Vox Sanguinis最新文献

Evaluating Australia's plasma pathway and rethinking transgender donor sexual activity restrictions: Zero donor detections of transfusion-transmissible infections in 6 months following changes to source plasma donation eligibility for sexual activity and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. 评估澳大利亚的血浆途径和重新思考跨性别献血者的性行为限制：在性行为和HIV暴露前预防的血浆捐赠来源改变后的6个月内，零献血者检测到输血传播感染。

IF 1.6 4区医学

Vox Sanguinis Pub Date : 2026-09-02 DOI: 10.1111/vox.70360

Charles Gilbert Viska, Anthea Cheng, Claire Styles, Bryant Koh, Skye McGregor, Veronica Hoad

{"title":"Evaluating Australia's plasma pathway and rethinking transgender donor sexual activity restrictions: Zero donor detections of transfusion-transmissible infections in 6 months following changes to source plasma donation eligibility for sexual activity and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis.","authors":"Charles Gilbert Viska, Anthea Cheng, Claire Styles, Bryant Koh, Skye McGregor, Veronica Hoad","doi":"10.1111/vox.70360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.70360","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: Sexual activity-based blood donation restrictions aim to reduce incident transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs) but are not required for source plasma because of additional pathogen reduction. On 13 July 2025, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood introduced a plasma pathway (PP) allowing previously ineligible individuals to donate source plasma irrespective of recent sexual activity or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use. This study describes donor demographics and donation prevalence of tested TTIs from the program's first 6 months. Separately, associated PP changes facilitated a contemporary TTI prevalence estimate among transgender donors during this period.Materials and methods: Descriptive demographics and TTI results were extracted from identified cohort donors from 13 July 2025 to 13 January 2026. TTI prevalence (per 10,000 plasma donations) was estimated by detected TTIs divided by the total number of donations.Results: The PP supported 6673 donations from 7832 attendances by 3465 donors over 6 months. Zero (upper 95% confidence limit 6.94 per 10,000 donations) cases of HIV, hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus were detected. New donors constituted 40% of PP donors. Donations were predominantly from men reporting sex with men without (48%) or with PrEP use (30%). No TTIs (0, upper 95% confidence limit 25.76 per 10,000 donations) were detected from transgender donors during this period.Conclusion: TTI prevalence was lower than predicted. The PP demonstrates an inclusive way to limit restrictions on sexual activity and PrEP use without changing the safety profile. Other blood services should consider its introduction.","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148881306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Motivational regulation for blood donation among Iranian blood donors: A nationwide mixed-effects study based on self-determination theory. 伊朗献血者献血动机调节：基于自我决定理论的全国性混合效应研究。

IF 1.6 4区医学

Vox Sanguinis Pub Date : 2026-09-02 DOI: 10.1111/vox.70364

Fahimeh Ranjbar Kermani, Sedigheh Amini Kafi-Abad

{"title":"Motivational regulation for blood donation among Iranian blood donors: A nationwide mixed-effects study based on self-determination theory.","authors":"Fahimeh Ranjbar Kermani, Sedigheh Amini Kafi-Abad","doi":"10.1111/vox.70364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.70364","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: To investigate the hierarchical structure of blood donation motivation based on self-determination theory (SDT), specifically examining the associations between six regulatory styles-spanning the spectrum from amotivation to intrinsic motivation-and overall donor motivation.Materials and methods: A nationwide cross-sectional study across 31 Iranian provinces enrolled 7187 potential donors (92.4% response rate). Motivation was assessed using the 24-item Self-Regulation of Blood Donation Scale. Multivariable linear mixed-effects models, adjusted for demographic and behavioral confounders, were used for statistical analysis. Bonferroni-corrected pairwise comparisons elucidated the hierarchy, and multiple imputation addressed missing data.Results: Adjusted mean scores differed significantly across all six regulatory styles (all pairwise p < 0.001). Scores increased progressively across the SDT continuum, from amotivation (adjusted mean = 1.58) to intrinsic motivation (adjusted mean = 4.43). Intrinsic motivation had the highest adjusted score, followed by integrated, identified, introjected, and external regulation. The difference between intrinsic motivation and amotivation was 2.865 points (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.826-2.904). Adjustment for demographic and donation-related characteristics produced minimal changes in the estimated differences. Sensitivity analyses using multiple imputation yielded comparable results.Conclusion: Iranian blood donors demonstrated a clear motivational hierarchy consistent with the SDT continuum, with the highest scores observed for intrinsic and other autonomous forms of motivation. These findings support the utility of SDT for characterizing blood donation motivation in Iran and suggest that donor retention strategies may benefit from approaches that support autonomy and the internalization of personally and socially meaningful reasons for donation.","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148881273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How to deal with emergency preparedness. 如何处理应急准备。

