Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia最新文献

{"title":"Peri-anaesthetic complications in dogs undergoing lateral thoracotomy or median sternotomy: A retrospective study","authors":"Clara Maria de Celis Perez ,&nbsp;Luiz Santos ,&nbsp;Rob Ward","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.10.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.10.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To investigate the incidence of peri-anaesthetic complications in dogs undergoing general anaesthesia for thoracic surgery (lateral thoracotomy or median sternotomy) and to identify differences in the rate of peri-anaesthetic complications depending on the surgical approach and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification system.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Retrospective study.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>Dogs that underwent either thoracotomy or sternotomy at The Small Animal Hospital, University of Edinburgh, between January 2019 and August 2022.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data recorded included signalment, surgical approach, indication for surgery, general anaesthesia time, surgery time, time to extubation, anaesthetic management and the use of locoregional anaesthetic techniques, neuromuscular blockers, anticholinergics and/or vasopressor and inotropic agents. The occurrence of peri-anaesthetic complications (yes/no) was analysed by surgical approach and ASA classification using chi-square analysis and logistic regression. Statistical significance was set at <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 127 anaesthetic records were reviewed, of which 90 met the inclusion criteria; ASA scores were missing from nine leaving 81. Median sternotomy was associated with a significantly longer surgical (<em>p</em> = 0.03) and anaesthetic time (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01) as well as the time to extubation (<em>p</em> = 0.023). Hypothermia (<em>n</em> = 72) and hypotension <em>(n</em> = 54) were the most prevalent complications observed despite surgical approach or ASA status. Hypoxaemia was more likely to occur in dogs with ASA status IV <em>(n</em> = 10/29) than in dogs with ASA status II and III (<em>n</em> = 7/52) in chi-square analysis (<em>p</em> = 0.026) and binomial logistic regression (<em>p</em> = 0.046).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Hypothermia and hypotension were common peri-anaesthetic complications. Higher ASA status was associated with a higher likelihood of hypoxaemia, and no significant association was found between complications and surgical approach. Active warming from the premedication stage and ensuring prompt access to fluid therapy, vasopressors, inotropes and anticholinergics are recommended.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 3","pages":"Article 101151"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146019643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of PetMAP digital and Mindray wrist oscillometric blood pressure measurements with invasive blood pressure in anaesthetized bonobos (Pan paniscus)","authors":"Philippa Bucknell ,&nbsp;Florence Hillen ,&nbsp;Phillipa Dobbs ,&nbsp;Samantha Ashfield ,&nbsp;Kate White","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.10.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.10.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate the agreement of the PetMAP noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) device with digital cuff and the Mindray NIBP device with wrist cuff with invasive blood pressure (IBP) in bonobos.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Prospective clinical study (non-blinded or -randomized).</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A group of 12 bonobos aged 5–44 years undergoing anaesthesia for enclosure movement and health checks.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP) and mean (MAP) arterial pressure measurements were recorded simultaneously at 5-minute intervals using the NIBP devices and IBP via anterior tibial artery cannulation. Modified Bland–Altman and adapted error grid analyses assessed agreement between IBP and NIBP and the clinical implications of any biases respectively. A 95% limit of agreement (LOA) estimated the possible magnitude of sampling error. Pearson <em>r</em> correlations between IBP and NIBP measurements were calculated. A <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>IBP ranges were SAP 50–137 mmHg, MAP 32–85 mmHg and DAP 20–69 mmHg. Biases with the PetMAP were −6.8 mmHg for SAP (LOA −41.3 to 27.7 mmHg), −7.2 mmHg for MAP (LOA −30.7 to 16.3 mmHg) and −3.1 mmHg for DAP (LOA −25.5 to 19.3 mmHg) from 84 PetMAP–IBP paired measurements. Correlation coefficients were 0.6 for SAP and DAP and 0.7 for MAP. Whilst 70% of MAP values were clinically acceptable, 13% demonstrated unrecognised hypotension. The Mindray demonstrated biases of −25.3 mmHg for SAP (LOA −69.5 to 18.9 mmHg), −17.5 mmHg for MAP (LOA −51.4 to 16.5 mmHg) and −14.4 mmHg for DAP (LOA −42.2 to 13.5 mmHg) from 95 Mindray–IBP paired measurements. Correlation coefficients were 0.7 for all. Only 45% of MAP values were clinically acceptable and 26% demonstrated unrecognised hypotension.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Whilst the PetMAP agreed more closely with IBP, neither device met all the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine validation criteria, and neither should be used to identify hypotension.