Vox Sanguinis最新文献

{"title":"Aggregates in cold-stored platelet units have diverse phenotypes and are removed by pre-transfusion filters.","authors":"Kathleen Kelly, Crystal Stanley, Micaela Jones, Jeff Finlon, David Buesing, Maria Rahman, Michelle Poffel, Deanna Janosko, Susanne Marschner","doi":"10.1111/vox.70114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.70114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>The US Food and Drug Administration guidance for cold-stored platelets (CSPs) permits storage of apheresis platelets at 1-6°C for ≤14 days. During a pilot programme, CSPs were evaluated in a large US blood centre over a 10-month period (September 2023 to July 2024) to better understand the formation of aggregates under routine use.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Platelets collected in 100% plasma were moved into cold storage within 4 h of collection and shipped to local hospitals. Hospitals returned any units with aggregates to the blood centre. Units were visually inspected and tested for platelet concentration, pH, metabolism and activation parameters. At expiration (Day 14), units were passed through a transfusion filter (170-260 μm) and assessed post-filtration and after 24 h.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Aggregation rates were high initially but decreased to 9% of released CSPs by study conclusion. Fifty-five aggregated units were returned. The majority of units (42%) had a small, flaky phenotype, which did not change over storage. Platelet counts significantly decreased with a 50% drop by expiry. Lactadherin and P-selectin increased, CD63 and CD41/61 complex decreased and there was slower metabolism. Filtration removed all aggregates, except for one unit with small aggregates being observed 24 h post-filtration. Platelet recovery after filtration was 94% ± 26%. Seven repeat donors donated 6 units with no aggregates and 17 units with aggregates, with variable aggregate phenotypes between donations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrates that aggregate phenotypes in CSPs are highly variable and removed effectively by filtration; they appear to arise more from external handling conditions than from any intrinsic product property.</p>","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145034295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Partial D variant with demonstrated risk of D alloimmunization in the Australian Indigenous population.","authors":"Emma Palfreyman, Jenny Morrison, Brett Wilson, Glenda Millard, Yew Wah Liew, Tanya Powley, James Daly","doi":"10.1111/vox.70113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.70113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Two prior publications have identified a novel RHD variant in the Australian population with the pattern of single nucleotide variation (SNV) c.186G>T, c.410C>T, c.455A>C, c.602C>G, c.604G>A, c.733G>C, and a deletion or rearrangement with RHCE exon 9. The Australian Red Cross Lifeblood provides testing across Australia, and over a period of 8 years, this same RHD variant has been noted, with some cases presenting with allogeneic anti-D.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Cases with the combination of SNVs were identified with the RHD BeadChip™ panel and massively parallel sequencing, and were collated. Clinical presentation, phenotype and the specificity of any antibodies were also reviewed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twelve cases of the same pattern of SNV and exon change were identified. There was consistent finding of c.186G>T, c.410C>T, c.455A>C, c.602C>G, c.604G>A and c.733G>C, in association with RHCE replacement of exon 9. All cases except one were phenotypically D-positive. Nine of 12 cases presented with anti-D antibodies, often associated with pregnancy. Where ethnicity was reported, all individuals were of Australian Indigenous ethnicity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This RHD variant is observed to date only in people of Australian Indigenous ethnicity and has clinical relevance. With wider knowledge of the variant, it is anticipated that there will be increased screening in this population, especially in women of childbearing age.</p>","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145024312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Definitions used in quality management of blood establishments: A report of the ISBT Quality Management Working Party.","authors":"Lesley Bust, Christian Seidl, Tomislav Vuk, Yan Qiu, Nigar Ertuğrul Örüç","doi":"10.1111/vox.70108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.70108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>The International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) Quality Management Working Party (QM-WP) initiated a project to harmonize the definitions commonly used in quality management within blood establishments (BEs) around the world. A working group was established with the aim of providing simple, unambiguous definitions that can be applied in a standardized way.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Common references available internationally were consulted in drafting a list of definitions relating to quality management. The criteria for selecting the most appropriate definition included clarity, simplicity, comprehensiveness and optimal applicability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The resulting list of definitions was published on the ISBT website in July 2023, with reference sources quoted for each definition. Individual references can be accessed via links appearing at the end of the document.