Virulence最新文献

{"title":"Emerging West African Genotype Chikungunya Virus in Mosquito Virome.","authors":"Pengpeng Xiao, Yujia Hao, Yuge Yuan, Wenzhou Ma, Yiquan Li, He Zhang, Nan Li","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2444686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2024.2444686","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We studied the viromes of three dominant mosquito species in Wenzhou, a coastal city in Zhejiang Province, using metavirome sequencing, with 18 viral families identified. Viral sequences were verified by RT-PCR. The JEV E gene was most closely related to the 1988 Korean strain. DENV sequences were most closely related to the 1997 Australian strain. CHIKV-E1-1 was most closely related to the 1983 Senegal strain and belonged to West African genotype CHIKV. Remarkably, this is the first time that a West African genotype of CHIKV has been detected in Zhejiang Province. Mutations in the CHIKV-E1-1 protein A226V may increase infectivity in <i>Ae. albopictus</i>. Three non-conservative mutations of CHIKV-E1-1 (D45H, D70H and V290D) may have an impact on the function. In conclusion, our study reveals the diversity of mosquito-borne viruses and potential emerging outbreaks in the southeast coastal region of China, providing new perspectives for mining the ecological characterization of other important arboviruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"16 1","pages":"2444686"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142883041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The highly pathogenic strain of porcine deltacoronavirus disrupts the intestinal barrier and causes diarrhea in newborn piglets.","authors":"Xin Yao, Wei-Hong Lu, Wen-Ting Qiao, Yu-Qian Zhang, Bao-Ying Zhang, Hui-Xin Li, Jin-Long Li","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2446742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2024.2446742","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is increasingly prevalent in newborn piglets with diarrhea. With the development of research on the virus and the feasibility of PDCoV cross-species transmission, the biosafety and the development of pig industry have been greatly affected. In this study, a PDCoV strain CH/LNFX/2022 was isolated from diarrheal newborn piglets at a farm in China. A genome-wide based phylogenetic analysis suggests that 97.5% to 99.2% homology existed in the whole genomes of other strains. Five amino acid mutations are seen for the first time in the S protein. By constructing 3D models, it was found that the S1-NTD/CTD and S2-HR-C regions produced structural alterations. Protein functional analysis showed that the structural changes of the three regions changed the epitope of S protein, the O-GalNAc glycosylation site and the 3C-like protease cleavage site. In addition, oral administration of 10⁷ TCID₅₀ CH/LNFX/2022 to newborn piglets successfully reproduced obvious clinical signs of piglets, such as diarrhea and dehydration. Meanwhile, PDCoV antigen was detected by immunofluorescence in the small intestine, and microscopic lesions and intestinal mucosal barrier destruction were detected by histological observation and scanning electron microscopy. Our study confirmed that porcine coronavirus strains increased pathogenicity through evolution, damaged the intestinal barrier of newborn piglets, and caused diarrhea in pigs. This study provided the candidate strains and theoretical basis for establishing the prevention and control system of vaccine and diagnostic methods for piglet diarrhea.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"16 1","pages":"2446742"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142932791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A small RNA from <i>Streptococcus suis</i> epidemic ST7 strain promotes bacterial survival in host blood and brain by enhancing oxidative stress resistance.","authors":"Zijing Liang, Shuoyue Wang, Xinchi Zhu, Jiale Ma, Huochun Yao, Zongfu Wu","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2491635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2025.2491635","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Streptococcus suis</i> is a Gram-positive pathogen causing septicaemia and meningitis in pigs and humans. However, how <i>S. suis</i> maintains a high bacterial load in the blood and brain is poorly understood. In this study, we found that a small RNA rss03 is predominantly present in <i>S. suis</i>, <i>Streptococcus parasuis</i>, and <i>Streptococcus ruminantium</i>, implying a conserved biological function. rss03 with a size of 303 nt mainly exists in <i>S. suis</i> sequence type (ST) 1 and epidemic ST7 strains that are responsible for human infections in China. Using MS2-affinity purification coupled with RNA sequencing (MAPS), proteomics analysis, and CopraRNA prediction, 14 direct targets of rss03 from