Urban Research eJournal最新文献

{"title":"When Electoral Responsiveness Harms Voters: Evidence from Electoral Pollution Cycles in Mexican Municipalities","authors":"Shiran Victoria Shen, Cesar Martinez Alvarez, Edgar FRANCO-VIVANCO","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3758310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3758310","url":null,"abstract":"Can electoral responsiveness harm voters, and if so, when? Most of the literature on electoral responsiveness rightly argues that voters support policies that bring about immediate positive outcomes. In this paper, we theorize a set of circumstances under which politicians’ pursuit of voters’ preferred policy can also have immediate adverse consequences for voters. We provide evidence of the effect of electoral incentives on a critical type of public good—air quality—in a young, developing democracy—Mexico. By leveraging the exogeneity of the local electoral calendar, we find that state governors can be particularly incentivized to improve public welfare perceivable to the voters during the election, but sacrifice air quality and inadvertently harm public health in both the short and long terms. We call this phenomenon an “electoral pollution cycle.” We show that regulatory forbearance, rather than economic boom, around the election most likely explains the phenomenon. We argue that the electoral pollution cycle can impose significant human costs. This paper contributes to the study of the welfare consequences of electoral incentives in democracies. It also sheds light on how voters could fail to internalize the tradeoff between different forms of welfare improvement in the short run.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122189441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flip or Flop? Tobin Taxes in the Real Estate Market","authors":"Chunjie Chi, Cameron LaPoint, Ming-Jen Lin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3761226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3761226","url":null,"abstract":"We estimate the optimal tax on property flips by applying a sufficient statistics approach to a 2011 reform in Taiwan which levied a 10%-15% surcharge on investment properties sold within two years. Linking buyer-seller income tax returns to sales records, we find a 75% drop in one-year flips. We use variation in typhoon severity to classify 20% of pre-reform sales as noisy. Combining these two parameters, the optimal tax rate is 4%, which is close to the transfer tax rates imposed in many global property markets. Segmentation and inventory shifts limit the ability of Tobin taxes to promote housing affordability.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121286723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning, Architectural Styles and Property Values","authors":"Thies Lindenthal, Erik B. Johnson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3604052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3604052","url":null,"abstract":"This paper couples a traditional hedonic model with architectural style classifications from human experts and machine learning (ML) enabled classifiers to estimate sales price premia over architectural styles, both at the building and the neighborhood-level. We find statistically and economically significant price differences for houses from distinct architectural styles across an array of specifications and modeling assumptions. Comparisons between classifications from ML models and human experts illustrate the conditions under which ML classifiers may perform at least as reliable as human experts in mass appraisal models. Hedonic estimates illustrate that the impact of architectural style on price is attenuated by properties with less well-defined styles and we find no evidence for differential price effects of Revival or Contemporary architecture for new construction.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131571024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Software de sostenibilidad turística para el cumplimiento de la NTS colombiana (Tourism Sustainability Software for Compliance With the Colombian NTS)","authors":"Jasmín Herrera de la Barrera, Juan Miguel Martínez Buendía, Laura Martínez García","doi":"10.18601/01207555.n28.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18601/01207555.n28.09","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Spanish abstract:</b> Este artículo se basa en el diseño, el desarrollo y la evaluación de una herramienta tecnológica llamada “NTSOFT” como instrumento de utilidad empresarial para prestadores de servicios turísticos, que permita generar un diagnóstico y estadísticas que identifiquen el nivel de cumplimiento de los establecimientos ante los criterios normativos de calidad de la norma técnica sectorial colombiana. En el proyecto se utilizaron dos metodologías para el desarrollo de sistemas de información que dieron como resultado la construcción de un marco conceptual del tema, un diagnóstico del problema y un análisis para identificar y definir los objetivos del software por medio de un modelo para la implementación de la norma, así como el diseño y desarrollo del sistema y su evaluación a partir de una muestra representativa de 37 expertos, para lo cual se empleó la técnica de índice de concordancia. Los resultados de esta evaluación van dirigidos a validar un uso óptimo de los recursos ambientales, que son un elemento fundamental del desarrollo turístico, y al aseguramiento de las actividades económicas a largo plazo que garanticen el cumplimiento de la norma técnica sectorial impuesta por el Gobierno colombiano. <br><br><b>English abstract:</b> The growth of the tourism sector is becoming increasingly important in terms of competitiveness and sustainability of tourism destinations. For this reason, this paper presents the design, development and evaluation of tourism sustainability software as a useful business tool for service providers. The software called “NTSOFT”, allows you to generate a diagnosis and statistics that identify the level of compliance of the tourist establishments to the normative quality criteria of the Technical Provisions of the Sector. In this way, mechanisms are put into practice to evaluate the ongoing improvement, control and measurement of the sector through management indicators that guarantee establishment designs and that monitor their action plans. All this designed to provide the evidence required for the procedures at the registry of tourism.