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 3","pages":"Article 101153"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145696320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of bupivacaine 0.25% and 0.5% on nociceptive, motor and proprioceptive function in an ultrasound-guided sciatic nerve block model in rats","authors":"Hedie A. Bustamante,&nbsp;Douglas Castro,&nbsp;Erik H. Hofmeister,&nbsp;Stuart Clark-Price","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate the nociceptive, motor and proprioceptive response after ultrasound-guided perineural sciatic nerve injections of bupivacaine 0.25% and 0.5% in Wistar rats.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Prospective, randomized, blinded crossover study.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A group of eight healthy adult female Wistar rats.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Rats underwent isoflurane anesthesia and were given ultrasound-guided sciatic nerve injections of 0.1 mL of 0.25% or 0.5% bupivacaine, with a 1 week recovery period between injections. Nociceptive function [electronic von Frey (grams, response)], motor function [grip test, gait response (1–3 scale)] and proprioceptive function [tactile placing (0–3 scale) and paw positioning (clubbed digits/normal splaying)] were evaluated at baseline and at 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 minutes after anesthesia. Data were analyzed using mixed models with significance set at <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Sciatic nerve blockade was effective from 20 minutes into recovery, with treatment, time and interaction on nociceptive function being significant from 20 to 240 minutes (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). In Group 0.25%, sensory function peaked at 60 minutes [111.2 g, 95% confidence interval (CI) 100.8–121.5] and returned to a baseline response at 240 minutes (55.5 g, 95% CI: 45.2–65.9). Significant differences between treatment groups were observed from 5 to 240 minutes. Motor and proprioceptive functions were reduced at 20 minutes [median score: 1, interquartile range (IQR: 1)] and returned to baseline at 240 minutes. In Group 0.5%, sensory function peaked at 90 minutes (133.7 g, 95% CI: 123.3–144.1) and returned to baseline (52.0 g, 95% CI: 41.6–62.4) in 300 minutes. Motor and proprioceptive functions were reduced at 10 minutes [1 (IQR: 0.25)] and returned to baseline by 300 minutes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Both 0.25% and 0.5% bupivacaine concentrations produced effective sciatic nerve blockade in all rats, demonstrating a concentration-dependent effect on the duration and magnitude of nociceptive, motor and proprioceptive block.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 3","pages":"Article 101201"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147654599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reviewer Acknowledgements for 2025","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101230","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 3","pages":"Article 101230"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147849500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of noninvasive respiratory strategies for the management of postoperative hypoxaemia in dogs: a prospective, randomized clinical trial","authors":"Claudia Piemontese ,&nbsp;Marzia Stabile ,&nbsp;Caterina Vicenti ,&nbsp;Annalaura Scardia ,&nbsp;Claudia Acquafredda ,&nbsp;Caterina Di Bella ,&nbsp;Antonio Crovace ,&nbsp;Luca Lacitignola ,&nbsp;Pablo Otero ,&nbsp;Francesco Staffieri","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101187","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101187","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate the effectiveness, the time to restore normoxaemia (TRN), and the tolerability of face mask (FM), continuous-positive-airway-pressure helmet (CPAP), or high-flow nasal cannulae (HFNC) as noninvasive respiratory support strategies for treating transient postoperative hypoxaemia in dogs.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Prospective, randomized, clinical trial.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A total of 600 client owned dogs anaesthetized for various procedures.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>At the end of general anaesthesia, the haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO₂) on room air (SpAT) was used for assessment of oxygenation 10 minutes after extubation (T-POST). Hypoxaemic dogs (SpO₂ &lt; 95%) were randomly assigned to: FM-group [flow rate = 10 L minute^–1; fraction of inspired oxygen (F<span>I</span>O₂) = 0.3–0.4], CPAP-group (flow rate = 10 L minute^–1; F<span>I</span>O₂ = 0.3–0.4; CPAP = 5 cmH₂O), and HFNC-group (flow rate = 2–2.5 L kg^–1 minute^–1 at 37 °C; F<span>I</span>O₂ = 0.3–0.4). Treatments lasted 1 hour, divided into 15-minute intervals (T15, T30, T45, T60) with 10 minutes of treatment and 5 minutes of SpAT. The TRN during SpAT was recorded. Interface tolerance was assessed using a dedicated scale. SpO₂ and TRN were compared with two-way ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis was used to test for differences in tolerance score between groups. <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>At T-POST, 168 dogs (28%) were hypoxaemic, and 76 of them completed the study (CPAP-group <em>n</em> = 31, FM-group <em>n</em> = 24, HFNC-group <em>n</em> = 21). All treatments restored normoxaemia. TRN was faster in the CPAP-group compared with HFNC-group and FM-group (mean ± standard deviation: 16.9 ± 15.7, 27.8 ± 20.8, and 40.4 ± 12.8 minutes, respectively) (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Tolerance was good for all devices, without differences between groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Postoperative hypoxaemia in dogs can be effectively treated with FM, HFNC, or CPAP, the latter restoring normoxaemia more rapidly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 3","pages":"Article 101187"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147285352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sugammadex