Virulence最新文献

{"title":"Genome-wide characterization of structure variations in the Xiang pig for genetic resistance to African swine fever.","authors":"Fenfang Qi, Xia Chen, Jiafu Wang, Xi Niu, Sheng Li, Shihui Huang, Xueqin Ran","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2382762","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2382762","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>African swine fever (ASF) is a rapidly fatal viral haemorrhagic fever in Chinese domestic pigs. Although very high mortality is observed in pig farms after an ASF outbreak, clinically healthy and antibody-positive pigs are found in those farms, and viral detection is rare from these pigs. The ability of pigs to resist ASF viral infection may be modulated by host genetic variations. However, the genetic basis of the resistance of domestic pigs against ASF remains unclear. We generated a comprehensive set of structural variations (SVs) in a Chinese indigenous Xiang pig with ASF-resistant (Xiang-R) and ASF-susceptible (Xiang-S) phenotypes using whole-genome resequencing method. A total of 53,589 nonredundant SVs were identified, with an average of 25,656 SVs per individual in the Xiang pig genome, including insertion, deletion, inversion and duplication variations. The Xiang-R group harboured more SVs than the Xiang-S group. The F-statistics (<i>F</i>_ST) was carried out to reveal genetic differences between two populations using the resequencing data at each SV locus. We identified 2,414 population-stratified SVs and annotated 1,152 Ensembl genes (including 986 protein-coding genes), in which 1,326 SVs might disturb the structure and expression of the Ensembl genes. Those protein-coding genes were mainly enriched in the Wnt, Hippo, and calcium signalling pathways. Other important pathways associated with the ASF viral infection were also identified, such as the endocytosis, apoptosis, focal adhesion, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, junction, NOD-like receptor, PI3K-Akt, and c-type lectin receptor signalling pathways. Finally, we identified 135 candidate adaptive genes overlapping 166 SVs that were involved in the virus entry and virus-host cell interactions. The fact that some of population-stratified SVs regions detected as selective sweep signals gave another support for the genetic variations affecting pig resistance against ASF. The research indicates that SVs play an important role in the evolutionary processes of Xiang pig adaptation to ASF infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11299630/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141876084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical features and risk factors for pyogenic liver abscess caused by multidrug-resistant organisms: A retrospective study.","authors":"Qin Long, Xiaoyu Zhao, Chang Chen, Min Hao, Xiaohua Qin","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2356680","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2356680","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The incidence rate of pyogenic liver abscess caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria has increased in recent years. This study aimed to identify the clinical characteristics and risk factors for pyogenic liver abscess caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. We conducted a retrospective analysis of the clinical features, laboratory test results, and causes of pyogenic liver abscesses in 239 patients admitted to a tertiary hospital. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for multidrug resistance. Among patients with pyogenic liver abscesses, the rate of infection caused by multidrug-resistant organisms was observed to be 23.0% (55/239), with a polymicrobial infection rate of 14.6% (35/239). Additionally, 71 cases (29.7%) were associated with biliary tract disease. Patients with pyogenic liver abscesses caused by multidrug-resistant organisms had a significantly higher likelihood of polymicrobial infection and increased mortality (7/44 [15.9%] vs. 3/131 [2.3%]; <i>p</i> = .003). The Charlson Comorbidity Index (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06-1.68), hospitalization (aOR: 10.34, 95% CI: 1.86-60.3) or an invasive procedure (aOR: 9.62; 95% CI: 1.66-71.7) within the past 6 months, and gas in the liver on imaging (aOR: 26.0; 95% CI: 3.29-261.3) were independent risk factors for pyogenic liver abscess caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. A nomogram was constructed based on the risk factors identified. The nomogram showed high diagnostic accuracy (specificity, 0.878; sensitivity 0.940). Multidrug-resistant organisms causing pyogenic liver abscesses have specific characteristics. Early identification of patients at high risk of infection with multidrug-resistant organisms could help improve their management and enable personalized treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11110708/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141065746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter to the editor (response to Vajro and colleagues).","authors":"Roger J Grand","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2316714","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2316714","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10885166/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139933144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowns and unknowns of TiLV-associated neuronal disease.","authors":"Japhette E Kembou-Ringert, Fortune N Hotio, Dieter Steinhagen, Kim D Thompson, Win Surachetpong, Krzysztof Rakus, Janet M Daly, Niluka Goonawardane, Mikolaj Adamek","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2329568","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2329568","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) is associated with pathological changes in the brain of infected fish, but the mechanisms driving the virus's neuropathogenesis remain poorly characterized. TiLV establishes a persistent infection in the brain of infected fish even when the virus is no longer detectable in the peripheral organs, rendering therapeutic interventions and disease management challenging. Moreover, the persistence of the virus in the brain may pose a risk for viral reinfection and spread and contribute to ongoing tissue damage and neuroinflammatory processes. In this review, we explore TiLV-associated neurological disease. We discuss the possible mechanism(s) used by TiLV to enter the central nervous system (CNS) and examine TiLV-induced neuroinflammation and brain immune responses. Lastly, we discuss future research questions and knowledge gaps to be addressed to significantly advance this field.