World Journal of Psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Bidirectional link between mood disorders and diabetic retinopathy.","authors":"Arshi Singh, Arvind Kumar Morya, Prateek Nishant, Sony Sinha","doi":"10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.102540","DOIUrl":"10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.102540","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The recently published article by Gao <i>et al</i> identifies risk factors for anxiety and depression in patients with diabetic retinopathy. We supplement that there is pathophysiological evidence to show a complex and possibly bidirectional relation between diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, and mood disorders, especially depression. Longitudinal studies may strengthen proof of a causal relationship between these diseases. A better understanding can help in the holistic management of these patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":23896,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"15 5","pages":"102540"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12146998/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness and safety of blonanserin monotherapy for first-episode schizophrenia with and without prominent negative symptoms: A prospective study.","authors":"Li-He Chen, Qian Guo, Yao Hu, Xiao-Hua Liu, Hao Hu, Hai-Ying Chen, Cai-Ping Liu, Hua-Fang Li, Jin-Dong Chen, Guan-Jun Li","doi":"10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.103701","DOIUrl":"10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.103701","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Blonanserin, a novel antipsychotic, has demonstrated efficacy in treating both positive and negative symptoms. However, limited research exists on its dose-dependent effectiveness and safety in patients with and without prominent negative symptoms (PNS).</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of blonanserin monotherapy for first-episode schizophrenia in real-world clinical settings and to explore the efficacy and safety of different doses of blonanserin for patients with PNS and without PNS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A 12-week, multicenter, prospective post-marketing surveillance was conducted. In this study, we included patients with first-episode schizophrenia who received blonanserin monotherapy. Patients were divided into those with PNS and without PNS, based on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) negative symptoms subscale scores. Additionally, patients were labeled as high-dose and low-dose groups according to the maximum daily dose they received. Effectiveness was assessed using the BPRS, and safety was evaluated through the incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 653 patients were included in the analysis, with 613 completing the study. The BPRS total score decreased significantly from 47.94 ± 16.31 at baseline to 26.88 ± 9.47 at 12 weeks (<i>P</i> < 0.001). A significant interaction of PNS × dose × time was observed for BPRS total scores (<i>F</i> = 3.47, <i>P</i> = 0.040) and negative symptom subscale scores (<i>F</i> = 6.76, <i>P</i> = 0.002). In the PNS group, the high-dose group showed greater reductions in BPRS total scores (<i>P</i> = 0.001) and negative symptom subscale scores (<i>P</i> = 0.003) than the low-dose group in week 12. In the without PNS group, no significant difference was observed between the high-dose and low-dose groups at any visit. Most adverse reactions were mild or moderate, with extrapyramidal symptoms (9.3%) being most common; 1.5% of patients gained ≥ 7% body weight at 12 weeks.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Blonanserin effectively alleviated the clinical symptoms of first-episode schizophrenia with an acceptable safety profile. High-dose blonanserin is particularly beneficial for patients with PNS in the acute phase of first-episode schizophrenia. However, due to the limitation of ADR reporting the real world, the ADR incidence observed in this study may be underestimated.</p>","PeriodicalId":23896,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"15 5","pages":"103701"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12146995/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of perceived severity on depression, anxiety, and insomnia among Chinese community residents during the COVID-19 lockdown.","authors":"Jia-Xi Peng, Tian Huang, Lei Wang, Yang Yu, Jia-Xi Zhang, Jin Wang","doi":"10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.104565","DOIUrl":"10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.104565","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Depression, anxiety, and insomnia were found out that were significant relevance to the mental health impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To examine the interrelationships among perceived severity, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and sense of security in Chinese community residents during the COVID-19 lockdown period.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants were selected using simple random sampling from four large gated communities in Chengdu, China. All participants were invited to complete a survey that included the Perceived Severity Questionnaire, Security Questionnaire, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item, and Insomnia Severity Index-7. In total, 568 valid questionnaires were gathered. Correlation analysis and structural equation models were used to explore the relationship between perceived severity, sense of security, depression, anxiety, and insomnia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The observed prevalence rates of anxiety, depression, and insomnia among residents during lockdown were 27.5%, 17.6%, and 16.0%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that both perceived severity and sense of security were positively correlated with anxiety, depression, and insomnia [Pearson's <i>r</i> was perceived severity and anxiety <i>r</i> = 0.44 (<i>P</i> < 0.01); with depression <i>r</i> = 0.48 (<i>P</i> < 0.01); with insomnia <i>r</i> = 0.43 (<i>P</i> < 0.01); security with anxiety <i>r</i> = -0.65 (<i>P</i> < 0.01); with depression <i>r</i> = -0.65 (<i>P</i> < 0.01); with insomnia <i>r</i> = -0.53 (<i>P</i> < 0.01)]. Structural equation modeling and bootstrap tests revealed that sense of security acted as a significant mediator in the relationship between perceived severity and emotional and sleep disorders (anxiety, depression, and insomnia).