Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia最新文献

{"title":"Effects of general anesthesia on airway immune cell function in an equine in vivo model.","authors":"Jane S Woodrow, Megan Palmisano, Jeaneen Kulp, Klaus Hopster","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.08.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2024.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Complications from general anesthesia, including pneumonia and decreased wound healing, are influenced by changes in immune cell function secondary to sedatives and anesthetics. It was hypothesized that immune cell function would be depressed in the early postanesthetic period. The objective was to investigate airway immune cell function before and after a general anesthetic episode in an equine in vivo model using ex vivo cell stimulations with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for assessment of immune function.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Prospective experimental study.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Six healthy, adult, institution-owned horses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Each horse underwent a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) 3 days before and immediately after a 2 hour general anesthetic. The BAL fluid was examined for cytology, total nucleated cell count and isolation of immune cells. Airway immune cells were treated with LPS or media (control) for 6 hours and supernatant was analyzed via a commercially available immunoassay for cytokines [tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, interferon gamma (IFNγ) and CXC motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8)]. Data were compared using t-tests and Mann-Whitney tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Before anesthesia (baseline), LPS stimulation induced a significant increase in all cytokines of interest, except CXCL8, versus control samples. Unstimulated cells, after an anesthetic episode, had a significant 1.8-fold increase in IL-1β (p = 0.029), and a significant decrease in IL-6 and TNFα (p = 0.028 and 0.033, respectively) versus baseline. Following anesthesia, stimulated cells had a significant decrease in IL-6 and TNFα (p = 0.037 and 0.042, respectively) versus baseline.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical relevance: </strong>This study supports the use of an equine in vivo model to assess airway immune cell function in relation to general anesthetic use.</p>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142393731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hypothermia and rewarming times during general anesthesia in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis): A comparative study between isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane.","authors":"Hugo A Gonzalez-Jassi, Gabriel Castro-Cuellar, Thomas N Tully, Jeannette Cremer, Chin-Chi Liu, Patricia Queiroz-Williams","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.07.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2024.07.011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate induced hypothermia and rewarming times in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (HAP; Amazona ventralis) anesthetized using isoflurane, sevoflurane or desflurane, and to describe selected cardiovascular and respiratory effects.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Randomized, balanced, crossover experimental study.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>A group of 12 adult HAP.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Parrots were premedicated with intramuscular butorphanol (0.5 mg kg^-1) and anesthetized with the three inhalants with a 7 day washout period between events. Anesthesia was induced using isoflurane at 4 vol%, sevoflurane at 6 vol% or desflurane 12 vol% carried in oxygen, delivered via face mask. After orotracheal intubation, anesthesia maintenance was with end-tidal concentrations of 1.4-2% (Fe'Iso), 2.4-3% (Fe'Sevo) and 8.5-9.2% (Fe'Des). Hypothermia was defined as an esophageal temperature (BT) below 37.8 °C. External heat support was provided when BT dropped to 37.5 °C. Time for temperature decrease from 38.9 °C to 37.5 °C (T1), time to first increase in BT above 37.5 °C (T2) and time from external heat support to achieving 38.9 °C (T3) were recorded and compared via Friedman tests with post hoc Dunn's test. Heart rate, respiratory rate and end-tidal carbon dioxide, amongst other variables, were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All inhalants caused hypothermia (T1): isoflurane, 12 (2-37) minutes [median (range)]; sevoflurane, 12 (4-18) minutes; desflurane, 11.5 (6-24) minutes, with no significant differences between treatments (p > 0.05). T2 was significantly (p = 0.042) longer for sevoflurane than for desflurane but not isoflurane. Transient apnea was observed with all inhalants, including 25% of birds anesthetized with sevoflurane. Second-degree atrioventricular block and ventricular escape beats occurred with all inhalants with hypothermia potentially exacerbating cardiac arrhythmias.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical relevance: </strong>Hypothermia rapidly developed in butorphanol-sedated HAP anesthetized using isoflurane, sevoflurane or desflurane. Sevoflurane prolonged warming time. Hypothermia may be associated with an increased likelihood of bradyarrhythmia in parrots anesthetized with inhalants.</p>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142296673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of preoperative rectus sheath block with bupivacaine for analgesia in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy: a cadaveric and randomized clinical study.","authors":"Adrienne L Haley, Martin J Kennedy, Colleen Hickey, Wanda J Gordon-Evans, Erin Wendt-Hornickle, Caitlin C Tearney, Brian Walters, Lauren Ienello, Alonso Gp Guedes","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.07.