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Dual roles of exostosin glycosyltransferase 1 in Zika virus infection. 外泌素糖基转移酶1在寨卡病毒感染中的双重作用。
IF 5.5 1区 农林科学
Virulence Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-10 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2025.2458681
Jiaxin Ling, Asifa Khan, Matthias Denkewitz, Marco Maccarana, Åke Lundkvist, Jin-Ping Li, Jinlin Li
{"title":"Dual roles of exostosin glycosyltransferase 1 in Zika virus infection.","authors":"Jiaxin Ling, Asifa Khan, Matthias Denkewitz, Marco Maccarana, Åke Lundkvist, Jin-Ping Li, Jinlin Li","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2458681","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2458681","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many factors involved in heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis and metabolism have been reported to play roles in viral infection. However, the detailed mechanisms are still not fully understood. In this study, we report that exostosin glycosyltransferase 1 (EXT1), the HS polymerase, is a critical regulatory factor for Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. Knocking out EXT1 dramatically restricts ZIKV infection, which is not due to the inhibition of virus entry resulting from HS deficiency, but mediated by the downregulation of autophagy. Induction of autophagy promotes ZIKV infection, and attenuated autophagy is found in distinct EXT1 knockout (EXT1-KO) cell lines. Induction of autophagy by rapamycin can relieve the ZIKV production defect in EXT1-KO cells. While over-expressing EXT1 results in the reduction of ZIKV production by targeting the viral envelope (E) protein and non-structural protein NS3 in a proteasome-dependent degradation manner. The different roles of EXT1 in ZIKV infection are further confirmed by the data that knocking down EXT1 at the early stage of ZIKV infection represses viral infection, whereas the increase of ZIKV infection is observed when knocking down EXT1 at the late stage of viral infection. This study discovers previously unrecognized intricate roles of EXT1 in ZIKV infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"16 1","pages":"2458681"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11812395/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143383097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Hog1-Nmd5 signaling pathway regulates asexual development, lipid metabolism, stress response, trap morphogenesis, and secondary metabolism of Arthrobotrys oligospora. Hog1-Nmd5信号通路调节少孢子节虫的无性发育、脂质代谢、应激反应、陷阱形态发生和次生代谢。
IF 5.5 1区 农林科学
Virulence Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-19 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2025.2468294
Na Zhao, Qianqian Liu, Meichen Zhu, Lirong Zhu, Jinkui Yang
{"title":"The Hog1-Nmd5 signaling pathway regulates asexual development, lipid metabolism, stress response, trap morphogenesis, and secondary metabolism of <i>Arthrobotrys oligospora</i>.","authors":"Na Zhao, Qianqian Liu, Meichen Zhu, Lirong Zhu, Jinkui Yang","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2468294","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2468294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) signalling pathway, comprising Ste11/Ssk2/Ssk22 (MAPKKK), Pbs2 (MAPKK), and Hog1 (MAPK), is an important and conserved pathway in fungi. However, the functions and downstream regulatory factors of Hog1 in nematode-trapping (NT) fungi remain poorly understood. Here, three proteins (AoNmd5, AoPyp1, and AoPtp) interacting with Hog1 were screened in a representative NT fungus <i>Arthrobotrys oligospora</i> using yeast screening library and verified using yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay. The function of AoNmd5 was furtherly characterized by phenotypic comparison, staining technique, and multi-omics analyses. AoNmd5 was essential for vegetative growth, conidial development, trap morphogenesis, and nematode predation ability. In addition, AoNmd5 played crucial roles in endocytosis, lipid metabolism, reactive oxygen species, stress response, autophagy, and other metabolic processes. Furthermore, we constructed an AoNmd5 interaction network based on transcriptomic analysis and Y2H, revealing its significant role in the respiratory chain and redox processes as well as its interaction with the small GTPase Ran1, which mediates Hog1 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. These findings suggest that the Hog1-Nmd5 signalling pathway has pleiotropic roles in <i>A. oligospora</i>. This study deepens our understanding of the HOG pathway and its interaction with importins in NT fungi.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"16 1","pages":"2468294"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11845025/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143459101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Virulence and pathogenicity of group B Streptococcus: Virulence factors and their roles in perinatal infection. B群链球菌的毒力和致病性:毒力因子及其在围产期感染中的作用。