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrates that sense of security is a significant predictor of emotional and sleep disorders (namely, depression, anxiety, and insomnia) among residents during the COVID-19 lockdown, with sense of security acting as a mediating factor. These findings suggest that mental health interventions for Chinese community residents during lockdowns may benefit from developing community-based educational programs to reduce perceived severity and ensuring the stable supply of essential resources and promoting social support networks to enhance the sense of security.</p>","PeriodicalId":23896,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"15 5","pages":"104565"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12147007/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of factors influencing anxiety and depression symptoms after therapy in 200 patients diagnosed with primary liver cancer.","authors":"Gang Cheng, Xin-Sheng Li, Meng Zhang, Yan-Min Wu","doi":"10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.101450","DOIUrl":"10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.101450","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patients undergoing interventional therapy for liver cancer experience severe psychological pain and are prone to anxiety and depression.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To explore factors influencing anxiety and depression symptoms in 200 patients diagnosed with primary liver cancer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from 200 individuals diagnosed with primary liver cancer and admitted to the authors' hospital (January 2022 to January 2024) were divided into 2 groups according to psychological status: Normal (<i>n</i> = 100); and anxiety and depression (<i>n</i> = 100). Through a questionnaire survey of patients and their families, single and multifactor factors of anxiety and depression in the postoperative interventional treatment of patients with primary liver cancer were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Univariate analysis revealed no statistical differences between the 2 groups in terms of chronic disease, sex, liver function, Child grade, and age (<i>P</i> > 0.05). However, there were statistical differences in payment method, disease cognition, number of interventional treatments, per capita income, and educational level (<i>P</i> < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that educational level, per capita income, disease cognition, payment method, and number of interventional treatments were all independent factors influencing postoperative anxiety and depression symptoms after interventional therapy in patients diagnosed with primary liver cancer, and the comparisons were statistically significant (<i>P</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Analysis of associated risk factors can strengthen the clinical screening of patients with liver cancer at high risk for postoperative anxiety and depression symptoms and improve their prognosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23896,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"15 5","pages":"101450"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12146997/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal study of peer bullying victimization and its psychological effects on adolescents.","authors":"Yu-Ping Bai, Hao Yuan, Qing-Yun Yu, Lu-Ming Liu, Wen-Chao Wang","doi":"10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.104145","DOIUrl":"10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.104145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Peer bullying victimization (PBV) is a significant public health issue that adolescents often face, with approximately one-third having experienced PBV. Understanding its interrelationships with mental health problems is crucial for effective intervention. This study aims to examine the longitudinal relationships between internalizing problems (depression and anxiety), externalizing problems (aggression), and PBV among middle school students using cross-lagged panel network analysis.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To examine the longitudinal relationships between internalizing problems (depression and anxiety), externalizing problems (aggression), and PBV among middle school students using cross-lagged panel network analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 1260 middle school students (54.6% male) participated in this study. Data were collected at two time points (time 1 and time 2) using self-report questionnaires to assess PBV, depression, anxiety, and aggression. Cross-lagged panel network analysis was applied to examine the bi-directional relationships between these variables over time.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Depression, particularly a \"sad mood,\" was the most significant predictor of both PBV and aggression. Cyberbullying victimization also emerged as a key factor influencing depression and anxiety. While anxiety had weaker and less consistent effects on PBV, aggression was predominantly influenced by depressive symptoms and sleep disturbances. The analysis also identified key symptoms, such as a \"sad mood\" and sleep disturbances, as crucial targets for intervention to mitigate the cycle of PBV, depression, anxiety, and aggression.