an ST7 strain were identified. These direct targets mainly involve substance transport, transcriptional regulation, rRNA modification, and stress response. A more detailed analysis reveals that rss03 interacts with the coding region of <i>glpF</i> mRNA, and unexpectedly rss03 protects <i>glpF</i> mRNA from degradation by RNase J1. The GlpF protein is an aquaporin, contributes to <i>S. suis</i> oxidative stress resistance by H₂O₂ efflux, and facilitates bacterial survival in murine macrophages RAW264.7. Finally, we showed that rss03 and GlpF are required to maintain a high bacterial load in mouse blood and brain. Our study presents the first sRNA targetome in streptococci, enriches the knowledge of sRNA regulation in streptococci, and identifies pathways contributing to <i>S. suis</i> pathogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"16 1","pages":"2491635"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12005413/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144037358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circulation characteristics of bat coronaviruses linked to bat ecological factors in Korea, 2021-2022.","authors":"Min Chan Kim, Seong Sik Jang, Thi Van Lo, Ji Yeong Noh, Hyun A Lim, Ha Yeon Kim, Da Young Mun, Kihyun Kim, Taek-Woo Lee, Yong Gun Choi, Sun-Woo Yoon, Dae Gwin Jeong, Sun-Sook Kim, Hye Kwon Kim","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2502551","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2502551","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Considering that bat ecology alterations may be linked with pathogen spillover, research on bat coronaviruses, particularly on the infection and transmission pattern among bats in relation with their ecology, is essential. We captured bats distributed in Korea from 2021 to 2022, examined coronaviruses in oral swabs, feces, urine, and ectoparasites, and were able to detect alphacoronavirus. We investigated coronaviruses, but noted no substantial differences in the body condition index in the coronavirus-positive bats. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that bat ecological factors that were significantly associated with coronavirus-positive were roost type, sample type, and bat species. Coronavirus-positive ectoparasite cases suggested additional study on the potential role of them as the viral transmission vectors or fomites. Reinfection of a different coronavirus in recaptured bats was evident, suggesting the possibility that coronavirus circulation can evade the potential protective immunity acquired from previous coronavirus infections. The present findings provide comprehensive information on the coronaviruses transmission dynamics within bat populations linked with bat ecology.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"16 1","pages":"2502551"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12077446/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144021231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tamdy virus pathogenesis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised mouse models.","authors":"Mingxue Cui, Hua-Chen Zhu, Xiurong Wang, Ying Cao, Di Liu, Michael J Carr, Yi Guan, Hong Zhou, Weifeng Shi","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2503457","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2503457","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tamdy virus (TAMV) is one of the zoonotic tick-borne bunyaviruses that have emerged as global public health threats in recent decades. To date, however, TAMV pathogenesis remains poorly understood. In the present study, we have established different mouse infection models to enable investigation of TAMV pathogenesis. Adult BALB/c mice did not exhibit obvious clinical symptoms or signs post-TAMV infection. In contrast, adult type I interferon receptor knockout (IFNAR^-/-) A129 mice were found to be susceptible to high-doses of TAMV (6 × 10² and 6 × 10⁴ FFU) and all developed severe clinical symptoms and signs, including weight loss and immobility, and reached the euthanasia criteria at 4/5-day post-infection (dpi). Viral RNA was detected in peripheral blood and different tissues (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, intestine, and brain) of the high-dose infected adult A129 mice, with the highest viral loads in the liver (approximately 10^8.3 copies/μL). Pathological examination also revealed severe liver damage in the high-dose infected A129 mice. In addition, the titres of TAMV-specific IgM and IgG antibodies increased rapidly 4-5 dpi. Analysis of cytokine and chemokine expression changes demonstrated that type I IFN may play an important role in the host defence against viral infection by enhancing IL-10 production. Gene ontology and KEGG analyses showed that liver injury may be associated with virus-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Together, we