IF 5.5 1区 农林科学
Virulence Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2025.2451173
Christina J Megli, Sophia M Carlin, Elizabeth J Giacobe, Gideon H Hillebrand, Thomas A Hooven
{"title":"Virulence and pathogenicity of group B <i>Streptococcus</i>: Virulence factors and their roles in perinatal infection.","authors":"Christina J Megli, Sophia M Carlin, Elizabeth J Giacobe, Gideon H Hillebrand, Thomas A Hooven","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2451173","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2451173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review summarizes key virulence factors associated with group B <i>Streptococcus</i> (GBS), a significant pathogen particularly affecting pregnant women, fetuses, and infants. Beginning with an introduction to the historical transition of GBS from a zoonotic pathogen to a prominent cause of human infections, particularly in the perinatal period, the review describes major disease manifestations caused by GBS, including sepsis, meningitis, chorioamnionitis, pneumonia, and others, linking each to specific virulence mechanisms. A detailed exploration of the genetic basis for GBS pathogenicity follows, emphasizing the roles of capsules in pathogenesis and immune evasion. The paper also examines the molecular structures and functions of key GBS surface proteins, such as pili, serine-rich repeat proteins, and fibrinogen-binding proteins, which facilitate colonization and disease. Additionally, the review discusses the significance of environmental sensing and response systems, like the two-component systems, in adapting GBS to different host environments. We conclude by addressing current efforts in vaccine development, underscoring the need for effective prevention strategies against this pervasive pathogen.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"16 1","pages":"2451173"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11758947/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143024944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Human macrophage response to the emerging enteric pathogen Aeromonas veronii: Inflammation, apoptosis, and downregulation of histones. 人巨噬细胞对新出现的肠道病原体维罗氏气单胞菌的反应:炎症、凋亡和组蛋白下调。
IF 5.5 1区 农林科学
Virulence Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-28 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2440554
Nicholas Naidovski, Sarah K T Chong, Fang Liu, Stephen M Riordan, Michael C Wehrhahn, Christopher Yuwono, Li Zhang
{"title":"Human macrophage response to the emerging enteric pathogen <i>Aeromonas veronii</i>: Inflammation, apoptosis, and downregulation of histones.","authors":"Nicholas Naidovski, Sarah K T Chong, Fang Liu, Stephen M Riordan, Michael C Wehrhahn, Christopher Yuwono, Li Zhang","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2440554","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2440554","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the pathogenic mechanisms of <i>Aeromonas veronii</i> in macrophages. THP-1 derived macrophages were used as a human macrophage model and were treated with <i>A. veronii</i> strain AS1 isolated from intestinal biopsies of an IBD patient, or <i>Escherichia coli</i> strain K-12. RNA was extracted and subjected to RNA sequencing and comparative transcriptomic analyses. Protein levels of IL-8, IL-1β, IL-18, and TNFα were measured using ELISA, and apoptosis was assessed using caspase 3/7 assays. Both <i>A. veronii</i> AS1 and <i>E. coli</i> K-12 significantly upregulated the expression of many genes involving inflammation. At the protein level, <i>A. veronii</i> AS1 induced significantly higher levels of IL-8, TNFα, mature IL-18 and IL-1β than <i>E. coli</i> K-12, and led to greater elevation of caspase 3/7 activities. Both <i>A. veronii</i> AS1 and <i>E. coli</i> K-12 upregulated the expression of <i>CASP5</i>, but not other caspase genes. <i>A. veronii</i> AS1 significantly downregulated the expression of 20 genes encoding histone proteins that <i>E. coli</i> K-12 did not. The more profound pathogenic effects of <i>A. veronii</i> in inducing inflammation and apoptosis in macrophages than <i>E. coli</i> K-12 are consistent with its role as a human enteric pathogen. The upregulated expression of <i>CASP5</i> and increased release of IL-1β and IL-18 support the role of <i>CASP5</i> in activation of non-canonical inflammasome. The downregulation of histone genes by <i>A. veronii</i> suggests a unique impact on host cell gene expression, which may represent a novel virulence strategy. These findings advance the understanding of pathogenic mechanisms of the emerging human enteric pathogen <i>A. veronii.</i></p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":" ","pages":"2440554"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142814348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Decarboxylase mediated oxalic acid metabolism is important to antioxidation and detoxification rather than pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae. 脱羧酶介导的草酸代谢对稻瘟病菌的抗氧化和解毒作用比致病性更重要,而对稻瘟病菌的抗氧化和解毒作用更重要。