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>BEs are encouraged to utilize the document when developing internal quality system documents. The list is not prescriptive but is meant to serve as a recommendation. It is understood, however, that establishments in some countries are obliged to follow national legislation and terminology. It is the intention of the ISBT QM-WP to periodically review the list of definitions, performing updates when required.</p>","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145016251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of haematocrit, storage duration and recipient sex on post-transfusion recovery of red blood cells in a murine model.","authors":"Shwatina Jagnarine, Daniel Guobadia, Tayler A Van Denakker, Emmalene Kyritsis, Tiffany A Thomas, Krystalyn E Hudson","doi":"10.1111/vox.70074","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vox.70074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>During cold storage, red blood cells (RBCs) undergo progressive biochemical and structural changes, known as the storage lesion, which affects their function and post-transfusion recovery (PTR). While anticoagulants and additive solutions help mitigate these effects, they also influence unit haematocrit. The impact of haematocrit on PTR remains unclear. This study investigates how storage of haematocrit, storage duration and recipient sex influence PTR.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Using transgenic mice with RBCs expressing fluorescent proteins, leukoreduced RBC units were prepared and stored at 60% or 75% haematocrit for 1, 6 or 11 days. Before transfusion, freshly collected RBCs were added to stored units to facilitate PTR calculations. RBC units were then transfused into female or male recipient mice and PTR was evaluated at multiple time points.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PTR decreased with storage duration. Haematocrit had no significant effect on PTR for RBC units stored up to 6 days. However, after 11 days of storage, a higher haematocrit was associated with reduced PTR. Additionally, female recipients exhibited significantly lower PTR than male recipients, regardless of unit haematocrit.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Haematocrit and recipient sex influence PTR for RBC units stored for a long time. These findings highlight the need to consider both factors when optimizing RBC storage and transfusion strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":"874-880"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144761519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noninvasive fetal antigen genotyping: Results from a survey on the status of clinical implementation.","authors":"Frederik Banch Clausen, Åsa Hellberg, Cécile Toly-Ndour, Emilie Thorup Nielsen, Masja de Haas","doi":"10.1111/vox.70062","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vox.70062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Noninvasive fetal antigen genotyping can assist the management of immunized pregnant women, and fetal RHD genotyping can be used as a screening assay to guide restricted use of Rh prophylaxis. Based on a survey, we present an overview of the implementation of noninvasive fetal antigen genotyping into clinical practice.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A survey was developed and sent out to the members of the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) working party on Red Cell Immunogenetics and Blood Group Terminology and to participants of the international noninvasive fetal RHD genotyping programme from the Danish Institute for External Quality Assurance for Laboratories in the health sector (DEKS). The survey contained four sections: fetal RHD screening, fetal RHD genotyping for RhD immunized women, fetal genotyping of other antigen targets than RhD and a section for collecting topics for future collaboration. The survey data were evaluated by the core author group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty-two survey responders were from 22 countries. Fetal RHD screening was implemented by 73%, foremost using real-time PCR with in-house assays, primarily, or commercially available kits. Most laboratories use the same assay for RhD immunized women. Thirty-eight percent of the responders test for other antigen targets than RhD, using either real-time PCR, droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) or DNA sequencing. There was an interest in collaborations on topics across methodology, technology, strategy and health care regulations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In general, we found that noninvasive fetal blood group antigen genotyping is well implemented. However, our results are biased towards high-income countries, Europe and laboratories already running noninvasive fetal antigen genotyping.</p>","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":"935-943"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12354335/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144258965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management strategies and clinical outcomes of obstetric patients who decline allogeneic blood transfusion.","authors":"Ananda J Thomas, Janet Adegboye, Emmarie Myers, Anjana Sekaran, Una E Choi, Jana Christian, Elizabeth A Hendricks, Mellany Stanislaus, Jamie D Murphy, Ahizechukwu Eke, Arthur J Vaught, Linda M S Resar, Steven M Frank","doi":"10.1111/vox.70061","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vox.70061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Providing obstetrical care for patients who decline transfusions can be challenging. We describe methods of coordinated bloodless care and compare outcomes to a similar group of patients who accept transfusions.