have investigated TAMV pathogenesis using immunocompetent and immunocompromised mouse models, which will facilitate the development of TAMV-specific antivirals and vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"16 1","pages":"2503457"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12077439/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143998572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro co-culture of <i>Fasciola hepatica</i> newly excysted juveniles (NEJs) with 3D HepG2 spheroids permits novel investigation of host-parasite interactions.","authors":"Aiste Vitkauskaite, Emma McDermott, Richard Lalor, Carolina De Marco Verissimo, Mahshid H Dehkordi, Kerry Thompson, Peter Owens, Howard Oliver Fearnhead, John Pius Dalton, Nichola Eliza Davies Calvani","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2482159","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2482159","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Fasciola hepatica</i>, or liver fluke, causes fasciolosis in humans and livestock. Following ingestion of vegetation contaminated with encysted parasites, metacercariae, newly excysted juveniles (NEJ) excyst in the small intestine and cross the intestinal wall. After penetrating the liver, the parasite begins an intra-parenchymal migratory and feeding phase that not only drives their rapid growth and development but also causes extensive haemorrhaging and immune pathology. Studies on infection are hindered by the difficulty in accessing these microscopic juvenile parasites <i>in vivo</i>. Thus, a simple and scalable <i>in vitro</i> culture system for parasite development is needed. Here, we find that two-dimensional (2D) culture systems using cell monolayers support NEJ growth to a limited extent. By contrast, co-culture of <i>F. hepatica</i> NEJ with HepG2-derived 3D spheroids, or \"mini-livers,\" that more closely mimic the physiology and microenvironment of <i>in vivo</i> liver tissue, promoted NEJ survival, growth, and development. NEJ grazed on the peripheral cells of the spheroids, and they released temporally regulated digestive cysteine proteases, FhCL3, and FhCL1/2, similar to <i>in vivo</i> parasites. The 3D co-culture induced development of the NEJ gut and body musculature, and stimulated the tegument to elaborate spines and a variety of surface sensory/tango/chemoreceptor papillae (termed S1, S2, and S3); these were especially pronounced around the oral and ventral suckers that sense host chemical cues and secure the parasite in tissue. HepG2 3D spheroid/parasite co-culture methodologies should accelerate investigations into the understanding of <i>F. hepatica</i> NEJ developmental biology and studies on host-parasite interactions, and streamline the search for new anti-parasite interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"16 1","pages":"2482159"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11938319/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future disease burden due to the rise of emerging infectious disease secondary to climate change may be being under-estimated.","authors":"Paul R Hunter","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2501243","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2501243","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"16 1","pages":"2501243"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12077452/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144002258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guanosine enhances the bactericidal effect of ceftiofur sodium on <i>Streptococcus suis</i> by activating bacterial metabolism.","authors":"Yue Dong, Xiaona Liu, Shanshan Xiong, Mingyu Cao, Haojie Wu, Long Chen, Mengmeng Zhao, Yadan Zheng, Zhiyun Zhang, Yanyan Liu, Yanhua Li, Qianwei Qu, Chunliu Dong","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2453525","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2453525","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The emergence and rapid development of antibiotic resistance poses a serious threat to global public health. <i>Streptococcus suis</i> (<i>S. suis</i>) is an important zoonotic pathogen, and the development of its antibiotic resistance has made the infections difficult to treat. The combination of non-antibiotic compounds with antibiotics is considered a promising strategy against multidrug-resistant bacteria. However, the mechanism by which metabolites act as antibiotic adjuvant remains unclear. Here, we found that guanosine metabolism was repressed in multidrug-resistant <i>S. suis</i>. Exogenous guanosine promoted the antibacterial effects of ceftiofur sodium (CEF) <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. Furthermore, we demonstrated that exogenous guanosine promoted the biosynthesis of purine pathway, TCA cycle and bacterial respiration, which make bacteria more sensitive to