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10984141/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140330196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nervous necrosis virus induced vacuolization is a Rab5- and actin-dependent process.","authors":"Jiaxin Liu, Liqun Wang, Xinyue Zhang, Shaowen Wang, Qiwei Qin","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2023.2301244","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2023.2301244","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cytoplasmic vacuolization is commonly induced by bacteria and viruses, reflecting the complex interactions between pathogens and the host. However, their characteristics and formation remain unclear. Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infects more than 100 global fish species, causing enormous economic losses. Vacuolization is a hallmark of NNV infection in host cells, but remains a mystery. In this study, we developed a simple aptamer labelling technique to identify red-spotted grouper NNV (RGNNV) particles in fixed and live cells to explore RGNNV-induced vacuolization. We observed that RGNNV-induced vacuolization was positively associated with the infection time and virus uptake. During infection, most RGNNV particles, as well as viral genes, colocalized with vacuoles, but not giant vacuoles > 3 μm in diameter. Although the capsid protein (CP) is the only structural protein of RGNNV, its overexpression did not induce vacuolization, suggesting that vacuole formation probably requires virus entry and replication. Given that small Rab proteins and the cytoskeleton are key factors in regulating cellular vesicles, we further investigated their roles in RGNNV-induced vacuolization. Using live cell imaging, Rab5, a marker of early endosomes, was continuously located in vacuoles bearing RGNNV during giant vacuole formation. Rab5 is required for vacuole formation and interacts with CP according to siRNA interference and Co-IP analysis. Furthermore, actin formed distinct rings around small vacuoles, while vacuoles were located near microtubules. Actin, but not microtubules, plays an important role in vacuole formation using chemical inhibitors. These results provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis and control of RGNNV infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10795790/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139479226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UvVelC is important for conidiation and pathogenicity in the rice false smut pathogen <i>Ustilaginoidea virens</i>.","authors":"Mina Yu, Tianqiao Song, Junjie Yu, Huijuan Cao, Xiayan Pan, Zhongqiang Qi, Yan Du, Wende Liu, Yongfeng Liu","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2023.2301243","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2023.2301243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rice false smut disease is one of the most significant rice diseases worldwide. <i>Ustilaginoidea virens</i> is the causative agent of this disease. Although several developmental and pathogenic genes have been identified and functionally analyzed, the pathogenic molecular mechanisms of <i>U. virens</i> remain elusive. The velvet family regulatory proteins are involved in fungal development, conidiation, and pathogenicity. In this study, we demonstrated the function of the VelC homolog UvVELC in <i>U. virens</i>. We identified the velvet family protein UvVELC and characterized its functions using a target gene deletion-strategy. Deletion of <i>UvVELC</i> resulted in conidiation failure and pathogenicity. The <i>UvVELC</i> expression levels during infection suggested that this gene might be involved in the early infection process. <i>UvVELC</i> is also important in resistance to abiotic stresses, the utilization efficiency of glucose, stachyose, raffinose, and other sugars, and the expression of transport-related genes. Moreover, UvVELC could physically interact with UvVEA in yeast, and <i>UvVELC</i>/<i>UvVEA</i> double-knockout mutants also failed in conidiation and pathogenicity. These results indicate that <i>UvVELC</i> play a critical role in the conidiation and pathogenicity in <i>U. virens</i>. Functional analysis indicated that UvVELC-mediated conidiation and nutrient acquisition from rice regulates the pathogenicity of <i>U. virens</i>. Understanding the function of the UvVELC homolog could provide a potential molecular target for controlling rice false smut disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10802205/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139492198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterising phagocytes and measuring phagocytosis from live Galleria mellonella larvae.","authors":"Jennie S Campbell, James C Pearce, Attila Bebes, Arnab Pradhan, Raif Yuecel, Alistair J P Brown, James G Wakefield","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2313413","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2313413","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the last 20 years, the larva of the greater waxmoth, <i>Galleria mellonella</i>, has rapidly increased in popularity as an <i>in vivo</i> mammalian replacement model organism for the study of human pathogens. Experimental readouts of response to infection are most often limited to observing the melanization cascade and quantifying larval death and, whilst transcriptomic and proteomic approaches, and methods to determine microbial load are also used, a more comprehensive toolkit of profiling infection over time could transform the applicability of this model. As an invertebrate, <i>Galleria</i> harbour an innate immune system comprised of both humoral components and a repertoire of innate immune cells - termed haemocytes. Although information on subtypes of haemocytes exists, there are conflicting reports on their exact number and function. Flow cytometry has previously been used to assay <i>Galleria</i> haemocytes, but protocols include both centrifugation and fixation - physical methods which have the potential to affect haemocyte morphology prior to analysis. Here, we present a method for live haemocyte