IF 1.6 4区医学

Vox Sanguinis Pub Date : 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1111/vox.70355

W Martin Smid, Claudia S Cohn, Agneta Wikman, Nelson H Tsuno

引用次数: 0

Impact of additive solutions on haematocrit measurement and red blood cell integrity: A comparative study of SAGM and PAGGSM. 添加剂溶液对红细胞压积测量和红细胞完整性的影响：SAGM和PAGGSM的比较研究。

IF 1.6 4区医学

Vox Sanguinis Pub Date : 2026-08-27 DOI: 10.1111/vox.70358

Anaïs Lagrange, Nadine Marpaux, Pascal Amireault, Michael Dussiot, Quentin Brebant

{"title":"Impact of additive solutions on haematocrit measurement and red blood cell integrity: A comparative study of SAGM and PAGGSM.","authors":"Anaïs Lagrange, Nadine Marpaux, Pascal Amireault, Michael Dussiot, Quentin Brebant","doi":"10.1111/vox.70358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.70358","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: Accurate haematocrit (Ht) measurement of red cell concentrates (RCCs) is critical because it is used to calculate the level of haemolysis, a key RCC quality control parameter. The hypothesis was that Ht depends on both the measurement method (microcapillary vs. haematology analysers) and the additive solution (hypertonic saline-adenine-glucose-mannitol [SAGM] vs. isotonic phosphate-adenine-glucose-guanosine-saline-mannitol [PAGGSM]). We quantified method- and solution-related effects on Ht measurement and assessed the downstream consequences for haemolysis. Storage-induced micro-erythrocytes (SMEs) were evaluated as a secondary marker of morphological preservation.Materials and methods: RCCs were produced from whole blood (N = 16). Using a pool-and-split design, eight paired RCCs were assigned to SAGM or PAGGSM and stored for 21 days. Ht was measured by HT200 microcapillary and haematology analysers. Red blood cell (RBC) morphology and SMEs were assessed by imaging flow cytometry.Results: At Day 1, microcapillary Ht in PAGGSM exceeded analyser-derived Ht by 3.6%-10%, whereas SAGM Ht was more consistent. Using different Ht sources materially altered haemolysis estimates. Over storage, PAGGSM showed a decline in Ht (65.3%-62.6%) accompanied by reduced RBC projected surface area (73.9-71.01 μm2). SAGM showed stable Ht but reduced RBC projected surface area (72.6-69.1 μm2). SME accumulation was lower in PAGGSM at Day 21 (13.6%) than in SAGM (18.8%).Conclusion: Ht measurement method materially impacts haemolysis, underscoring the need to standardize Ht assessment and to prefer microcapillary Ht when calculating haemolysis. Additive solution also influences storage quality: PAGGSM better preserved RBC morphology and reduced SMEs relative to SAGM up to Day 21.","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148832647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Eligibility of blood donors with thalassaemia trait, sickle cell trait or glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency in Italy: Results of a national survey and practical guidance. 意大利地中海贫血特征、镰状细胞特征或葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症献血者的资格：一项全国调查和实践指导的结果

IF 1.6 4区医学

Vox Sanguinis Pub Date : 2026-08-27 DOI: 10.1111/vox.70361

Massimo La Raja, Ursula La Rocca, Gian Luca Forni, Giovanni Garozzo, Pietro Carmelo Manca, Simonetta Pupella, Luciana Teofili

{"title":"Eligibility of blood donors with thalassaemia trait, sickle cell trait or glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency in Italy: Results of a national survey and practical guidance.","authors":"Massimo La Raja, Ursula La Rocca, Gian Luca Forni, Giovanni Garozzo, Pietro Carmelo Manca, Simonetta Pupella, Luciana Teofili","doi":"10.1111/vox.70361","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vox.70361","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: Thalassaemia trait (ThalT), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and sickle cell trait (SCT) are prevalent inherited red blood cell disorders among blood donors in Italy, particularly in southern and insular regions, and among donors of non-European origin. Despite their frequency, harmonized national guidance on eligibility of carriers for blood and apheresis donation has been lacking, resulting in heterogeneous practices across Italian transfusion centres.Materials and methods: Between 17 January and 16 February 2024, the Italian National Blood Centre distributed a structured questionnaire to 276 transfusion services across the Italian transfusion network. The survey investigated current practices in donor identification, eligibility assessment and blood component utilization for donors with ThalT, G6PD deficiency and SCT. A total of 110 responses (40% response rate) were collected and analysed.Results: ThalT donors were active in 88% of responding centres; 86 centres (78%) considered individuals with ThalT eligible for whole blood donation, 88 (80%) for plasma apheresis and 40 (36%) for platelet apheresis. G6PD-deficient donors were accepted for whole blood donation in only 19% of centres and for plasma apheresis in 44%. SCT donors were accepted for whole blood in 10% of centres and for plasma apheresis in only 17%. Significant heterogeneity in identification strategies and utilization criteria was observed across all three conditions.Conclusion: Italian practices are more restrictive than World Health Organization (WHO) and European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and HealthCare (EDQM) recommendations. Harmonization with international guidelines and targeted haemovigilance monitoring are warranted.","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148840691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Increased plasma collection does not automatically improve patient access to plasma-derived medicinal products. 增加血浆收集并不会自动改善患者获得血浆来源药品的机会。

