Virulence最新文献

{"title":"Insights and progress on epidemic characteristics, pathogenesis, and preventive measures of African swine fever virus: A review.","authors":"Mei Li, Haixue Zheng","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2457949","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2457949","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the only giant double-stranded DNA virus known to be transmitted by insect vectors. It can infect pigs and cause clinical signs such as high fever, bleeding, and splenomegaly, which has been classified as a reportable disease by the WOAH. In 2018, African swine fever (ASF) was introduced into China and rapidly spread to several countries in the Asia-Pacific region, with morbidity and mortality rates reaching 100 percent, resulting in significant economic losses to the global pig industry. Because ASFV has large genomes and a complex escape host mechanism, there are currently no safe and effective drugs or vaccines against it. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize vaccination procedures and find effective treatments by studying the epidemiology of ASFV to reduce economic losses. This article reviews research progress on pathogenesis, genome, proteome and transcriptome, pathogenic mechanisms, and comprehensive control measures of ASFV infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":" ","pages":"2457949"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11901552/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143411133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virulence factors and therapeutic methods of <i>Trueperella pyogenes</i>: A review.","authors":"Xiangfu Wen, Jia Cheng, Mingchao Liu","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2467161","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2467161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Trueperella pyogenes</i> is a prevalent opportunistic pathogen responsible for a wide range of infections in livestock and wildlife, such as in cattle, pigs, European bison and forest musk deer. Much of the successful infection of <i>T. pyogenes</i> relies on its virulence factors, including pyolysin as well as adhesion factors. The swift rise of bacterial resistance has highlighted the urgent need for developing new therapeutic strategies. Currently, virulence factor-mediated vaccine development and other therapeutic approaches are widely regarded as the primary interventions for addressing diseases associated with this pathogen. This review examines the broader virulence potential of <i>T. pyogenes</i>, focusing on haemolysin, host cell adhesion proteins, the prevalence of antibiotic resistance, and the development of vaccines mediated by virulence factors. Additionally, it discusses current and future approaches aimed at improving therapeutic interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"16 1","pages":"2467161"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11849936/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143473110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of HIV-1 subtypes and drug resistance mutations in people who inject drugs in Aizawl and nearby districts of Mizoram, India.","authors":"Komal Raskar, Lal Thlengliani, Andrew Lalbiaknunga, Dipali Kale, Ajit Patil, Pragati Chavan, Richard Clr Hluna, Samiran Panda, Swarali Kurle","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2478074","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2478074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the last decade, there has been a steady increase in HIV-1 prevalence in Mizoram, India. Importantly, this increase in HIV-1 prevalence is not only limited to the key population groups such as female sex workers (FSWs) or people who inject drugs (PWID), and has been witnessed in general population as well. Injecting drug use has long been one of the key drivers of HIV-1 epidemic across the north-eastern states of India. In this study, using HIV-1 pol gene region sequences from Aizawl and adjoining districts, we examined the HIV-1 subtypes, recombinant forms, drug resistance mutations and also the spatiotemporal dynamics of the potential unique recombinant forms. In our dataset, the dominant subtype was HIV-1 subtype C (94.91%). We could also identify the presence of CRF01_AE (1.69%) and BC recombinant forms (3.39%). Drug resistance mutation analysis revealed that resistance against non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors was most common in the sequences having any resistance mutations. Evolutionary analysis of unique BC recombinants estimated the most recent common ancestor of these sequences around 2004-2005 and them having an ancestry of United States of America (USA) origin.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"16 1","pages":"2478074"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143651012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innate immune recognition in hepatitis B virus infection.","authors":"Aixin Li, Zhengjun Yi, Chunqiang Ma, Bangyao Sun, Li Zhao, Xiaoming Cheng, Lixia Hui, Yuchen Xia","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2492371","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2492371","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major global public health challenge, with approximately 254 million individuals chronically infected worldwide. The interaction between HBV and the innate immune system has garnered significant attention within the scientific community, with numerous studies exploring this relationship over the past several decades. While some research suggests that HBV infection activates the host's innate immune response, other studies indicate that HBV suppresses innate immune signaling pathways. These conflicting findings underscore the complexity of the HBV-innate immunity interaction, which remains inadequately understood. This review aims to clarify this interplay by examining it from three perspectives: (a) studies showing HBV activation of innate immunity; (b) evidence suggesting HBV suppression of innate immunity; and (c) findings that support HBV's role as a stealth virus. By synthesizing these perspectives, we aim to deepen the understanding of virus-host interactions that are crucial to HBV persistence and immune evasion, with potential implications for developing new therapeutic strategies for chronic HBV infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"16 1","pages":"2492371"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12013422/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143988761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LncRNA transcriptome analysis of rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) skin infected with IHNV reveals that lncRNA SARL/miR-205-z/<i>SOCS3</i> axis negatively regulates antiviral immunity mechanisms.","authors":"Lu Zhao, Jinqiang Huang, Yongjuan Li, Shenji Wu","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2486990","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2486990","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are new gene regulators involved in various biological processes. However, the regulatory effect of lncRNA on the rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) antiviral immune response has not been reported. Here, we measured lncRNA profiles at 48 hpi compared to the control group, expression levels of lncRNA, miRNA, and gene, and lncRNA SARL/miR-205-z/<i>SOCS3</i> functions after rainbow trout skin infected with infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) by RNA-seq, qRT-PCR, and overexpression and inhibition assays. Transcriptome analysis identified twelve upregulated and four downregulated DElncRNAs. Twelve key immune-related competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks were identified, and the target genes were enriched in the TLR, RLR, NLR, and p53 signalling pathways. Expression patterns suggested that changes in lncRNA SARL, miR-205-z, and <i>SOCS3</i> expression presented a ceRNA regulatory relationship. Further studies demonstrated that the lncRNA SARL was a ceRNA of <i>SOCS3</i> by sponging miR-205-z <i>in vitro</i>, thereby playing a negative regulatory role in the antiviral immune response of rainbow trout. We also found that miR-205-z was a positive regulator of rainbow trout liver cell proliferation, and this effect could be reversed by <i>SOCS3</i>. <i>In vivo</i>, <i>SOCS3</i> expression significantly increased after antagomiR-205-z injection. Furthermore, <i>SOCS3</i> overexpression significantly promoted the replication of IHNV. This study provides fundamental data for disease resistance breeding and targeted drug therapy in rainbow trout.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"16 1","pages":"2486990"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12036486/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144037274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interplay of <i>Mycobacterium abscessus</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> in experimental models of coinfection: Biofilm dynamics and host immune response.","authors":"Víctor Campo-Pérez, Esther Julián, Eduard Torrents","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2493221","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2493221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The incidence of infection by nontuberculous mycobacteria, mainly <i>Mycobacterium abscessus</i>, is increasing in patients with cystic fibrosis and other chronic pulmonary diseases, leading to an accelerated lung function decline. In most cases, <i>M. abscessus</i> coinfects <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, the most common pathogen in these conditions. However, how these two bacterial species interact during infection remains poorly understood. This study explored their behaviour in three relevant pathogenic settings: dual-species biofilm development using a recently developed method to monitor individual species in dual-species biofilms, coinfection in bronchial epithelial cells, and <i>in vivo</i> coinfection in the <i>Galleria mellonella</i> model. The results demonstrated that both species form stable mixed biofilms and reciprocally inhibit single-biofilm progression. Coinfections in bronchial epithelial cells significantly decreased cell viability, whereas in <i>G. mellonella</i>, coinfections induced lower survival rates than individual infections. Analysis of the immune response triggered by each bacterium in bronchial epithelial cell assays and <i>G. mellonella</i> larvae revealed that <i>P. aeruginosa</i> induces the overexpression of proinflammatory and melanization cascade responses, respectively. In contrast, <i>M. abscessus</i> and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> coinfection significantly inhibited the immune response in both models, resulting in worse consequences for the host than those generated by a single <i>P. aeruginosa</i> infection. Overall, this study highlights the novel role of <i>M. abscessus</i> in suppressing immune responses during coinfection with <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, emphasizing the clinical implications for the management of cystic fibrosis and other pulmonary diseases. Understanding these interactions could inform the development of new therapeutic strategies to mitigate the severity of coinfections in vulnerable patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"16 1","pages":"2493221"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12064063/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144049041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A promising endeavor against human cytomegalovirus: Predominant epitopes-based recombinant subunit vaccine RH<i>Ec</i>^{IE1/pp65/pp150}.","authors":"Zonghui Li, Shasha Jiang, Wenxuan Liu, Xiaoli Yang, Fengjun Liu, Xu Li, Jun Li, Meng Yu, Zhun Wei, Bin Wang, Dongmeng Qian","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2497903","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2497903","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is widespread in the population, typically remaining latent. However, it can cause severe morbidity and mortality in transplant patients and immunodeficient individuals. Currently, there is no approved vaccine against HCMV. This study used immunoinformatics methods to predict the predominant T and B-cell epitopes of three key HCMV proteins, including phosphoprotein 65 (pp65), pp150, and immediate-early protein 1 (IE1). Subsequently, we synthesized a recombinant subunit vaccine (RH<i>Ec</i>^{IE1/pp65/pp150}) from <i>Escherichia coli</i>, comprising RH<i>Ec</i>-1 and RH<i>Ec</i>-2. We observed that the RH<i>Ec</i>^{IE1/pp65/pp150} vaccine exhibited high safety and immunogenicity in mice, enhancing a significant upregulation of CD80, CD86, CD40, and MHCII on dendritic cells and macrophages. Additionally, the vaccine activated innate immune responses through the NF-κB signalling pathway, triggering CD4⁺ and CD8⁺T cells to secrete tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, and interleukin (IL)-2, directing the T-cell response towards Th1. Moreover, it stimulated CD4⁺T cells to secrete IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10, promoting B-cell immunity. Furthermore, the RH<i>Ec</i>^{IE1/pp65/pp150} vaccine induced the formation of abundant memory cells and high levels of neutralizing antibody titres, conducive to providing long-lasting protection. Taken together, the RH<i>Ec</i>^{IE1/pp65/pp150} vaccine is a promising endeavour against HCMV, and these findings contribute valuable insights to the development of HCMV vaccine candidates.