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This retrospective analysis included obstetric Jehovah's Witness patients (bloodless group) from 2012 to 2023. We performed cohort matching in a 1:2 ratio with patients who accept transfusion (standard care), based on race, ethnicity, age, gestational age, body mass index and delivery mode (vaginal vs. caesarean section). Methods of blood conservation and clinical outcomes were compared between groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 131 bloodless and 262 standard care deliveries. There were no maternal mortalities in either group, and no difference in morbid events (1.5% of bloodless deliveries vs. 0.8% of standard care deliveries; p = 0.608). Prenatal intravenous iron was given more frequently in the bloodless compared with the standard care group (13.7% vs. 4.6%, p = 0.002). Second-line uterotonics were used more frequently in bloodless compared with standard care deliveries (44.3% vs. 29.0%, p = 0.021). Albumin was also more frequently given in bloodless compared with standard care deliveries (5.3% vs. 1.5%, p = 0.047). Cell salvage was present for 67.3% of the bloodless group but was not utilized for any standard care deliveries (p < 0.001). None of the bloodless patients received a red blood cell transfusion, while 10 standard care deliveries (3.8%) were transfused (p = 0.035).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Obstetric patients who decline allogeneic transfusions can be effectively managed with bloodless medicine techniques with acceptable outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":"904-912"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of leukoreduction and prolonged storage on coagulation in cold-stored whole blood: An in vitro study.","authors":"Sanna Susila, Teemu Silver, Tuukka Helin, Timo Jama, Jouni Lauronen, Lotta Joutsi-Korhonen, Minna Ilmakunnas","doi":"10.1111/vox.70075","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vox.70075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Cold-stored whole blood (CSWB) for haemodynamically unstable bleeding patients is especially convenient when platelets are otherwise unavailable and simple logistics are favoured, as in prehospital situations. Storage times exceeding the currently common 21 days would be beneficial in situations where normal blood processing and distribution is disturbed. To better understand extended-storage CSWB haemostatic properties, we studied leukoreduced CSWB (LR-CSWB) and non-leukoreduced CSWB (non-LR-CSWB) for 5 weeks of cold storage.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Non-LR-CSWB was donated by seven donors and refrigerated for 5 weeks. Eight units of 20-day-old LR-CSWB returned from clinical rotation unused were stored for an additional 2 weeks. Previously published results were used for early-storage LR-CSWB data. Blood counts, coagulation assays, multiple electrode aggregometry, thrombin generation, rotational thromboelastometry and sonorheometry were analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Regardless of leukoreduction, markedly reduced platelet aggregation and increasing FXIII levels as a sign of platelet activation were seen during storage. Coagulation factors generally decreased and clotting times increased during storage, but endogenous thrombin potential remained normal at 5 weeks in both groups. Viscoelastic assays displayed conflicting results later during storage, with extremely low clot stiffness in sonorheometry concomitantly with apparently adequate clotting in thromboelastometry.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Most haemostatic changes in LR-CSWB and non-LR-CSWB occur within the first 2 weeks of storage. Little difference remains between LR-CSWB and non-LR-CSWB aged 5 weeks. Differences in viscoelastic properties suggest that clot strength may be weaker than thought already in 14-day-old CSWB regardless of leukoreduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":"881-891"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12422834/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144790183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the influence of blood donor sex on outcomes in Australian very low birth weight infants.","authors":"Georgina Jacko, Aarany Sivakaanthan, Peter Cunningham, James Daly, Helen Liley","doi":"10.1111/vox.70065","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vox.70065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Despite many known benefits of red blood cell (RBC) transfusions for very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, there is increasing concern that they may be associated with adverse clinical outcomes and that donor characteristics (including donor sex) could contribute to these adverse outcomes.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Outcomes of a 7-year (2016-2022) retrospective cohort of VLBW preterm infants born at Mater Mothers' Hospital who received at least one RBC transfusion and no other blood products were assessed. While adjusting for the number of transfusions administered to each neonate, we investigated the association between donor sex (expressed as the proportion of transfused RBC units collected from female donors) and standardized morbidity outcomes that are reported to the Australian and New Zealand Neonatal Network. These outcomes include bronchopulmonary dysplasia, late onset infection, retinopathy of prematurity and mortality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analysis including 394 neonates who received a total of 820 RBC transfusions did not identify any statistically significant associations between blood donor sex and the outcomes of interest.