André Escobar, Brighton T Dzikiti, Kurt Roman, Alexandria Rogers, Jill K Maney
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Subsequently, a bolus of low (LD) or high (HD) dose ketamine (5 or 10 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> IV) was injected into the brachial vein followed by a constant rate IV infusion (5 or 10 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> hour<sup>-1</sup>, respectively), with a 1 week washout period between treatments. Isoflurane MAC was determined again approximately 1.5 (T1.5) and 3 hours (T3) after bolus injections. Adverse events and time to extubation were recorded. Data analyses consisted of a mixed-effects model for repeated measures (MAC data).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Isoflurane MAC was 1.51 ± 0.18% (mean ± standard deviation). Isoflurane MAC at T1.5 and T3 was 1.45 ± 0.16% and 1.53 ± 0.15% (LD) and 1.42 ± 0.24% and 1.46 ± 0.23% (HD). Isoflurane MAC values during LD [(T1.5) p = 0.857 and (T3) p = 0.995] and HD [(T1.5) p = 0.797 and (T3) p = 0.974] ketamine infusion were not different from baseline. Extubation times after isoflurane discontinuation was 12 ± 9 minutes for the LD and 14 ± 5 minutes for the HD treatment. Overall, four animals (both treatments) developed an obstructive mucous plug in the endotracheal tube.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical relevance: </strong>Ketamine did not change isoflurane MAC in chickens. Chickens anesthetized with isoflurane and ketamine should be monitored for endotracheal tube obstruction.</p>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Effects of ketamine on the minimum anesthetic concentration of isoflurane in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus).\",\"authors\":\"André Escobar, Brighton T Dzikiti, Kurt Roman, Alexandria Rogers, Jill K Maney\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.07.005\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the effects of two continuous intravenous (IV) infusion dose rates of ketamine on the minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in chickens.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Prospective, randomized, blinded, experimental crossover design.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>A group of eight adult ISA Brown hens weighing 2.1 ± 0.19 kg.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen and chickens were mechanically ventilated. Body temperature and partial pressure of end-expired carbon dioxide were maintained between 40 and 41 °C and 30 and 40 mmHg (4-5.3 kPa). Isoflurane MAC was determined using electrical stimulation and the bracketing technique. Subsequently, a bolus of low (LD) or high (HD) dose ketamine (5 or 10 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> IV) was injected into the brachial vein followed by a constant rate IV infusion (5 or 10 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> hour<sup>-1</sup>, respectively), with a 1 week washout period between treatments. Isoflurane MAC was determined again approximately 1.5 (T1.5) and 3 hours (T3) after bolus injections. Adverse events and time to extubation were recorded. Data analyses consisted of a mixed-effects model for repeated measures (MAC data).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Isoflurane MAC was 1.51 ± 0.18% (mean ± standard deviation). Isoflurane MAC at T1.5 and T3 was 1.45 ± 0.16% and 1.53 ± 0.15% (LD) and 1.42 ± 0.24% and 1.46 ± 0.23% (HD). Isoflurane MAC values during LD [(T1.5) p = 0.857 and (T3) p = 0.995] and HD [(T1.5) p = 0.797 and (T3) p = 0.974] ketamine infusion were not different from baseline. Extubation times after isoflurane discontinuation was 12 ± 9 minutes for the LD and 14 ± 5 minutes for the HD treatment. Overall, four animals (both treatments) developed an obstructive mucous plug in the endotracheal tube.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical relevance: </strong>Ketamine did not change isoflurane MAC in chickens. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