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"16 1","pages":"2497903"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12064061/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144052564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenicity and virulence of <i>Mycobacterium abscessus</i>.","authors":"Soledad Soverina, Haleigh N Gilliland, Andrew J Olive","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2508813","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2508813","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), such as <i>Mycobacterium abscessus</i> (Mab) are an increasing cause of human disease. While the majority of immunocompetent hosts control Mab infections, the robust survival of Mab within the environment has shaped survival in human cells to help drive persistence and cause inflammatory damage in susceptible individuals. With high intrinsic resistance to antibiotics, there is an important need to fully understand how Mab causes infection, define protective host pathways that control disease, and develop new strategies to treat those at high risk. This review will examine the existing literature related to host-Mab interactions with a focus on virulence, the host response, and therapy development. The goal is to highlight key gaps in our understanding and describe novel approaches to encourage new research avenues that better define the pathogenesis and host response against this increasingly important human pathogen.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"16 1","pages":"2508813"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12118445/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144143679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Involvement of a variant secretory protein in virulence of emerging <i>Cryptosporidium parvum</i> subtypes.","authors":"Falei Li, Jiayu Li, Yongping Tang, Wei He, Yingying Fan, Ni Huang, Zhuowei Wan, Martin Kváč, Yaqiong Guo, Na Li, Lihua Xiao, Yaoyu Feng","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2514077","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2514077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several divergent <i>Cryptosporidium parvum</i> subtypes have emerged in people in recent years, but their infectivity, pathogenicity, and genetic characteristics are unclear. In the present study, IFN-γ knockout C57BL/6 (GKO) mice were infected with the novel IIoA15G1 and IIpA11 subtypes of <i>C. parvum</i> and the common IIaA17G2R1 subtype. The genomes of these isolates were sequenced and compared with each other. Further gene tagging and deletion were performed on the most polymorphic virulence-associated cgd8_5420 gene encoding a hypothetical protein using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. IIpA11 and IIoA15G1 were highly infectious in GKO mice, with an ID₅₀ of 2.4 and 3.6 oocysts, respectively. The duration of oocyst shedding for IIpA11 (>58.0 ± 1.4 d) and IIoA15G1 (>57.5 ± 0.9 d) was significantly longer than for IIaA17G2R1 (5.5 ± 0.9 d; <i>p</i> < 0.001). One of the mice infected with IIpA11 died on day 33 post infection. The genomes of IIaA17G2R1, IIoA15G1, and IIpA11 had 203, 46839, and 47,122 single nucleotide polymorphisms, respectively, compared to <i>C. parvum</i> IOWA II. In contrast, only 3,361 nucleotide differences were found between IIoA15G1 and IIpA11, with several genes encoding invasion-associated mucin glycoproteins and cgd8_5420 encoding a secretory protein being highly polymorphic. The latter is mainly expressed in trophozoites, merozoites, and macrogametes. Deletion of this gene reduced the intensity of IIpA11 infection and increased the survival of infected mice. Therefore, the emerging IIoA15G1 and IIpA11 subtypes have divergent genomes compared to common IIa subtypes and are highly infectious and pathogenic in GKO mice. Several secretory proteins, including a variant protein encoded by the subtelomeric cgd8_5420 gene, are associated with differences in virulence between the two subtypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"16 1","pages":"2514077"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12143685/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144226827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Bandavirus dabieense</i>: A review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, pathophysiology, treatment and prevention.","authors":"Chengcheng Peng, Yujia Hao, Yuge Yuan, Wenzhou Ma, Duo Zhang, Jienan Kong, He Zhang, Nan Li, Pengpeng Xiao","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2520343","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2520343","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bandavirus dabieense (commonly known as severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, SFTSV) infection leads to severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), which is an emerging tick-borne natural focus disease discovered in middle-eastern China. SFTS is characterized by fever with thrombocytopenia, and patients' main clinical manifestations are leucopenia, elevated serum liver enzymes, and multiple organ failure. Ticks are considered as carriers of SFTSV transmission, and <i>Haemaphysalis longicornalis</i> is considered the main vector tick. SFTSV is disseminated through the migration or movement of tick-carrying migratory birds and other animal hosts. With changes in climate and environment, the habitat of ticks such as <i>haemaphysalis longicornalis</i> are continuously expanding, coupled with the diverse animal host species of the ticks. SFTS is evolving into a serious global public safety issue. In the absence of specific treatments and vaccines still being developed, monitoring and vector control are crucial for curbing the spread of SFTSV. Here, based on the existing literature, we reviewed the epidemiology, infection mechanism, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, prevention and clinical treatment of SFTSV to enhance the understanding of the SFTSV, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis guidance for the government and relevant institutions to prevent and control the further spread of SFTSV.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":" ","pages":"2520343"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12184167/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144302988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}