry for DER aggregators in these new flexibility schemes, and ii) quantify the participation of EV fleets in long-term flexibility tenders. We built a model to evaluate the potential EV aggregator gains on local flexibility tenders considering market rules, definitions of flexibility product, and different EV fleet compositions. Our model shows that the main parameters affecting EV fleet aggregator participation and remuneration are bidirectional capability (V2G), fleet reliability, and the right match-up between availability profiles and tender requirements. In best-case scenarios, EV fleet aggregators can expect revenues of over €1400/EV/year providing services for only a few hours or months per year. The paper concludes with policy recommendations based on best practices to boost DER participation in local flexibility markets.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128051421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}