目的：探讨氯胺酮连续两次静脉注射剂量率对鸡异氟醚最低麻醉浓度（MAC）的影响。研究设计：前瞻性、随机、盲法、实验交叉设计。动物：一组8只成年ISA褐鸡，体重2.1±0.19公斤。方法：异氟醚诱导麻醉并维持麻醉，机械通气。体温和呼气末二氧化碳分压分别维持在40 ~ 41℃和30 ~ 40 mmHg （4 ~ 5.3 kPa）之间。采用电刺激法和包套法测定异氟醚的MAC。随后，将低（LD）或高（HD）剂量氯胺酮（5或10 mg kg-1 IV）注射到肱静脉，然后进行等速静脉输注（分别为5或10 mg kg-1小时-1），两次治疗之间有1周的洗脱期。异氟烷MAC在注射后约1.5 （T1.5）和3小时（T3）再次测定。记录不良事件及拔管时间。数据分析包括重复测量的混合效应模型（MAC数据）。结果：异氟烷MAC为1.51±0.18%（平均值±标准差）。T1.5和T3时异氟烷MAC分别为1.45±0.16%和1.53±0.15% （LD）和1.42±0.24%和1.46±0.23% （HD）。在LD [(T1.5) p = 0.857, (T3) p = 0.995]和HD [(T1.5) p = 0.797, (T3) p = 0.974]输注氯胺酮期间异氟烷MAC值与基线无差异。异氟醚停药后，LD拔管时间为12±9分钟，HD为14±5分钟。总的来说，4只动物（两种治疗方法）在气管内管中出现了阻塞性粘液堵塞。结论及临床意义：氯胺酮对鸡异氟醚MAC无影响。用异氟醚和氯胺酮麻醉的鸡应监测气管内管阻塞情况。
Effects of ketamine on the minimum anesthetic concentration of isoflurane in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus).
Objective: To assess the effects of two continuous intravenous (IV) infusion dose rates of ketamine on the minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in chickens.
Study design: Prospective, randomized, blinded, experimental crossover design.
Animals: A group of eight adult ISA Brown hens weighing 2.1 ± 0.19 kg.
Methods: Anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen and chickens were mechanically ventilated. Body temperature and partial pressure of end-expired carbon dioxide were maintained between 40 and 41 °C and 30 and 40 mmHg (4-5.3 kPa). Isoflurane MAC was determined using electrical stimulation and the bracketing technique. Subsequently, a bolus of low (LD) or high (HD) dose ketamine (5 or 10 mg kg-1 IV) was injected into the brachial vein followed by a constant rate IV infusion (5 or 10 mg kg-1 hour-1, respectively), with a 1 week washout period between treatments. Isoflurane MAC was determined again approximately 1.5 (T1.5) and 3 hours (T3) after bolus injections. Adverse events and time to extubation were recorded. Data analyses consisted of a mixed-effects model for repeated measures (MAC data).
Results: Isoflurane MAC was 1.51 ± 0.18% (mean ± standard deviation). Isoflurane MAC at T1.5 and T3 was 1.45 ± 0.16% and 1.53 ± 0.15% (LD) and 1.42 ± 0.24% and 1.46 ± 0.23% (HD). Isoflurane MAC values during LD [(T1.5) p = 0.857 and (T3) p = 0.995] and HD [(T1.5) p = 0.797 and (T3) p = 0.974] ketamine infusion were not different from baseline. Extubation times after isoflurane discontinuation was 12 ± 9 minutes for the LD and 14 ± 5 minutes for the HD treatment. Overall, four animals (both treatments) developed an obstructive mucous plug in the endotracheal tube.
Conclusions and clinical relevance: Ketamine did not change isoflurane MAC in chickens. Chickens anesthetized with isoflurane and ketamine should be monitored for endotracheal tube obstruction.
期刊介绍：
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia is the official journal of the Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists, the American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia and the European College of Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. Its purpose is the publication of original, peer reviewed articles covering all branches of anaesthesia and the relief of pain in animals. Articles concerned with the following subjects related to anaesthesia and analgesia are also welcome:
the basic sciences;
pathophysiology of disease as it relates to anaesthetic management
equipment
intensive care
chemical restraint of animals including laboratory animals, wildlife and exotic animals
welfare issues associated with pain and distress
education in veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia.
Review articles, special articles, and historical notes will also be published, along with editorials, case reports in the form of letters to the editor, and book reviews. There is also an active correspondence section.
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