reversal of an accidental rocuronium overdose in a dog in the context of incivility in the workplace.","authors":"Verónica Salazar Nussio, Sabina Diez Bernal","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101229","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 7-year-old, 10.6 kg female mixed-breed dog underwent anaesthesia for craniotomy to excise a brain mass. During anaesthetic preparation, repeated time pressure remarks resulted in rushed preparation and workflow disruption. After anaesthetic premedication with methadone, general anaesthesia was induced with lidocaine, midazolam, and propofol, and maintained with propofol and remifentanil intravenous (IV) infusions. Rocuronium was administered as a bolus (0.5 mg kg^-1 IV) followed by continuous infusion at an intended rate of 0.2 mg kg^-1 hour^-1. After 120 minutes of rocuronium constant-rate infusion, a dose calculation error was identified, resulting in a 60-fold rocuronium overdose per hour. The infusion was stopped and surgery continued for a further 100 minutes. Sugammadex (1 mg kg^-1 IV) was administered 390 minutes after the constant-rate infusion of rocuronium was initiated (and 270 minutes after the infusion stopped), leading to return of spontaneous ventilation within one minute, without haemodynamic compromise. Tracheal extubation occurred uneventfully 60 minutes after injection of sugammadex. This report demonstrates that sugammadex can effectively reverse a large rocuronium overdose in dogs, providing a valuable rescue option in deep neuromuscular blockade. It also highlights the role of workplace incivility in contributing to medication error. The complex technical demands of veterinary anaesthesia, including medication preparation and delivery, are vulnerable to inadequate safety practices. Awareness of both pharmacological rescue strategies and the impact of incivility, alongside implementing standard operating procedures aimed at reducing medication error, are essential to improving patient outcomes in veterinary anaesthesia.</p>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 4","pages":"101229"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147843491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitric oxide and its role in the management of hypoxaemia in the anaesthetised horse-a narrative review.","authors":"Adam Auckburally, Tamara L Grubb, Gaetano Perchiazzi, Marieann Högman, Görel Nyman","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To outline historical aspects of nitric oxide, including its discovery and biological effects, to describe the current use of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) in human healthcare, and to review the available evidence on the use of pulsed iNO (PiNO) for the management of hypoxaemia in anaesthetised horses.</p><p><strong>Databases used: </strong>Google Scholar and PubMed databases were searched using the search terms nitric oxide, PiNO, environment, discovery, acute respiratory distress syndrome, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, horse, pony, hypoxaemia, and anaesthesia.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Inhaled NO is licensed in the management of hypoxic respiratory failure in human neonates and has also been used to treat refractory hypoxaemia in humans fulfilling certain criteria. There is now a substantial body of evidence demonstrating that PiNO is an effective treatment option for managing hypoxaemia during general anaesthesia in horses. The administration of PiNO to well-ventilated alveoli leads to a redistribution of pulmonary blood flow from dependent, nonventilated regions to nondependent, better ventilated regions of the lung. This reduces intrapulmonary shunting and improves indices of oxygenation and oxygen delivery. Whilst much of the evidence is experimental, there are some descriptions of its successful use in client-owned horses undergoing surgery for colic and arthroscopic procedures. As the prototypical delivery device (the NOrse, Datex-Ohmeda Research Department, Helsinki, Finland) has been redeveloped, the use of PiNO in clinical equine anaesthesia may offer a realistic treatment option for the management of hypoxaemia in anaesthetised horses in the near future.</p>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 4","pages":"101227"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147843547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel ultrasound-guided flags assisted WalKing block for enhanced recovery after surgery (FAWKES) in three dogs undergoing tibial plateau levelling osteotomy.","authors":"Stephanie Le, Matthew C Milloway, Benjamin Mc Gingold","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101224","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This case series describes a novel, regional anesthesia technique in three dogs of various breeds, aged 2.5, 8, and 10 years old, weighing 42.6, 32.6, and 13.4 kg, respectively, presenting for tibial plateau levelling osteotomy. Physical examination was unremarkable aside from evidence of a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament. After anesthetic premedication and induction of general anesthesia, the affected limb was aseptically prepared. A combination of regional nerve blocks was performed, including the inFiLtrating Around Genicular Structures (FLAGS) block, saphenous block, and periarticular knee infiltration; together, termed the Flags Assisted WalKing block for Enhanced recovery after Surgery (FAWKES). A mixture of 0.5% ropivacaine (4 mg kg^-1), dexmedetomidine (1.6 ug kg^-1), dexamethasone sodium phosphate (0.004 mg kg^-1), and epinephrine (4 ug kg^-1) was used for the FLAGS (0.2 mL kg^-1), saphenous (0.1 mL kg^-1), and periarticular knee infiltration (0.125 mL kg^-1 per site; four sites). There were no increases in heart rate, respiratory