Enterobactin: A key player in bacterial iron acquisition and virulence and its implications for vaccine development and antimicrobial strategies.

Abstract

Enterobactin, a high-affinity siderophore produced by Escherichia coli and other enteric pathogens, plays a critical role in bacterial iron acquisition and virulence. By sequestering iron from host environments, enterobactin enables bacterial survival and proliferation, even under iron-limited conditions typical of host tissues. This review explores the biosynthesis and regulation of enterobactin, highlighting its contribution to bacterial pathogenesis and immune evasion. We discuss the potential of targeting enterobactin for the development of live-attenuated vaccines, emphasizing the attenuation of virulence through genetic knockout of enterobactin biosynthesis genes (e.g. entB). Additionally, we examine enterobactin as a promising target for novel antimicrobial strategies, including small-molecule inhibitors and siderophore-based "Trojan horse" antibiotics. Beyond medical applications, we also explore the biotechnological and environmental potential of enterobactin, such as its use in bioremediation and drug delivery systems. Finally, we identify key gaps in current research and propose future directions for harnessing enterobactin to combat bacterial infections and address global health challenges. This review underscores the multifaceted role of enterobactin in bacterial biology and its potential as a cornerstone for innovative therapeutic and biotechnological applications.