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings support the continued practice of administration of RBC transfusions to Australian VLBW neonates without consideration of blood donor sex. Further large, prospective, multi-centre studies are recommended to enhance the level of evidence addressing this clinical concern.</p>","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":"921-927"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12422830/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144776294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Onsite vasovagal reactions with and without loss of consciousness are distinct outcomes with different risk factors.","authors":"Christina Mikkelsen, Betina Samuelsen Sørensen, Bitten Aagaard, Sys Hasslund, Mie Topholm Bruun, Rune Larsen, Louise Ørnskov Drechsler, Maria Didriksen, Michael Schwinn, Joseph Dowsett, Erik Sørensen, Christian Erikstrup, Ole B Pedersen, Niels Grarup, Kari Stefansson, Morten Bagge Hansen, Torben Hansen, Sisse Rye Ostrowski","doi":"10.1111/vox.70072","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vox.70072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Vasovagal reactions (VVRs) are some of the most common adverse reactions (ARs) in blood donors. While researchers have tried to develop precise risk prediction tools, these studies have all combined onsite and offsite reactions as well as reactions with and without the loss of consciousness. This study aimed to investigate potential differences in risk phenotypes in onsite VVRs, here defined as syncope and near-fainting.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We included 40,543 participants from the Danish Blood Donor Study (136 syncope and 1453 near-fainting cases). Data on lifestyle and health were available from questionnaires. Data on donation type, time of day and ARs were available from the blood bank it-system. The risk of VVRs was assessed in a logistic mixed-effects model which included 345,751 donations. For genotyped participants (N = 21,102), polygenic scores were calculated for syncope, anxiety, neuroticism and cardiometabolic disease.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Risk of both types of VVR was found to increase during warmer season and apheresis donation and reduce by donating late in the day. In addition, less donation experience and lower height increased the risk for near-fainting. In contrast, no donor-specific characteristics appeared to mediate the risk of syncope. Genetic predisposition of various traits had no effect on the risk of onsite VVRs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study indicates that onsite syncope and near-fainting are distinct conditions with different risk profiles. Our findings emphasize the importance of a more detailed analysis of VVRs, suggesting that the common practice of combining VVR subtypes may reduce the accuracy of risk prediction.</p>","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":"866-873"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12422831/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144800412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unifying serological testing for cold agglutinins.","authors":"Marit Jalink, Femke V M Mulder, Marianne E George, Josephine M I Vos, Masja de Haas, Claudia C Folman","doi":"10.1111/vox.70069","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vox.70069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Cold agglutinins (CAs) are immunoglobulin M autoantibodies that optimally bind to red blood cells at low temperatures. The clinical significance of CAs is usually characterized by the CA titre and thermal amplitude. However, there is no consensus on the optimal testing strategy. In this study, we sought to unify CA testing.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A survey on CA evaluation was conducted in 17 Dutch transfusion laboratories. Additionally, samples from 16 patients with CAs were used to evaluate (pre)analytical variations in test outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The survey on CA evaluation revealed heterogeneity in the indications for CA workup and in (pre)analytical conditions. Titration results between EDTA plasma and serum did not differ. However, titres were higher when 2% bovine serum albumin (BSA) was present in the titration medium. Routinely collected EDTA-blood kept at 37°C for 10 min before plasma isolation (reheated) showed equivalent results to plasma from blood kept at 37°C from collection through separation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study showed that different (pre)analytical conditions influence test outcomes in the characterization of CAs. Importantly, CA testing can effectively be performed with reheated blood samples, which will facilitate a more practical workflow for laboratories. International standardization of CA testing for diagnostic use is essential.</p>","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":"120 9","pages":"944-949"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12422832/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145034290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}