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"535 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116708352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"This Town Ain't Big Enough? Quantifying Public Good Spillovers","authors":"N. Jannin, Âurélie Sotura","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3771351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3771351","url":null,"abstract":"Despite long-standing theoretical interest, empirical attempts at investigating the appropriate level of decentralization remain scarce. This paper develops a simple and flexible framework to test for the presence of public good spillovers between fiscally autonomous jurisdictions and to investigate potential welfare gains from marginal fiscal integration. We build a quantitative spatial equilibrium model with many local jurisdictions, mobile households and endogenous local public goods causing spillovers across jurisdictional boundaries. We show how one can exploit migration and housing price responses to shocks in local public goods at different geographic scales to reveal the intensity of spillovers. Applying our framework to the particularly fragmented French institutional setting, we structurally estimate the model using a unique combination of municipal administrative panel datasets. Estimation relies on plausibly exogenous variations in government subsidies to instrument changes in the supply of public goods. We find that public goods in a municipality account for 4--11% of the local public good bundle enjoyed by its residents, and that public goods in each neighbor municipality account for an average 3.2--3.5% of this bundle. Finally, we simulate the effect of a reform increasing fiscal integration and find substantial welfare gains","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"44 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120851284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Politically Connected Cities: Italy 1951–1991","authors":"Guglielmo Barone, G. de Blasio, Elena Gentili","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3779802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3779802","url":null,"abstract":"The paper estimates the political connection premium for Italian cities tracked during the second half of the 1900s, when the role of the state in the economy was very widespread. It leverages the peculiar features of the gridlocked political landscape in place between the end of World War II and the fall of the Berlin wall, during which most influential politicians remained in charge for a very long time. We compare connected cities - small areas surrounding birthplaces of both prime ministers and leaders of the parties in power - with very similar, but unconnected \u0000municipalities, and find that politically connected cities gained a population premium of 8% over 40 years. When the connection ends, the difference in growth rate fades away. We document that birthplaces of powerful politicians benefited from both infrastructure investments and the location of plants by state-owned enterprises. Not surprisingly, the connection favored industrialization, raised employment and wages, but crowded out private entrepreneurship. Finally, our empirical evidence indicates that agglomeration economies in treated municipalities were not higher, thus suggesting that, if anything, place-based interventions linked to political connections have not been output-enhancing from a nationwide point of view.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129582193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Missing Home Buyers: Regional Heterogeneity and Credit Contractions","authors":"P. Mabille","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3742064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3742064","url":null,"abstract":"This paper demonstrates that the protracted decrease in young homeownership since the Great Recession was driven by high-house price regions, despite credit standards changing mostly nationally. Using a panel of U.S. metro areas, I calibrate a multi-region dynamic equilibrium model with overlapping generations of mobile households. Aggregate and regional dynamics are explained by the heterogeneous impacts of an aggregate credit contraction rather than by local shocks. Preexisting differences between regions and cohorts amplify differences in busts. The effect of subsidies to first-time buyers is dampened, because they fail to stimulate regions that suffer larger busts. Place-based subsidies achieve larger gains.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117085686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demographic Change and Regional Labour Markets","authors":"Michael J. Böhm, Terry Gregory, Pamela Qendrai, Christian Siegel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3736771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3736771","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Like many other countries, Germany has experienced rapid population and workforce ageing, yet with substantial variation across regions. In this paper we first use this spatial variation between 1975 and 2014 to estimate quasi-causal supply effects of ageing on regional labour market outcomes, drawing on the identification strategy of Böhm and Siegel (2020). We find in our panel of German labour market regions that workforce mean age has considerable negative effects on the wage returns to age. We also obtain suggestive evidence that relative employment rates of older workers decline when mean age rises. A decomposition of the heterogeneous regional trends using our estimates shows that ageing of rural regions is mainly driven by supply (reflecting local population dynamics) whereas urban ageing is driven by demand (reflecting responses to economic conditions). We discuss the differential implications of these drivers for regional policy.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132418713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Warm, Cool and Energy-Affordable Housing Policy Solutions for Low-Income Renters","authors":"Lyrian Daniel, Trivess Moore, E. Baker, Andrew Beer, N. Willand, R. Horne, Cathryn Hamilto","doi":"10.18408/ahuri-3122801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18408/ahuri-3122801","url":null,"abstract":"This research examined the incidence of energy hardship for Australian low income renters, and considered strategies and policy actions to reduce its impact on the lives of such households. Up to 40% of Australian households who rent their housing experience energy hardship. Energy hardship can include both absolute and relative measures of financial hardship, as well as circumstances where residents limit their energy use for normal daily activities.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124750454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Information Value of Property Description: A Machine Learning Approach","authors":"Lily Shen, Stephen Ross","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3281221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3281221","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper employs machine learning to quantify the value of “soft” information contained in real estate property descriptions. Textual descriptions contain information that traditional hedonic attributes cannot capture. A one standard deviation increase in the uniqueness of a property based on this “soft” information leads to a 15% increase in property sale price in a hedonic price model and a 10% increase in a repeat sales price model. The effects in the hedonic model appear to arise through two channels: the unobserved quality of the housing unit, and the market power of the housing unit relative to competing properties. The effects in the repeat sales model appear to be driven entirely by the market power of the unit. Further, an annual hedonic price index ignoring our measure of unobserved quality overstates real estate prices by between 10% to 23% and mistimes the stabilization of housing prices following the Great Recession. Similar, but smaller effects, are observed for the repeat sales price index.","PeriodicalId":239768,"journal":{"name":"Urban Research eJournal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128747932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}