IF 1.6 4区医学

Vox Sanguinis Pub Date : 2026-08-25 DOI: 10.1111/vox.70359

Thierry Burnouf, Jay Epstein

引用次数: 0

The good donation attempt: A qualitative analysis of donor experience regardless of phlebotomy outcome. 良好的捐赠尝试：对献血者经验的定性分析，而不考虑采血结果。

IF 1.6 4区医学

Vox Sanguinis Pub Date : 2026-08-24 DOI: 10.1111/vox.70354

Abigail R-A Edwards, Klara Greffin, Barbara M Masser, Rachel Thorpe

{"title":"The good donation attempt: A qualitative analysis of donor experience regardless of phlebotomy outcome.","authors":"Abigail R-A Edwards, Klara Greffin, Barbara M Masser, Rachel Thorpe","doi":"10.1111/vox.70354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.70354","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: Globally, blood donation rates are declining as demand for blood products grows. Given that having a positive donation experience is key to retention, this analysis explores how aspects of service quality provided by blood collection agencies shape donation experiences.Materials and methods: To investigate donor experience, we considered both quantitative and qualitative responses provided by donors in a standard post-donation feedback survey. Responses were stratified by self-reported experience using a standard customer loyalty question and donation outcome, and analysed using iterative content analysis. Categories were identified across three coding rounds (ntotal = 1800).Results: Our analysis identified seven categories shaping the blood donor experience: Accessibility, Amenities and Environment, Donor Centre Staff, Donation Process and Efficiency, Valuing Donation, Donor Care and Psychological Impact, and Physical Impact. Positive donation experiences centred on interactions with staff and convenience, while negative experiences stemmed from process management issues, perceived lack of care and experiencing pain.Conclusion: This research outlines a comprehensive framework of the elements that influence service quality in blood donation regardless of whether a donation attempt resulted in a successful collection.","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148814319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Continuous agitation induces aggregate formation in cold-stored platelets during extended storage in platelet additive solution. 在血小板添加剂溶液中延长贮存期间，连续搅拌诱导冷储存血小板聚集形成。

IF 1.6 4区医学

Vox Sanguinis Pub Date : 2026-08-24 DOI: 10.1111/vox.70353

Janhavi Mahajan, Pearl Lei, Christopher Roan, Matthew P Padula, Denese C Marks, Lacey Johnson

{"title":"Continuous agitation induces aggregate formation in cold-stored platelets during extended storage in platelet additive solution.","authors":"Janhavi Mahajan, Pearl Lei, Christopher Roan, Matthew P Padula, Denese C Marks, Lacey Johnson","doi":"10.1111/vox.70353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.70353","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: Reduced metabolic activity of cold-stored platelets (CSPs) has led to the assumption that agitation is not required during cold storage. However, guidelines from the Food and Drug Administration state that agitation is 'optional' and there is a degree of international variability described in the literature. The effect of agitation on the quality of CSPs stored in platelet additive solution (PAS) for an extended storage period has not been established.Materials and methods: Matched apheresis platelets (n = 8) in 40% plasma/60% PAS-E (SSP+) were refrigerated (2-6°C) and either non-agitated (control), continuously agitated, or periodically agitated. In vitro quality parameters were assessed at defined intervals over 21 days.Results: Agitation did not alter the metabolic properties of CSPs. The abundance of platelet glycoproteins (GPIIIa, GPIbα, GPVI) decreased, while activation markers (activated GPIIb/IIIa, fibrinogen binding, P-selectin and phosphatidylserine) increased during cold storage; however, no significant differences were observed between groups. The functional capacity of CSPs was the same regardless of agitation, with no differences in aggregation response (collagen-induced and adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-induced), or viscoelastic properties (clotting time and maximum clot strength). Platelets stored with continuous agitation developed visible aggregates; which were observed in 88% of components at Day 14, and 100% of components by Day 21. Aggregates were not observed in non-agitated or periodically agitated components.Conclusion: Continuous agitation did not improve the metabolic or functional properties of CSPs and led to the development of aggregates. These findings confirm that non-agitated storage is best practice for CSPs stored in PAS, reinforcing the operational simplicity of cold storage.","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148814338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Identification of a novel high-prevalence red blood cell antigen on junctional adhesion molecule-A defines a new blood group system. 一种新的高流行率的红细胞抗原在连接黏附分子- a的鉴定定义了一个新的血型系统。

