{"title":"Fluctuating course of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across development: Multifactorial influences.","authors":"Xi-Wen Zeng, Lan-Fang Hu, Xiao-Lan Cao, Bin-Rang Yang, Zhao-Min Wu","doi":"10.5498/wjp.v15.i8.107780","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is increasingly conceptualized as a dynamic neurodevelopmental condition, marked by fluctuating symptom trajectories across development rather than the traditional static patterns of persistence or remission. This review synthesizes empirical evidence on the varied trajectories of ADHD symptoms-including late-onset, partial remission, and recurrent fluctuation patterns-and underscores their clinical significance in long-term functioning. We adopt a multifactorial framework to explore how genetic, environmental, and gene-environment interactions contribute to the emergence and evolution of ADHD symptoms over time. In addition, we consider how medication-related variables-particularly tolerance and adherence-may influence symptom fluctuation. Characterizing these developmental dynamics offers critical guidance for designing flexible, personalized interventions that align with individual trajectories and transitional vulnerabilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":23896,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"15 8","pages":"107780"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12362609/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"World Journal of Psychiatry","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v15.i8.107780","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"PSYCHIATRY","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is increasingly conceptualized as a dynamic neurodevelopmental condition, marked by fluctuating symptom trajectories across development rather than the traditional static patterns of persistence or remission. This review synthesizes empirical evidence on the varied trajectories of ADHD symptoms-including late-onset, partial remission, and recurrent fluctuation patterns-and underscores their clinical significance in long-term functioning. We adopt a multifactorial framework to explore how genetic, environmental, and gene-environment interactions contribute to the emergence and evolution of ADHD symptoms over time. In addition, we consider how medication-related variables-particularly tolerance and adherence-may influence symptom fluctuation. Characterizing these developmental dynamics offers critical guidance for designing flexible, personalized interventions that align with individual trajectories and transitional vulnerabilities.
期刊介绍：
The World Journal of Psychiatry (WJP) is a high-quality, peer reviewed, open-access journal. The primary task of WJP is to rapidly publish high-quality original articles, reviews, editorials, and case reports in the field of psychiatry. In order to promote productive academic communication, the peer review process for the WJP is transparent; to this end, all published manuscripts are accompanied by the anonymized reviewers’ comments as well as the authors’ responses. The primary aims of the WJP are to improve diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive modalities and the skills of clinicians and to guide clinical practice in psychiatry.
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