rate, or mean arterial blood pressure greater than 20% from surgical start time to end time, aside from expected elevations following administration of anticholinergics or vasopressors. All dogs retained motor function postoperatively. Two of the three dogs ambulated on the operated limb within one hour of recovery. The third was nonweight-bearing but able to flex the stifle and elevate the limb. One dog was given a single postoperative dose of intravenous methadone (0.2 mg kg^-1) 12 hours after surgery, whereas the remaining dogs required no rescue analgesia. All dogs ate within 12 hours of surgery and were discharged without complications. These findings suggest that the described multimodal analgesic plan, including the FAWKES block, provided adequate intraoperative analgesia while preserving motor function postoperatively. Controlled studies are required to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the FAWKES block, along with more detailed anatomical investigations of the canine stifle joint.</p>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 4","pages":"101224"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147821392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Severe bradycardia and asystole in a dog after intravenous metoclopramide injection","authors":"Liliana Rolfi,&nbsp;Mandoline Chesnel","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 5-month-old English Bulldog with a history of clinically resolved bronchopneumonia was admitted for a computed tomography scan and corrective surgery for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. The day of imaging and surgery, the dog did not show any signs of cardiovascular abnormalities. The dog was premedicated intravenously (IV) with maropitant (1 mg kg⁻¹), pantoprazole (1 mg kg⁻¹) and acepromazine (20 μg kg⁻¹). Anaesthesia was induced with alfaxalone (2 mg kg⁻¹) IV after 5 minutes of preoxygenation, and anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen [inspired fraction (F<span>I</span>O₂) =1]<strong>.</strong> After induction, physiological variables were unremarkable. Metoclopramide (1 mg kg⁻¹) was injected slowly IV, and the dog immediately developed a severe sinus bradycardia (4 beats minute⁻¹) followed by asystole. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was started along with atropine (40 μg kg⁻¹ IV), and isoflurane discontinued. Within 1 minute, spontaneous circulation with stable haemodynamic variables was restored. Both the diagnostic and the surgical procedures were completed without further complications. The dog recovered and was discharged the same day. Rare but serious cardiac effects have been described following metoclopramide administration in humans, including bradycardia, asystole and arrhythmia. Cardiotoxicity may be linked to its clinical ability to inhibit sodium channels. To our knowledge, no metoclopramide-induced asystole has previously been reported in veterinary patients. The link between cardiac arrest and metoclopramide administration and possible predisposing factors in this case are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101166"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145967018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine after intraperitoneal instillation in anaesthetized dogs: a randomized clinical trial","authors":"Natali Verdier ,&nbsp;Karin Hummel ,&nbsp;Valentin Al-Jalali ,&nbsp;Svenja Claaßen ,&nbsp;Pablo A. Donati ,&nbsp;Diego A. Portela ,&nbsp;Ebrahim Razzazi-Fazeli ,&nbsp;Martina Mosing","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of two doses of intraperitoneal ropivacaine in anaesthetized dogs.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Randomized clinical trial.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A total of 20 dogs undergoing ovariectomy/ovariohysterectomy.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Dogs were anaesthetized and randomized to be given 1 (group R1) or 3 (group R3) mg kg^-1 of ropivacaine intraperitoneally, diluted with 0.9% NaCl to a total volume of 0.8 mL kg^-1. Before abdominal wall closure, solution aliquots were instilled over the ovarian pedicles and, if applicable, the uterine stump. Venous blood was sampled 2 minutes before and 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 120 and 240 minutes after instillation. Cardiovascular signs of toxicity were noted. Plasma concentrations of free and total ropivacaine were measured using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Plasma protein binding (PPB) was determined by rapid equilibrium dialysis. Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived by a noncompartmental analysis, and the maximum total and free ropivacaine plasma concentrations (Cmax) were compared between groups using an independent samples t-test. Data are presented as mean or median (95% confidence intervals). Significance was set at <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>One dog in R3 was excluded. Total ropivacaine Cmax values were 0.27 (0.21–0.33) and 0.67 (0.43–0.92) mg L^-1 at 15 (8.64–30.35) and 5 (1.77–8.23) minutes (Tmax) for R1 and R3, respectively, and different between groups (<em>p</em> = 0.005). Free ropivacaine Cmax values were 0.02 (0.02–0.03) and 0.06 (0.03–0.09) mg L^-1 at 10 (4.67–15.32) and 5 (0–19.13) minutes (Tmax) for R1 and R3, respectively, and Cmax was different between groups (<em>p</em> = 0.015). Median ropivacaine PPB for all dogs was 92.5% (89.7–95.2%). No signs of cardiovascular toxicity were noted.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Although R3 had a greater total and free ropivacaine Cmax than R1, Cmax remained below toxic levels in all dogs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101146"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146054069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}