IF 1.6 4区医学

Vox Sanguinis Pub Date : 2026-08-24 DOI: 10.1111/vox.70352

Tosti J Mankelow, Louise A Tilley, Vanja Karamatic Crew, Benjamin Jones, Marina Izak, Liora Muncher, Vered Yahalom, Nicole M Thornton

{"title":"Identification of a novel high-prevalence red blood cell antigen on junctional adhesion molecule-A defines a new blood group system.","authors":"Tosti J Mankelow, Louise A Tilley, Vanja Karamatic Crew, Benjamin Jones, Marina Izak, Liora Muncher, Vered Yahalom, Nicole M Thornton","doi":"10.1111/vox.70352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.70352","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: Availability of new technologies has accelerated the pace of blood group discovery, with nine of 48 known systems being discovered in the past 5 years alone, and yet uncharacterized antigens remain. This study involved investigations of samples from a female patient presenting with a moderate strength pan-reactive antibody to a high-prevalence antigen present on all red blood cells (RBCs) tested other than her own and her brother's.Materials and methods: Samples underwent extensive serological testing; however, the antibody specificity could not be assigned to any known blood group antigens. Therefore, whole exome sequencing was performed alongside antigen expression studies to identify the gene variant responsible for this rare phenotype.Results: Both individuals were found to carry a homozygous variant c.644G>A (rs755819660; gnomAD allele frequency 0.0000044) in exon 6 of the F11R gene, encoding junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A). This variant encodes p.Arg215Gln located on the second extracellular immunoglobulin domain of JAM-A. Expression of JAM-A was demonstrated on all RBCs tested by flow cytometry, with cells of both the patient and her brother showing lower expression than control cells. Control (Arg215) and variant (Gln215) forms of JAM-A were expressed as both soluble Fc fusion proteins and on Chinese hamster ovary cells. In both cases, mouse monoclonal anti-JAM-A recognized both forms, whilst the patient antibody only reacted with the Arg-215-JAM-A control.Conclusion: These data demonstrate that JAM-A carries a new high-prevalence RBC antigen, lacking in the patient and her brother, thereby defining a novel blood group system encoded by F11R.","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148814350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Lessons learned from crises in blood donation services: A systematic review of operational practices. 从献血服务危机中吸取的教训：对业务做法的系统审查。

IF 1.6 4区医学

Vox Sanguinis Pub Date : 2026-08-20 DOI: 10.1111/vox.70337

Michael Garkisch, Stefanie Popp

{"title":"Lessons learned from crises in blood donation services: A systematic review of operational practices.","authors":"Michael Garkisch, Stefanie Popp","doi":"10.1111/vox.70337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.70337","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: Blood donation services are vital to healthcare delivery, ensuring the continuous availability of safe and adequate blood products, particularly during periods of disruption and crisis. Disruptive events such as pandemics, mass-casualty incidents, (natural) disasters, pandemics, armed conflicts and blood shortages can affect donor availability, logistics, workforce capacity, communication and operational continuity. This study systematically identifies and synthesizes lessons learned from crises affecting blood donation and translates them into a structured framework of operational practices.Materials and methods: A systematic literature review between 2010 and 2025 was conducted using four databases. Study selection followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 142 included publications were analysed using qualitative content analysis with MAXQDA and organized using an analytical framework adapted from the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) COVID-19 Operational Recommendations Framework.Results: The analysis identified six overarching dimensions of operational practice in blood donation services: collaboration, coordination and standards; blood supply chain design and management; resource management; disaster preparedness and risk management; communication; and operations. Three overarching operational practice themes emerged: coordinated governance and communication, operational continuity and organizational resilience.Conclusion: Crises affecting blood donation services generate transferable lessons for maintaining safe and reliable blood supply operations under disruptive conditions. This review provides a structured synthesis of cross-crisis operational practices and offers an evidence-based foundation for blood services.","PeriodicalId":23631,"journal":{"name":"Vox Sanguinis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148798362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0