the killing effect of antibacterial. In addition, the function of the cell membrane is affected by guanosine and the accumulation of antimicrobials in the bacteria increased. Bacterial-oxidative stress and DNA damage induced by guanosine is also one of the mechanisms by which the antibacterial effect is enhanced. These results suggest that guanosine is a promising adjuvant for antibacterial drugs and provide new theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of <i>S. suis</i> infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"16 1","pages":"2453525"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11810099/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The PA-X host shutoff site 100 V exerts a contrary effect on viral fitness of the highly pathogenic H7N9 influenza A virus in mice and chickens.","authors":"Xia Chen, Ming Kong, Chunxi Ma, Manyu Zhang, Zenglei Hu, Min Gu, Xiaoquan Wang, Ruyi Gao, Shunlin Hu, Yu Chen, Xiaowen Liu, Daxin Peng, Xiufan Liu, Jiao Hu","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2445238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2024.2445238","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several viruses, including influenza A virus (IAV), encode viral factors to hijack cellular RNA biogenesis processes to direct the degradation of host mRNAs, termed \"host shutoff.\" Host shutoff enables viruses to simultaneously reduce antiviral responses and provides preferential access for viral mRNAs to cellular translation machinery. IAV PA-X is one of these factors that selectively shuts off the global host genes. However, the specific role of PA-X host shutoff activity in viral fitness of IAV remains poorly understood. Herein, we successfully mapped PA-X 100 V as a novel site important for host shutoff of the H7N9 and H5N1 viruses. By analysing the polymorphism of this residue in various subtype viruses, we found that PA-X 100 was highly variable in H7N9 viruses. Structural analysis revealed that 100 V was generally close to the PA-X endonuclease active site, which may account for its host shutoff activity. By generating the corresponding mutant viruses derived from the parental H7N9 virus and the PA-X-deficient H7N9 virus, we determined that PA-X 100 V significantly enhanced viral fitness in mice while diminishing viral virulence in chickens. Mechanistically, PA-X 100 V significantly increased viral polymerase activity and viral replication in mammalian cells. Furthermore, PA-X 100 V highly blunted the global host response in 293T cells, particularly restraining genes involved in energy metabolism and inflammatory response. Collectively, our data provided information about the intricate role of the PA-X host shutoff site in regulating the viral fitness of the H7N9 influenza virus, which furthers our understanding of the complicated pathogenesis of the influenza A virus.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"16 1","pages":"2445238"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> derived outer membrane vesicles mediated bacterial virulence, antibiotic resistance, host immune responses and clinical applications.","authors":"Lifeng Li, Xinxiu Xu, Ping Cheng, Zengyuan Yu, Mingchao Li, Zhidan Yu, Weyland Cheng, Wancun Zhang, Huiqing Sun, Xiaorui Song","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2449722","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2025.2449722","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> is a gram-negative pathogen that can cause multiple diseases including sepsis, urinary tract infections, and pneumonia. The escalating detections of hypervirulent and antibiotic-resistant isolates are giving rise to growing public concerns. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical vesicles containing bioactive substances including lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, periplasmic and cytoplasmic proteins, and nucleic acids. Emerging studies have reported various roles of OMVs in bacterial virulence, antibiotic resistance, stress adaptation, and host interactions, whereas knowledge on their roles in <i>K. pneumoniae</i> is currently unclear. In this review, we summarized recent progress on the biogenesis, components, and biological function of <i>K. pneumoniae</i> OMVs, the impact and action mechanism in virulence, antibiotic resistance, and host immune response. We also deliberated on the potential of <i>K. pneumoniae</i> OMVs in vaccine development, as diagnostic biomarkers, and as drug nanocarriers. In conclusion, <i>K. pneumoniae</i> OMVs hold great promise in the prevention and control of infectious diseases, which merits further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"16 1","pages":"2449722"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11730361/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142955881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}