IF 5.5 1区 农林科学
Virulence Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-26 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2444690
Chang Liu, Yi Wei, Yuejia Dang, Wajjiha Batool, Xiaoning Fan, Yan Hu, Zhengquan He, Shihong Zhang
{"title":"Decarboxylase mediated oxalic acid metabolism is important to antioxidation and detoxification rather than pathogenicity in <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i>.","authors":"Chang Liu, Yi Wei, Yuejia Dang, Wajjiha Batool, Xiaoning Fan, Yan Hu, Zhengquan He, Shihong Zhang","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2444690","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2444690","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oxalic acid (OA), an essential pathogenic factor, has been identified in several plant pathogens, and researchers are currently pursuing studies on interference with OA metabolism as a treatment for related diseases. However, the metabolic route in <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i> remains unknown. In this study, we describe D-erythroascorbic acid-mediated OA synthesis and its metabolic and clearance pathways in rice blast fungus. By knocking out the D-arabino-1,4-lactone oxidase gene (<i>Moalo1</i>), one-third of oxalic acid remained in <i>M. oryzae</i>, indicating a main pathway for oxalic acid production. <i>M. oryzae</i> OxdC (MoOxdC) is an oxalate decarboxylase that appears to play a role in relieving oxalic acid toxicity. Loss of <i>Mooxdc</i> does not affect mycelial growth, conidiophore development, or appressorium formation in <i>M. oryzae</i>; however, the antioxidant and pathogenic abilities of the mutant were enhanced. This is owing to <i>Mooxdc</i> deletion upregulated a series of OA metabolic genes, including the oxalate oxidase gene (<i>Mooxo</i>) and <i>Moalo1</i>, as well as both OA transporter genes. Simultaneously, as feedback to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the decrease of formic acid in Δ<i>Mooxdc</i> leads to the reduction of acetyl-CoA content, and two genes involved in the β-oxidation of fatty acids were also upregulated, which enhanced the fatty acid metabolism of the Δ<i>Mooxdc</i>. Overall, this work reveals the role of OA in <i>M. oryzae</i>. We found that OA metabolism was mainly involved in the growth and development of <i>M. oryzae</i>, OA as a byproduct of D-erythroascorbic acid after removing H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, the OA-associated pathway ensures the TCA process and ATP supply.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":" ","pages":"2444690"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11776485/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology, kinetics, and evolution: A narrative review. SARS-CoV-2的流行病学、动力学和进化:综述
IF 5.5 1区 农林科学
Virulence Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2025.2480633
Samuel Alizon, Mircea T Sofonea
{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology, kinetics, and evolution: A narrative review.","authors":"Samuel Alizon, Mircea T Sofonea","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2480633","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2480633","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since winter 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has emerged, spread, and evolved all around the globe. We explore 4 y of evolutionary epidemiology of this virus, ranging from the applied public health challenges to the more conceptual evolutionary biology perspectives. Through this review, we first present the spread and lethality of the infections it causes, starting from its emergence in Wuhan (China) from the initial epidemics all around the world, compare the virus to other betacoronaviruses, focus on its airborne transmission, compare containment strategies (\"zero-COVID\" <i>vs</i>. \"herd immunity\"), explain its phylogeographical tracking, underline the importance of natural selection on the epidemics, mention its within-host population dynamics. Finally, we discuss how the pandemic has transformed (or should transform) the surveillance and prevention of viral respiratory infections and identify perspectives for the research on epidemiology of COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"16 1","pages":"2480633"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143804047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Short-term antiretroviral therapy may not correct the dysregulations of plasma virome and cytokines induced by HIV-1 infection. 短期抗逆转录病毒治疗可能不能纠正由HIV-1感染引起的血浆病毒和细胞因子的失调。