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2024.07.010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Phase 1: to determine the feasibility of desensitizing ventral branches of spinal nerves within the rectus sheath using an ultrasound-guided rectus sheath block (USRSB). Phase 2: to determine the effect of preoperative USRSB on intraoperative responses to surgical stimulation and postoperative pain.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Cadaveric study and prospective, randomized, blinded, parallel-arm clinical trial.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>A group of five cat cadavers and 37 shelter-owned cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Phase 1: anatomical dissection was performed on one uninjected cadaver. Abdominal walls were dissected in four cadavers (eight hemiabdomens) following bilateral USRSB using 1:1 new methylene blue and 0.5% bupivacaine (0.8 mL kg^-1 total). Phase 2: preoperative bilateral USRSB was performed with 0.8 mL kg^-1 of 0.25% bupivacaine (RSB) or equivalent volume of 0.9% saline (CONTROL). Intraoperative systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f_R) and vaporizer setting (vap%) were recorded before skin incision, during celiotomy and abdominal wall closure. In recovery, cats were administered robenacoxib (2 mg kg^-1; CONTROL) or 0.9% saline (0.1 mL kg^-1; RSB) subcutaneously. Postoperative pain was evaluated for 6 hours using the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Phase 1: spinal nerves T9-L3 were identified within the rectus sheath, and stained in 0%, 40%, 63%, 75%, 100%, 88%, 50% and 13% of hemiabdomens, respectively. Phase 2: 37 cats were included (RSB, n = 17; CONTROL, n = 20). Intraoperatively, SAP, HR and f_R were not significantly different between groups. Vap% was significantly lower in RSB during celiotomy (p = 0.036) and closure (p = 0.044). Postoperatively, RSB cats were 5.3 times (95% CI 1.8-8.3) more likely to require rescue analgesia than CONTROL cats.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical relevance: </strong>During surgery, USRSB with bupivacaine offered minor benefits and provided markedly less postoperative analgesia than robenacoxib, indicating that relying on USRSB provides insufficient postoperative analgesia for ovariohysterectomy in cats.</p>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142112523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addition of a metoclopramide constant rate infusion to prevent ptyalism, regurgitation and vomiting in brachycephalic dogs undergoing spinal surgery","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To assess whether adding metoclopramide to a protocol of maropitant and pantoprazole would reduce incidence of ptyalism, vomiting and regurgitation in brachycephalic dogs undergoing thoracolumbar spinal surgery.</p></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><p>Randomized blinded controlled trial.</p></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><p>A total of 43 brachycephalic dogs undergoing thoracolumbar spinal surgery.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>In addition to a standardized anaesthetic regimen, dogs were randomized to be administered either a 2 mg kg^–1 day^–1 metoclopramide constant rate infusion (CRI) or a saline solution at an equivalent infusion rate, started after anaesthetic induction and discontinued 5 hours after tracheal extubation. The presence of vomiting, regurgitation and pytalism, and short form of the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale pain scores were assessed by a blinded observer hourly for 4 hours, starting 1 hour postextubation.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Regurgitation occurred in six dogs postoperatively; three dogs were in the placebo group and three in the metoclopramide group. The odds ratio (OR) of regurgitation after surgery did not differ between groups [OR: 0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.13–4.3, <em>p</em> = 0.76]. The odds of observing ptyalism at 3 and 4 hours was approximately 15 times less than 1 hour postoperatively (both OR: 15.4, 95% CI: 1.8–130.7, <em>p</em> = 0.012) and did not differ based on the addition of metoclopramide (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.07–8.0, <em>p</em> = 0.79). The odds of observing pain did not change over time and did not differ based on the addition of metoclopramide (OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.12–4.2, <em>p</em> = 0.71). Vomiting did not occur during the study (0.0%, 95% CI: 0.0–8.2%). No adverse effects were observed during the study period in either group.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><p>The addition of a metoclopramide CRI to maropitant and pantoprazole did not result in a significant reduction in ptyalism or regurgitation in brachycephalic dogs undergoing thoracolumbar spinal surgery.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141692524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motor effects of fentanyl in isoflurane-anaesthetized pigs and the subsequent effect of ketanserin or naloxone","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To examine the effect of ketanserin and naloxone on fentanyl-induced motor activity in isoflurane-anaesthetized pigs.</p></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><p>Randomized, blinded, prospective two-group study.</p></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><p>A group of 12 crossbred pigs weighing 22–31 kg.