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides important insights for bullying victimization prevention and intervention strategies: (1) Early identification and intervention targeting depression, particularly a \"sad mood,\" and sleep disturbances; (2) The importance of addressing cyberbullying as a distinct factor influencing mental health; and (3) The need for comprehensive, longitudinal approaches to understanding and intervening in the interconnected mental health issues among adolescents.</p>","PeriodicalId":23896,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"15 5","pages":"104145"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12146988/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the correlation between insomnia degree and quality of life in psychiatric outpatients in Chifeng city.","authors":"Meng-Ran Xie, Gang Li, Yu-Ting Shi, Li Kang, Na-Na Dou, Bing Liu, Jia-Li Cao, Shi-Qi Fu, Shi-Guang Hao","doi":"10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.103669","DOIUrl":"10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.103669","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Insomnia is a common sleep disorder that negatively impacts quality of life and is frequently comorbid with depression and anxiety. Chronic insomnia affects approximately 15% of the global population, with higher prevalence among females and the elderly. While existing research suggests a bidirectional relationship between insomnia and emotional disorders, the specific impact of insomnia severity on depression, anxiety, and quality of life remains unclear. This study investigates the correlation between insomnia severity and these factors in psychiatric outpatients, hypothesizing that greater insomnia severity is associated with higher levels of depression and anxiety, as well as poorer quality of life.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To explore the correlation between insomnia severity and depression, anxiety, and quality of life in primary chronic insomnia patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From June to December 2023, 345 patients with primary insomnia in Chifeng city were recruited and divided into three groups based on Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) scores: Mild (<i>n</i> = 137), moderate (<i>n</i> = 162), and severe (<i>n</i> = 46). Demographic data were collected <i>via</i> questionnaires. Self-rating depression scale (SDS), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), PSQI, and short form 36 (SF-36) scores were compared, and Pearson and partial correlation analyses were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The greater the degree of insomnia, the greater the symptoms of depression and anxiety (<i>P</i> < 0.001). The more severe the insomnia, the lower the SF-36 score (excluding body pain), and the difference between the three groups was statistically significant (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Pearson correlation analysis and partial correlation analysis depicted the SDS score and SAS score were apparently positively correlated with the severity of insomnia (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Pearson correlation analysis and partial correlation analysis depicted the SF-36 scores were apparently positively correlated with the severity of insomnia (<i>P</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Depression and anxiety are independent factors influencing insomnia severity in primary chronic insomnia patients. Higher depression/anxiety levels correlate with worse insomnia, impacting quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":23896,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"15 5","pages":"103669"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12146992/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alterations of serum metabolic profile in major depressive disorder: A case-control study in the Chinese population.","authors":"Bing Cao, Yuan-Li Liu, Na Wang, Yan Huang, Chen-Xuan Lu, Qian-Ying Li, Hong-Yu Zou","doi":"10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.102618","DOIUrl":"10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.102618","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by persistent depressed mood and cognitive symptoms. This study aimed to discover biomarkers for MDD, explore its pathological mechanisms, and examine the associations of the identified biomarkers with clinical and psychological variables.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To discover candidate biomarkers for MDD identification and provide insight into the pathological mechanism of MDD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The current study adopted a single-center cross-sectional case-control design. Serum samples were obtained from 100 individuals diagnosed with MDD and 97 healthy controls (HCs) aged between 18 to 60 years. Metabolomics was performed on an Ultimate 3000 UHPLC system coupled with Q-Exactive MS (Thermo Scientific). The online software Metaboanalyst 6.0 was used to process and analyze the acquired raw data of peak intensities from the instrument.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 100 MDD patients and 97 HCs. Metabolomic profiling identified 35 significantly different metabolites (<i>e.g.</i>, cortisol, sebacic acid, and L-glutamic acid). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis highlighted 8-HETE, 10-HDoHE, cortisol, 12-HHTrE, and 10-hydroxydecanoic acid as top diagnostic biomarkers for MDD. Significant correlations were found between metabolites (<i>e.g.</i>, some lipids, steroids, and amino acids) and clinical and psychological variables.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study reported metabolites (some lipids, steroids, amino acids, carnitines, and alkaloids) responsible for discriminating MDD patients and HCs. This metabolite profile may enable the development of a laboratory-based diagnostic test for MDD. The mechanisms underlying the association between psychological or clinical variables and differential metabolites deserve further exploration.