IF 5.5 1区 农林科学
Virulence Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-26 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2025.2467168
Yingying Ma, Min Zhang, Zhenyan Wang, Le Cao, Yanpeng Li, Zhenzhou Wan, Yakhouba Kane, Gang Wang, Xin Li, Chiyu Zhang
{"title":"Short-term antiretroviral therapy may not correct the dysregulations of plasma virome and cytokines induced by HIV-1 infection.","authors":"Yingying Ma, Min Zhang, Zhenyan Wang, Le Cao, Yanpeng Li, Zhenzhou Wan, Yakhouba Kane, Gang Wang, Xin Li, Chiyu Zhang","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2467168","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2467168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An expansion of plasma anelloviruses and dysregulation of inflammation was associated with HIV-1 infection. However, how antiretroviral therapy (ART) affects the dynamics of plasma virome and cytokine profile remains largely unknown. To characterize the dynamics of plasma virome and cytokines in HIV-1-infected individuals before and during the first year of ART, a cohort of 26 HIV-1-infected individuals and 19 healthy controls was recruited. Blood samples were collected and subjected to metagenomic analysis and the measurement of 27 cytokines. Metagenomic analysis revealed an increased abundance and prevalence of human pegivirus type 1 (HPgV-1) and a slightly decreased diversity and abundance of anellovirus in plasma of HIV-1-infected individuals after ART. No obvious impact was observed on other plasma commensal viruses. Increased abundance and prevalence of HPgV-1 were further confirmed by RT-qPCR assay in a larger cohort of 114 HIV-1-infected individuals. Notably, most dysregulated cytokines were not fully restored by ART, with extremely abnormal levels of IL-10, GM-CSF, VEGF, and eotaxin, and a significantly increased level of plasma I-FABP. Anelloviruses showed significantly negative correlations with other commensal viruses except HPgV-1 but had positive correlations with several anti-inflammatory and Th1 cytokines. These results suggest that short-term ART may not significantly correct the virome and cytokine dysregulations induced by HIV-1 infection. The results highlight a need for further investigation into the long-term effects of ART on virome and cytokine profiles in HIV-1-infected individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":" ","pages":"2467168"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11866967/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143415132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pathogenicity and virulence of Helicobacter pylori: A paradigm of chronic infection. 幽门螺杆菌的致病性和毒力:慢性感染的范例。
IF 5.5 1区 农林科学
Virulence Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-26 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2438735
Marguerite Clyne, Tadhg Ó Cróinín
{"title":"Pathogenicity and virulence of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>: A paradigm of chronic infection.","authors":"Marguerite Clyne, Tadhg Ó Cróinín","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2438735","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2438735","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infection with <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> is one of the most common infections of mankind. Infection typically occurs in childhood and persists for the lifetime of the host unless eradicated with antimicrobials. The organism colonizes the stomach and causes gastritis. Most infected individuals are asymptomatic, but infection also causes gastric and duodenal ulceration, and gastric cancer. <i>H. pylori</i> possesses an arsenal of virulence factors, including a potent urease enzyme for protection from acid, flagella that mediate motility, an abundance of outer membrane proteins that can mediate attachment, several immunomodulatory proteins, and an ability to adapt to specific conditions in individual human stomachs. The presence of a type 4 secretion system that injects effector molecules into gastric cells and subverts host cell signalling is associated with virulence. In this review we discuss the interplay of <i>H. pylori</i> colonization and virulence factors with host and environmental factors to determine disease outcome in infected individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"16 1","pages":"2438735"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Characterization and anti-tuberculosis effects of γδ T cells expanded and activated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat-resistant antigen. 结核分枝杆菌耐热抗原扩增活化γδ T细胞的特性及抗结核作用
IF 5.5 1区 农林科学
Virulence Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-08 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2025.2462092