analysis by flow cytometry, revealing that <i>Galleria</i> haemocytes constitute only a single resolvable population, based on relative size or internal complexity. Using fluorescent zymosan particles, we extend our method to show that up to 80% of the <i>Galleria</i> haemocyte population display phagocytic capability. Finally, we demonstrate that the developed assay reliably replicates <i>in vitro</i> data, showing that cell wall β-1,3-glucan masking by <i>Candida albicans</i> subverts phagocytic responses. As such, our method provides a new tool with which to rapidly assess phagocytosis and understand live infection dynamics in <i>Galleria</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10877982/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139736235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sneaky tactics: Ingenious immune evasion mechanisms of <i>Bartonella</i>.","authors":"Yixuan Xi, Xinru Li, Lu Liu, Feichen Xiu, Xinchao Yi, Hongliang Chen, Xiaoxing You","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2322961","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2322961","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gram-negative <i>Bartonella</i> species are facultative intracellular bacteria that can survive in the harsh intracellular milieu of host cells. They have evolved strategies to evade detection and degradation by the host immune system, which ensures their proliferation in the host. Following infection, <i>Bartonella</i> alters the initial immunogenic surface-exposed proteins to evade immune recognition via antigen or phase variation. The diverse lipopolysaccharide structures of certain <i>Bartonella</i> species allow them to escape recognition by the host pattern recognition receptors. Additionally, the survival of mature erythrocytes and their resistance to lysosomal fusion further complicate the immune clearance of this species. Certain <i>Bartonella</i> species also evade immune attacks by producing biofilms and anti-inflammatory cytokines and decreasing endothelial cell apoptosis. Overall, these factors create a challenging landscape for the host immune system to rapidly and effectively eradicate the <i>Bartonella</i> species, thereby facilitating the persistence of <i>Bartonella</i> infections and creating a substantial obstacle for therapeutic interventions. This review focuses on the effects of three human-specific <i>Bartonella</i> species, particularly their mechanisms of host invasion and immune escape, to gain new perspectives in the development of effective diagnostic tools, prophylactic measures, and treatment options for <i>Bartonella</i> infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10936683/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140040464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current insights into human pathogenic phenuiviruses and the host immune system.","authors":"Chuan-Min Zhou, Ze-Zheng Jiang, Ning Liu, Xue-Jie Yu","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2384563","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2384563","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phenuiviruses are a class of segmented negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, typically consisting of three RNA segments that encode four distinct proteins. The emergence of pathogenic phenuivirus strains, such as Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) in sub-Saharan Africa, Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus (SFTSV) in East and Southeast Asia, and Heartland Virus (HRTV) in the United States has presented considerable challenges to global public health in recent years. The innate immune system plays a crucial role as the initial defense mechanism of the host against invading pathogens. In addition to continued research aimed at elucidating the epidemiological characteristics of phenuivirus, significant advancements have been made in investigating its viral virulence factors (glycoprotein, non-structural protein, and nucleoprotein) and potential host-pathogen interactions. Specifically, efforts have focused on understanding mechanisms of viral immune evasion, viral assembly and egress, and host immune networks involving immune cells, programmed cell death, inflammation, nucleic acid receptors, etc. Furthermore, a plethora of technological advancements, including metagenomics, metabolomics, single-cell transcriptomics, proteomics, gene editing, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines, have been utilized to further our understanding of phenuivirus pathogenesis and host immune responses. Hence, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the mechanisms of host recognition, viral immune evasion, and potential therapeutic approaches during human pathogenic phenuivirus infections focusing particularly on RVFV and SFTSV.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11290763/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141789202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenesis and virulence of Heartland virus.","authors":"Kuan Feng, Benjamin Bendiwhobel Ushie, Haiyan Zhang, Shu Li, Fei Deng, Hualin Wang, Yun-Jia Ning","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2348252","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2348252","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heartland virus (HRTV), an emerging tick-borne pathogenic bunyavirus, has been a concern since 2012, with an increasing incidence, expanding geographical distribution, and high pathogenicity in the United States. Infection from HRTV results in fever, thrombocytopenia, and leucopenia in humans, and in some cases, symptoms can progress to severe outcomes, including haemorrhagic disease, multi-organ failure, and even death. Currently, no vaccines or antiviral drugs are available for treatment of the HRTV disease. Moreover, little is known about HRTV-host interactions, viral replication mechanisms, pathogenesis and virulence, further hampering the development of vaccines and antiviral interventions. Here, we aimed to provide a brief review of HRTV epidemiology, molecular biology, pathogenesis and virulence on the basis of published article data to better understand this virus and provide clues for further study.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11085952/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140874889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}