</p>","PeriodicalId":23896,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"15 5","pages":"102618"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12146990/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychological education in higher education: Opportunities and challenges in the Internet+ era.","authors":"Hong-Ying Zhang, Yang Yu","doi":"10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.103274","DOIUrl":"10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.103274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the context of \"Internet+,\" the rapid development and integration of information technology in China have brought new opportunities and challenges to psychological education in higher education. Compared with traditional psychological education, the high information throughput and multichannel presentation of \"Internet+\" have altered students' cognitive characteristics. Consequently, traditional psychological education methods are no longer suitable for the current environment, and education methods pose new challenges for higher education. New media technologies within the \"Internet+\" framework have played a crucial role in psychological education. Further research is needed to explore new applications for enhancing the quality of psychological education in higher education institutions. This paper reviews the current opportunities and challenges faced by psychological education in the context of \"Internet+\", and explores a mechanism-driven, collaborative, and efficient educational strategy that is responsive to new conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23896,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"15 5","pages":"103274"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12146989/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elderly care needs and factors influencing negative emotions among first-generation only child parents in a Chinese city.","authors":"Rui Dong, Xiu-Xia Wang, Ling-Juan Zhang","doi":"10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.104113","DOIUrl":"10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.104113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>China has recently encountered severe challenges associated with population aging. Parents of first-generation only children face significant challenges regarding elderly care needs and the associated negative emotions.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To analyze the elderly care needs of first-generation only child parents in China and identify factors that influence negative emotions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study used a cross-sectional design. Convenience sampling was used to select 1580 elderly individuals who met the inclusion criteria in a Chinese city between June and September 2022. A questionnaire was administered to collect general information about participants. Depression and anxiety were assessed using the patient health questionnaire-9 and generalized anxiety disorder-7 scale, respectively. A logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relevant correlations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 1580 first-generation only child parents, 1120 (70.89%) preferred family based care, 324 (20.51%) opted for community care, and 136 (8.61%) chose institutional care, with 460 (29.11%) reporting negative emotions. Significant differences in the distribution of negative emotions among only child parents were observed based on age, marital status, living conditions, disability, type of chronic disease, frailty status, and family support (<i>P</i> < 0.05). The regression analysis indicated that disability, type of chronic disease, living environment, frailty status, and level of family support were independent risk factors for negative emotions among parents with only children (<i>P</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Elderly care for parents of only children is primarily family-based. Independent risk factors for negative emotions in this group include disability, chronic disease type, and living environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":23896,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"15 5","pages":"104113"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12146984/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prolonged grief disorder in bereaved parents: Exploring impacts and treatment pathways.","authors":"Yosi Yaffe, Inbar Levkovich","doi":"10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.104711","DOIUrl":"10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.104711","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is characterized by intense and persistent grief that significantly impairs daily functioning. For bereaved parents, the loss of a child represents an unparalleled emotional challenge, placing them at heightened risk of developing PGD. This review traces the evolution of PGD from early conceptualization to current definitions in the International Classification of Diseases, 11^th revision, and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5^th Edition, Text Revision. Building on this historical foundation, the analysis examined the prevalence, risk factors, and diagnostic criteria of PGD in bereaved parents, with particular attention to sex differences, the nature of the loss, and the time elapsed since the child's death. Furthermore, this review examines the multidimensional consequences of PGD on parents, including its emotional, physiological, and functional effects. Evidence-based treatments for PGD, such as psychotherapeutic approaches and emerging interventions, are also discussed. By synthesizing existing research, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of PGD among bereaved parents, highlights the unique challenges they face, and offers practical insights and recommendations for clinicians working with this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":23896,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"15 5","pages":"104711"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12146987/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}