Fangzheng Guo, Yamin Song, Sihang Dong, Jing Wei, Baiqing Li, Tao Xu, Hongtao Wang
{"title":"Characterization and anti-tuberculosis effects of γδ T cells expanded and activated by <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> heat-resistant antigen.","authors":"Fangzheng Guo, Yamin Song, Sihang Dong, Jing Wei, Baiqing Li, Tao Xu, Hongtao Wang","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2462092","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2462092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (Mtb) that poses a severe threat to human health. A variety of highly immunogenic tuberculosis proteins have been used as targets in vaccine development to mitigate the spread of TB. Although Th1-type immunity has long been considered a crucial part of resistance to Mtb, γδ T cells, the predominant source of IL-17, are not negligible in controlling the early stages of TB infection. In addition to classical phosphoantigens, <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> heat-resistant antigens (HAg), a complex containing 564 proteins obtained from live tuberculosis bacteria after heat treatment at 121 °C for 20 min, have been confirmed to be highly effective γδ T cell stimulators as well. Several studies have demonstrated that HAg-activated γδ T cells can participate in TB immunity by secreting multiple cytokines against Mtb or by interacting with other innate immune cells. In this review, we present a possible mechanism of HAg stimulation of γδ T cells and the role of HAg-activated γδ T cells in anti-TB immunity. We also highlight the limitations of studies on HAg activation of γδ T cells and suggest further research directions on the relationship between HAg and γδ T cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"16 1","pages":"2462092"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11810100/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143374693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Protection acquired upon intraperitoneal group a Streptococcus immunization is independent of concurrent adaptive immune responses but relies on macrophages and IFN-γ. 腹腔a组链球菌免疫获得的保护不依赖于同时发生的适应性免疫反应,而是依赖于巨噬细胞和IFN-γ。
IF 5.5 1区 农林科学
Virulence Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-08 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2025.2457957
Shiva Emami, Elsa Westerlund, Thiago Rojas Converso, Bengt Johansson-Lindbom, Jenny J Persson
{"title":"Protection acquired upon intraperitoneal group a <i>Streptococcus</i> immunization is independent of concurrent adaptive immune responses but relies on macrophages and IFN-γ.","authors":"Shiva Emami, Elsa Westerlund, Thiago Rojas Converso, Bengt Johansson-Lindbom, Jenny J Persson","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2457957","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2457957","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Group A <i>Streptococcus</i> (GAS; <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>) is an important bacterial pathogen causing over 700 million superficial infections and around 500.000 deaths due to invasive disease or severe post-infection sequelae yearly. In spite of this major impact on society, there is currently no vaccine available against this bacterium. GAS strains can be separated into >250 distinct <i>emm</i> (M)-types, and protective immunity against GAS is believed to in part be dependent on type-specific antibodies. Here, we analyse the nature of protective immunity generated against GAS in a model of intraperitoneal immunization in mice. We demonstrate that multiple immunizations are required for the ability to survive a subsequent lethal challenge, and although significant levels of GAS-specific antibodies are produced, these are redundant for protection. Instead, our data show that the immunization-dependent protection in this model is induced in the absence of B and T cells and is accompanied by the induction of an altered acute cytokine profile upon subsequent infection, noticeable e.g. by the absence of classical pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased IFN-γ production. Further, the ability of immunized mice to survive a lethal infection is dependent on macrophages and the macrophage-activating cytokine IFN-γ. To our knowledge these findings are the first to suggest that GAS may have the ability to induce forms of trained innate immunity. Taken together, the current study proposes a novel role for the innate immune system in response to GAS infections that potentially could be leveraged for future development of effective vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"16 1","pages":"2457957"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11810095/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143374723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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