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Fentanyl was administered to isoflurane-anaesthetized pigs at 7.5 μg kg^–1 hour^–1 for 40 minutes intravenously, followed by an intravenous injection of naloxone 0.1 mg kg^–1 or ketanserin 1 mg kg^–1. Electromyography (EMG) and accelerometry were used to record motor unit activity and tremors, respectively. To test the effect of drug administration on motor activity, data from a 5 minute period at baseline, immediately before and after antagonist injection were compared in a mixed model; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Results are reported with the median difference, 95% confidence intervals and corresponding <em>p-</em>values in brackets. Fentanyl significantly increased EMG activity [30.51 (1.84–81.02) μV, <em>p</em> = 0.004] and induced tremors [0.09 (0.02–0.18) m s^–2, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001] in 10 of 12 pigs. Ketanserin significantly reduced EMG [32.22 (6.29–136.80) μV, <em>p</em> = 0.001] and tremor [0.10 (0.03–0.15) m s^–2, <em>p</em> = 0.007] activity. No significant effect was found for naloxone on EMG [26.76 (–13.28–91.17) μV, <em>p</em> = 0.4] or tremors [0.08 (–0.01–0.19) m s^–2, <em>p</em> = 0.08].</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><p>Fentanyl can induce motor activity in anaesthetized pigs, with a suggested link to the serotonergic system. This study shows that ketanserin can antagonize this activity, which supports the role of serotonin. This knowledge contributes to the general understanding of the motor effects of fentanyl and especially the problem of tremors in anaesthetized pigs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467298724001260/pdfft?md5=b7f360527aaf7911ad22e0972d056fa7&pid=1-s2.0-S1467298724001260-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141696527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The sensitivity of sheep to rocuronium","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141690147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of lingual oscillometric blood pressure measurement in anaesthetized pigs","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.06.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.06.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To evaluate the agreement between measurements of invasive blood pressure (IBP) and oscillometric blood pressure from the tongue (OBPton) using a multiparameter monitor.</p></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><p>Unblinded, prospective, experimental study.</p></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><p>A total of 12 female Large White crossbreed pigs.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Pigs undergoing experimental procedures that required arterial cannula placement were recruited. A blood pressure cuff with the closest width to 40% of the circumference of the tongue was placed rostral to the lingual frenulum. Systolic, mean and diastolic IBP and OBPton were measured simultaneously at 5 minute intervals. Agreement between paired measurements was examined using Bland–Altman analysis. Mean bias, precision (standard deviation of mean bias), 95% limits of agreement, correlation coefficients and percentage of measurements within 10 and 20 mmHg of IBP were calculated.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The total numbers of paired measurements recorded were 124, 126 and 124 for systolic, mean and diastolic blood pressures, respectively. The mean bias, precision and 95% limits of agreement for systolic OBPton were 11.5, 11.5 (–11.1 to 34.2), for mean OBPton 5.6, 5.7 (–5.7 to 16.8) and for diastolic OBPton 7.6, 10.1 (–12.1 to 27.4) mmHg. Correlation coefficients were greater than 0.9 for mean OBPton only. More than 50% of measurements were within 10 mmHg of IBP and 80% of measurements were within 20 mmHg of IBP for mean and diastolic OBPton only.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><p>The tongue as a cuff site for oscillometric blood pressure measurement is a useful site for measuring mean arterial, but not systolic or diastolic blood pressure in anaesthetized Large White crossbreed pigs. This technique fulfils the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine criteria for measuring mean arterial pressure but not systolic or diastolic arterial pressure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467298724001247/pdfft?md5=24e1ca42c3a1d52e07a91734c6a58d97&pid=1-s2.0-S1467298724001247-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141695688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound-guided sciatic nerve block injections in barred owl (Strix varia) cadavers","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.06.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.06.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To describe an ultrasound-guided approach to the sciatic nerve and the distribution of nerve staining using two injectate volumes of dye in barred owls.</p></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><p>Descriptive, randomized, assessor-blinded, cadaveric study.</p></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><p>Twelve barred owl cadavers.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The sciatic nerve was visualized with a 13-6 MHz linear ultrasound probe placed on the medial aspect of the proximal femur in barred owl cadavers. A needle was inserted at the proximal caudal thigh, and cranially advanced in-plane until the tip was immediately adjacent and ventral to the sciatic nerve. Eleven owls were injected bilaterally with a 1:1 solution of 1% methylene blue and 0.5% ropivacaine, with high-volume (HV; 0.4 mL kg^–1) and low-volume (LV; 0.2 mL kg^–1) treatments. Nerve staining ≥ 1 cm circumferentially was determined by dissection 15 minutes post-injection. The coelom was then opened to inspect for aberrant dye spread. In one barred owl cadaver, a 1:1 solution of 1% methylene blue and 74% ioversol contrast was injected, and computed tomography was performed immediately before and 15 minutes after injection for evaluation of injectate spread.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The HV treatment (0.4 mL kg^–1) resulted in successful nerve staining in 100% of injections, whereas the LV treatment (0.2 mL kg^–1) resulted in successful nerve staining in 91% of injections. There was no leakage of injectate into undesired locations (e.g. coelomic cavity) in any cadaver.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><p>In barred owls, the sciatic nerve can be visualized with ultrasound and injecting a ropivacaine/dye solution under ultrasound guidance successfully stained the sciatic nerve in the majority of cases. This technique holds potential for providing analgesia distal to the stifle joint; however, further investigations are necessary to evaluate its practical application in a clinical setting.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141761245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dead space volumes in cats and dogs with small body mass ventilated with a fixed tidal volume.","authors":"Carolina H Girotto, Diego A Ospina-Argüelles, Francisco J Teixeira-Neto, Paulo V Assis-Vieira, Alessandro R C Martins, Carolyn Kerr","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.06.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2024.06.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare the portion of tidal volume (V_T) ventilating dead space volumes in nonbrachycephalic cats and dogs with small body mass receiving volume-controlled ventilation (VCV) with a fixed V_T.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Prospective, experimental study.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>A group of eight healthy adult cats and dogs [ideal body weight (IBW): 3.0 ± 0.5 and 3.8 ± 1.1 kg, respectively].</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Anesthetized cats and dogs received VCV with a 12 mL kg^-1 V_T (inspiratory pause ≥ 0.5 seconds). Respiratory rate (f_R) was adjusted to maintain normocapnia. Airway dead space (V_Daw) and alveolar tidal volume (V_Talv) were measured by volumetric capnography. Physiological dead space (V_Dphys) and V_Dphys/V_T ratio were calculated using the Bohr-Enghoff method. Data recorded before surgery were compared by an unpaired t-test or Mann-Whitney U test (p < 0.05 considered significant).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The IBW (p = 0.07), PaCO₂ (p = 0.40) and expired V_T [V_T(exp)] (p = 0.77) did not differ significantly between species. The V_Daw (mL kg^-1) was lower in cats (3.7 ± 0.4) than in dogs (7.7 ± 0.9) (p < 0.0001). The V_Talv (mL kg^-1) was larger in cats (8.3 ± 0.7) than in dogs (4.3 ± 0.7) (p < 0.0001). Cats presented a smaller V_Dphys/V_T ratio (0.33 ± 0.03) and V_Dphys (4.0 ± 0.3 mL kg^-1) than dogs (V_Dphys/V_T: 0.60 ± 0.09; V_Dphys: 7.2 ± 1.4 mL kg^-1) (p < 0.0001). The f_R and minute ventilation (V_T(exp) × f_R) were lower in cats than in dogs (p = 0.048 and p = 0.038, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical relevance: </strong>A fixed V_T results in more effective ventilation in cats than in dogs with small body mass because of species-specific differences in and V_Daw and V_Dphys. Because of the smaller V_Daw and V_Dphys in cats than in dogs, a lower f_R is required to maintain normocapnia in cats.</p>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141976778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the effects of intranasal and intramuscular midazolam–butorphanol–ketamine on intraocular pressure, tear production and sedation in New Zealand White rabbits","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.06.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.06.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To compare the effects of intranasal (IN) and intramuscular (IM) midazolam–butorphanol–ketamine on intraocular pressure (IOP), tear production (TP) and sedation in rabbits.</p></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><p>Prospective, randomized, crossover experimental study.</p></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><p>Fourteen male New Zealand White rabbits, aged 1–2 years, body mass 3.1 ± 0.8 kg (mean ± standard deviation).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Rabbits were administered midazolam (1 mg kg^–1<span>), butorphanol (1.5 mg kg</span>^–1<span>) and ketamine (5 mg kg</span>^–1<span>) via IN and IM routes. IOP, TP and sedation scores were assessed at 0 (before drug administration), 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after drug administration. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (</span><em>f</em>_R<span>), rectal temperature (RT), noninvasive mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and peripheral hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO</span>₂) were simultaneously recorded until 45 minutes after drug administration. The onset and duration of sedation and sedation scores were recorded.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p><span>Drug delivery route had no significant impact on mean IOP (</span><em>p</em> = 0.271) or TP (<em>p</em> = 0.062), and there were no significant changes over time for IOP (<em>p</em> = 0.711) or TP (<em>p</em> = 0.372). Similarly, delivery route had no significant impact on HR (<em>p</em> = 0.747), <em>f</em>_R (<em>p</em> = 0.872), RT (<em>p</em> = 0.379), MAP (<em>p</em> = 0.217) and SpO₂ (<em>p</em> = 0.254). Sedation onset was faster with IN (3.0 ± 1.0 minutes) than with IM administration (4.9 ± 0.7 minutes) (<em>p</em> = 0.011), but sedation duration was significantly longer with IM (52.6 ± 7.2 minutes) than with IN delivery (30.7 ± 6.8 minutes) (<em>p</em> = 0.004). There was no significant difference in sedation scores between the two delivery routes at any of the recorded time points.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><p>The combination of midazolam–butorphanol–ketamine had minimal impact on physiological and ocular variables regardless of the route of administration, whereas IN drug administration led to a shorter onset and duration of action than IM administration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141752903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}